Study of Land SuitabilityFor Paddy Field In Ex Mega Rice Project (EMRP), Central Kalimantan (Zone A, Zone B, Zone D)

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STUDY OF LA

IN EX

BOGOR

LAND SUITABILITY FOR PADDY F

X – MEGA RICE PROJECT (EMRP)

CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

(ZONE A, ZONE B, ZONE D)

INDA MERLIANA

GRADUATE SCHOOL

OR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

2011

Y FIELD

P),

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STATEMENT

I, Inda Merliana hereby states that this thesis entitled :

STUDY OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR PADDY FIELD IN EX MEGA RICE PROJECT, (EMRP), CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (ZONE A, ZONE B, ZONE D)

Is a result of my own work under the supervision of advisory board during the period of February 2009 until March 2011 and that it has not been published ever. The content of this thesis has been examined by the advisory board and external examiner

Bogor, June 2011

Inda Merliana G051060081

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ABSTRACT

Inda Merliana (2011). “Study of Land Suitability For Paddy Field In Ex – Mega Rice Project (EMRP), Central Kalimantan (Zone A, Zone B, Zone D)”. Under the supervision of YULI SUHARNOTO and SETIAHADI.

Land suitability are adaptability of land for the type of certain land use (crop type and crop management). It tends to emphasise the positive value of land. Mega Rice Project Area manifested from the desire to answer the challenges of an increasingly several agricultural development. The challenge are Rice self-sufficiency that we have achieved success in 1984 has ended in about 1993, to meet the needs of the national rice is needed 2 million tons imported a year (at the time). Otherwise, Rice fields in Java are either gradually decrease due to land conversion to non-agricultural areas are considered more favorable for development and economic growth. The objective of this research is to determine the development possibility of peatland for paddy field in research area by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Remote sensing used to classify landcover that used to determine land availability refers to Undang Undang No 26/2007 and Instruksi Presiden No 2/2007. Spatial analysis GIS used as the method which provide the spatial information on suitability and availability of land in research area. According to Spatial analysis GIS, most of the area that suitable and available for class “N1” followed by class “S1” and class “S3”.

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ABSTRAK

Inda Merliana (2011). “Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Pengembangan Padi sawah di Lahan Bekas Proyek Sejuta Lahan Gambut (Eks PLG), Kalimantan Tengah (Zona A, Zona B, Zona D)”. Dibawah bimbingan dari YULI SUHARNOTO and SETIAHADI.

Kesesuaian lahan adalah adaptasi lahan untuk tipe penggunaan lahan tertentu (jenis dan manajemen tanaman pangan). Kesesuaian lahan cenderung menekankan nilai lebih dari lahan. Lahan Bekas Proyek Sejuta Lahan Gambut diwujudkan dari keinginan untuk menjawab tantangan peningkatan pengembangan pertanian. Tantangannya adalah swasembada beras yang telah berhasil dicapai Pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 1984 telah berakhir pada sekitar tahun 1993, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan beras nasional pada saat itu diperkirakan harus mengimpor sejumlah 2 ton beras setiap tahunnya. Sebaliknya, sawah di Pulau Jawa secara bertahap luasannya semakin berkurang karena alih fungsi lahan menjadi penggunaan non pertanian yang dianggap lebih menguntungkan bagi perkembangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kemungkinan pengembangan lahan gambut untuk sawah di lahan bekas proyek lahan sejuta hektar dengan menggunakan Remote Sensing dan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). Penginderaan jauh digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tutupan lahan yang digunakan untuk menentukan ketersediaan lahan mengacu pada Undang Undang No 26 Tahun 2007 dan Instruksi Presiden No 2 Tahun 2007. Analisis spasial SIG digunakan sebagai metode yang berguna menyediakan informasi spasial tentang kesesuaian dan ketersediaan lahan di daerah penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil analisis spasial, sebagian besar kawasan yang sesuai dan tersedia adalah kelas kesesuaian "N1" diikuti dengan kelas kesesuaian "S1" dan "S3".

Kata Kunci: Kesesuaian lahan, Padi Sawah, Analisis Spasial SIG, Kalimantan Tengah

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SUMMARY

Inda Merliana (2011). “Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Pengembangan Padi sawah di Lahan Bekas Proyek Sejuta Lahan Gambut (Eks PLG), Kalimantan Tengah (Zona A, Zona B, Zona D)”. Under the supervision of YULI SUHARNOTO and SETIAHADI.

Land suitability are adaptability of land for the type of certain land use (crop type and crop management). Mega Rice Project Area manifested from the desire to answer the challenges of an increasingly several agricultural development. The challenge are Rice self-sufficiency that we have achieved success in 1984 has ended in about 1993, to meet the needs of the national rice is needed 2 million tons imported a year (at the time). Otherwise, Rice fields in Java are either gradually decrease due to land conversion to non-agricultural areas are considered more favorable for development and economic growth. To answer the challenges mentioned above, then the Government of Indonesia has established Central Kalimantan to developed as agricultural area, called Mega Rice Project. It was chosen with consideration of the land is still widely available, and the population are very rarely. Another reason that mades peatland in Central Kalimantan Province has choosen for this project is to save the cost of procurement of irrigation and printing fields, where peatlands have many naturally supply of water. To strengthen the determination of Central Kalimantan as Mega Rice Projects Area then they has released The Presidential Decree No. 82 of 1995 then completed with the Presidential Decree No. 83/1995 and Presidential Decree No. 74/1998.

According to that, this research aimed not only to determine land suitability for paddy field but also determine if there any area that also available in research area to developed, therefore a research concerning study of peatland according to its characteristic is needed. In this research, land suitability analysis for peatland according characteristic has its own are done with combine the Remote Sensing Technology and Geographic Information System (GIS). Remote Sensing Technology are very useful in obtain the information about landcover in research area based on classified result that will be used for deliniated the protected and cultivated area in order to determine the availability of land. While Geographic Information System are system organized from hardware, software, geographical data and personnel designed efficiently to obtain, stored, updating, manipulation, analyzing, and presenting all information form which has geographical references. According to its function, applying GIS in this research will be easier and faster in analyze the potency and constraint from physical aspect of peatland to develop as agricultural farm in Ex Mega Rice Project. Data analysis presented with this GIS conducted by overlaying several aspect of physical base according to Hardjowigeno’s criteria in determining land suitability for agriculture especially for paddy field. With combined two kind of technology (Remote Sensing and

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Geographic Information System) in this research, expected to obtained an worthwhile result in approximating land suitability and land availability

The objective of this research is to determine the development possibility of peatland for paddy field in research area by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The results expected able to give the information concerning land suitability of peatland for possibility of development agricultural activity in research area and become the input for government in developing agricultural activities especially on developing paddy field commodity. Study area as a boundary of system in this research is Ex Mega Rice Project Area, which covered of three zone, there are Zone A, Zone B, and Zone D. The scope of this research was to determine the land that suitable for paddy field and also available according to the landcover map deliniated by UU No 26 Year 2007.

The data used in this research are Landsat TM Central Kalimantan image with path/row = 118/62), Topographic maps from BAKOSURTANAL, Geologic maps from “Bappeda of Central Kalimantan “, Soil maps from “Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian”, Climate data and rainfall map from “Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (BMG)”.

From the landsat classification, to determine the availability of land, we have deliniated Cultivated and Protected Area. Cultivated areas such as agriculture, livestock, mixed garden, residential areas, and so on, while the protected areas included conservation areas are protected forest area, peatland areas, water catchment areas, the area around the lake or reservoir, the area around the springs, nature reserves, marine natural reserves and other wetlands, coastal mangrove forest, national park, forest, natural park, the area of cultural heritage and science, and areas prone to natural disasters. According to the Law No. 26 Year 2007, the protected area widely spread on Kahayan Hilir and Dusun Hilir sub district, its approximately 320.827,62 Hectares (52,78 %), and cultivated area is approximately 286.978,42 Hectares (47,22 %).

The second approach is to determine the land suitability based on physical aspect becoming criterion. The physical aspect are acidity, peat depth, topography, geology, landsystem, and rainfall. Those criteria are taken from literatures. In this research we use weighting method to identify the land suitability using parameters which already mention before such as ground deppness, land texture, land fertility, pH, phyrit deepness, salinity, peat decomposition, drainage and flood which is found in soil map, slope and elevation parameter. Each of parameter has criteria to determine where is the suitable area for paddy field and where is the area are not suitable to develop paddy field in research area. As the result, almost all of research area are not suitable for paddy field development ( 605.538,61 ha), and only small area are suitable to develop as paddy field area (2.267,43 ha). The suitable area which have only has a tiny part of research study are spread along the river and tidal area. According to Spatial analysis GIS, as a final result, most of the area that suitable and available for class “N1” followed by class “S1” and class “S3”. The area that suitable and available reached 4,71 hectares.

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Copy right @ 2011, Bogor Agricultural University Copy right are protected by law,

1. It is prohibited to cite all or part of this thesis without referring to and mentioning the source:

a. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, scientific writing, report writing, critical writing, or reviewing scientific problems.

b. Citation does not inflict the name and honor of Bogor Agricultural University.

2. It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all part of this thesis without the written permittion from Bogor Agricultural University.

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STUDY OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR PADDY FIELD

IN EX – MEGA RICE PROJECT (EMRP), CENTRAL KALIMANTAN (ZONE A, ZONE B, ZONE D)

INDA MERLIANA

A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management Program Study

GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

BOGOR

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Research Title : Study of Land SuitabilityFor Paddy Field In Ex Mega Rice Project (EMRP), Central Kalimantan (Zone A, Zone B, Zone D)

Name : Inda Merliana

Student ID : G051060081

Study Program : Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resource Management

Approved by,

Advisory Board

Dr.Ir. Yuli Suharnoto M.Eng Dr. Ir Setia Hadi

Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Endorsed by,

Program Coordinator Dean of the Graduate School

Dr. Ir. Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, DEA Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, M.Agr.Sc

Date of examination: Date of Graduation: 4 July, 2011

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Praise and Gratitude the author pray toward the presence of God Almighty who has bestow His mercy and grace, so that she can completing this thesis. This thesis is one of the requirements to finish the study at the MIT Study Program in Bogor Agricultural University. This final settlement can not be separated from the support and encouragement and guidance from many parties. Therefore, in this occasion, the author would like to thank Mr. Yuli Suharnoto as supervisor who was pleased to his encouragement, valuable comment, suggestion in completing this research thesis and directing the author in this final task. The author also would like to express her special gratitude to her co-supervisor Dr. Ir. Setia Hadi for his encouragement, valuable comment and suggestion in completing this research thesis.

The special appreciation to author’s family; my father, Muhammad Engkos Kosasih, my mother, Lili Normasari (alm), my sister, Meta Sagita Arianda, and my brothers, Andhika Nanda Hudaya, Algi Ikhsan Falaqi and Eri Gustamal for their continued support, love, and encouragement throughout the period of study. Gratitude also goes to all MIT Lectures, all staff at MIT study program, and friends who have helped and encouraged the author in finishing her study in Bogor Agricultural University.

Last but not least, my best friend in Media Moderat, Bowo, Ulil, Apan, Opan, and Ojan, thanks for your support and cares during my study.

Hopefully, this thesis can be useful for us and can be used as input to interested parties in terms of use and development of peatlands for paddy field.

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freelancer consultant, a University. At early 2 Bappeda of Banten Pr Master in Information T

CURRICULUM VITAE

Inda Merliana was born in Pandeglang, Bant on February, 2, 1984. She finished her Elem and High School in Government School, P received her bachelor degree from Pakua Major in Urban and Regional Planning, Facu in 2006. At 2007 – 2010 she has been t, and lecture assistant at Faculty of Techni y 2010 she have been worked as governm

Province until right now. In 2011 she finishe n Technology for Natural Resources Managem

anten, Indonesia ementary, Junior,

Pandeglang. She kuan University, culty of Technic n worked as a chnic in Pakuan nment officer in

hed her study on ment.

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Page

CONTENTS ... i

LIST OF TABLE ... iii

LIST OF FIGURE ... iv

LIST OF APPENDICES ... v

I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Objectives ... 3

1.3 Scope and Limitation ... 4

II. LITERATURE REVIEW... 5

2.1 The Importance of Peatland ... 5

2.2 Why we have to exploit the Peatland for Agriculture ... 7

2.3 Potential and Management of Peatlands For Food Crops ... 9

2.4 Remote Sensing for Peatland ... 10

2.5 GIS for land suitability for agriculture ... 11

2.5.1 Geograpgic Information System(GIS) ... 11

2.5.2 Land Suitability ... 11

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 17

3.1 Time and Location ... 17

3.2 Research Area ... 18

3.3 Required Tools ... 18

3.4 Data Sources... 18

3.5 Methods ... 20

3.5.1 Land Cover Map ... 23

3.5.2 GIS Operation ... 24

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 27

4.1 Existing Land Cover ... 27

4.2 Landcover Deliniation ... 31

4.3 Feasibility Study For Paddy Field Based On Physical Aspect Criterion ... 34

4.3.1 Geologic Map... 35

4.3.2 Land System Map ... 37

4.3.3 Soil Acidity (pH)... 42

4.3.4 Phyrit Concentration ... 42

4.3.5 Elevation Map ... 42

4.3.6 Climate Classification Map ... 43

4.3.7 Peat Depth Map ... 47

4.3.8 Overlay Process Analysis ... 48

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ii V. CONCLUSIONS ... 53

REFERENCES ... 55 APPENDICES ... 57

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iii

LIST OF TABLE

Page

1 Land Suitability Class For Paddy Field ... 12

2 Data Requirement... 19

3 Land Cover of Research Area ... 28

4 Land Class Suitability Based on Geologic Factor ... 36

5 Suitability Class Based on Landsystem in Research Area ... 39

6 Agricultural Activities Description in Research Area Based On Oldeman Classification ... 44

7 Land Suitability Based on Climate Classification on Several Rainfall Station in Research Area ... 45

8 Land Suitability Based on Peat Depth Factor and Their Spread in Research Area ... 47

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page

1 Research Area (EMRP Zone A, Zone B, Zone D) ... 17

2 Methodology. ... 22

3 Supervised Classification Procedure Diagram. ... 23

4 Percentage of Landcover Type in Research Area ... 30

5 Existing Landcover in Research Area ... 31

6 Landcover Deliniation Map in Research Area ... 32

7 Landcover Deliniation in Research Area ... 33

8 Land Available Map in Research Area ... 34

9 Geologic Map in Research Area ... 36

10 Land System Map in Research Area ... 38

11 Elevation Map in Research Area... 43

12 Rainfall Map in Research Area ... 46

13 Peat Depth Map in Research Area ... 48

14 Land Suitability Class Map in Research Area ... 50

15 Land Suitability and Land Availability Map for Paddy Field Development in Research Area ... 51

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page 1 Rainfall Data ... 57 2 Thematic Map of Research Study. ... 67

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Peatland are wetland ecosystem distinguished by height accumulate of the organic substance with low decomposition. Tropical peatland covered area about 40 million hectare and 50 percent of them are located in Indonesia. According to Radjagukguk (1993), the spread of peatland estimated equal to 20.1 million hectare. While other source mention the wide of peatland area in Indonesia is about 20.6 million hectare or about 10.8 percentage of wide Indonesia continent. Peatland area in Indonesia are widely spread in Sumatera (4,6 million hectare), Kalimantan (3,5 million hectare), and Papua (8,7 million hectare).

In Central Kalimantan , peatland area about 3,010,640 Hectare are found in alongside coastal between regional boundary of West Kotawaringin Regency until estuary of River Barito which extend up at hinterland, as long as great river Mentaya, Katingan, Sebangau, Kahayan And Kapuas until region of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan.

Ex Mega Rice Project Area is located in Central Kalimantan, covering a stretch of the west side of the border with Sebangau River, on the east by Barito River, on the south side adjacent to Java Sea and bounded north side of the demarcation line of the north line of primary channel master (SPI) which connects the rivers Sebangau, Kahayan, Kapuas, and Barito.

Mega Rice Project Area manifested from the desire to answer the challenges of an increasingly several agricultural development with a simple dream. The challenge are Rice self-sufficiency that we have achieved success in 1984 has ended in about 1993, so as to meet the needs of the national rice is needed to import as many as 2 million tons a year (at the time); Yields of rice has reached the horizontal flow components to the application of pre-and post-harvest technologies can do well at that time so the chances improve with effort intensification of rice production is very limited; Rice fields in Java are either gradually shrinking due to land conversion to non-agricultural areas are considered more favorable for development and economic growth (industry, trade,

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services, hinterland, etc.); Irrigation infrastructure development and printing fields in upland area in the conventional to the expansion of rice area is very expensive; and Rice cultivation no longer provides a strong appeal to farmers who prefer to cultivate other crops that provide higher profit (Notohadiprawiro, 1998)

To answer the challenges mentioned above, then the Government of Indonesia has established Central Kalimantan to developed as agricultural area, called Mega Rice Project. It was chosen with consideration of the land is still widely available, and the population are very rarely. As a comparison, the average population density of Central Kalimantan is 11 persons per square kilometers, Java Island reached 900 per square kilometers (BPS, 1996) with the assumption that within two years the land is ready to produce paddy rice equivalent to 2 tons per hectare per years, the land area required is a million acres to replace imported as many as 2 million tons a year.

Another reason that mades peatland in Central Kalimantan Province has choosen for this project is to save the cost of procurement of irrigation and printing fields, where peatlands have many naturally supply of water. To strengthen the determination of Central Kalimantan as Mega Rice Projects Area then they has released The Presidential Decree No. 82 of 1995 then completed with the Presidential Decree No. 83/1995 and Presidential Decree No. 74/1998.

Mega Rice Project starting in 1996 and in the period 1996-1997 has been made the primary channel master (SPI) along the 187 kilometers that connects Kahayan and Barito River. In addition it has also made the Main Line Primary (SPU) along 958.18 kilometers in Block A, B, C, and D. In Block A secondary channel creation, the collector channels, the primary channel and tertiary channel was completed, so that in Block A scored approximately 30,000 hectares of wetland, before it finally stopped in 1999 under Presidential Decree No 80 of 1998.

According to that, i am very interested to proove that ex Mega Rice Project that was proclaimed in 1995 was not succesful to developed as agricultural area especially for paddy field purpose not only to determine land suitability for paddy field but also determine if there any area that also available in research area to developed, therefore a research concerning study of peatland according to its

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3 characteristic is needed. As we know, the physical aspect is the factor that most affects the land suitability in the study area. In this research, land suitability analysis for peatland according characteristic has its own are done with combine the Remote Sensing Technology and Geographic Information System (GIS). Remote Sensing Technology are very useful in obtain the information about an object or several objects on earth within require the direct contact to the object or study area. Information yielded from the use of this technology in land suitability at research area (Ex-Mega Rice Project which administratively located in some area of Kapuas Regency, and some area of South Barito Regency) are information such as deliniation area which area contain of peatland and which is not a peatland (to limited the study area), peat deepness, nature of land physical and rock which has one of the other criteria in accessed the land suitability for agriculture especially for paddy field. While Geographic Information System are system organized from hardware, software, geographical data and personnel designed efficiently to obtain, stored, updating, manipulation, analyzing, and presenting all information form which has geographical references. According to its function, applying GIS in this research will be easier and faster in analyze the potency and constraint from physical aspect of peatland to develop as agricultural farm in Ex Mega Rice Project. Data analysis presented with this GIS conducted by overlaying several aspect of physical base becoming criterion in determining land suitability for agriculture especially for paddy field. With combined two kind of technology (Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System) in this research, expected to obtained an worthwhile result in approximating land suitability of peatland.

1.2 Objectives

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developing agricultural activities especially on developing paddy field commodity.

1.3 Scope and Limitation

The scopes and limitation of this research are:

a. Study area as a boundary of system in this research is Ex Mega Rice Project Area, which covered of three zone, there are Zone A, Zone B, and Zone D. The scope of this research was to determine the land that suitable for paddy field and also available according to the landcover map deliniated by UU No 26 Year 2007.

b. Integration of Remote sensing and GIS technique was applied to achieve the goal from this research.

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Importance of Peatland

Peat deposits are formed from the remains of plants that have died, either has been weathered or not. Pile continues to grow because the process decomposition inhibited by anaerobic conditions or other environmental conditions. The low level of development of decomposing biota. Peat soil formation is a process of soil formation that geogenic caused by the deposition process and transport, in contrast to the process formation of mineral soil which is generally a pedogenic process (Hardjowigeno, 1986 in Subiksa, 2008). In general, the classification of soil, peat soils are known as Organosol or Histosols are soils having a layer of organic material with density (BD) in humid conditions < 0.1 g cm-3 with a thickness > 60 cm or organic layer with BD > 0.1 g cm-3 with a thickness > 40 cm (Subiksa, 2008). Peat is classified according to various different points of view; level of maturity, depth, fertility and the position formation. Based on the maturity level grade is divided into:

• Peat Sapric (mature peat) is decaying peat that has been further decay and native materials are not recognizable, coloured dark brown to black, and when crushed, the fiber content reached < 15 %.

• Peat hemic (half mature peat) is a peat half rotted, some original material is still recognizable, coloured brown, and when crushed fiber materials reached 15 – 75 %.

• Fibric Peat (raw peat) is the peat that has not decay, the material is still recognizable origin, coloured brown, and when crushed > 75% fiber content remaining.

Based on the level of fertility grade is divided into three categories. There are :

• Eutrophic peat is a fertile peat rich material minerals and bases as well as other nutrients. Peat is relatively fertile peat are usually thin and are affected by river or sea sedimentation.

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• Mesotrophic peat is have less fertile because it has content minerals and moderate bases.

• Oligotrophic peat is peat infertile because of poor mineral and bases. The dome of peat and peat thickness which far from influence of rivers mud is usually classified as oligotrophic.

Peat in Indonesia is largely classified as peat mesotrophic and oligotrophic (Radjagukguk, 1997 in Subiksa, 2008). Peat eutrofik in Indonesia just a few and generally spread in coastal areas and along the river flow. Based on its formation environment, peat is distinguished by :

• Ombrogen peat is peat formed in an environment only influenced by rain water.

• Topogen peat is peat formed in an environment that has enrichment tide. Thus the peat topogen will be more rich in minerals and more fertile than the peat ombrogen.

While according to the depth of peat can be divided into shallow peat (50-100 cm), medium peat ((50-100-200 cm), deep peat (200-300 cm), and very deep peat (> 300 cm).

Peatland on Indonesia estimated approximately 20,6 million hectare. Widely spread of peatland give the meaning necessary for global custody ecosystem because about 50 percent from world tropical peatland, about 40 million hectare reside in the Indonesia area. But, in this time condition of forest and peatland in Sumatra and Kalimantan are continuously decrease.

That its true, peatland has some important value both for having the character of extractive and also non extractive. As extractive material, peatland can be exploited as the resource, peat ash serve the purpose of fertilize, taken by humat acid, media plant, substance for the reclamation of dry farming. Upon which the non extractive, peat function as habitat of supporter of involving variety, that is as forestry farm, plantation and agriculture. Beside that, because its ability to store the water are very big which can reach 90 percent and its volume hence the peatland function as hidrologycal system for its surrounding area which is prevent floods in the rains, supply the water in dry season and prevent the water intrusion of the sea. Physical characteristics of peat are

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7 important in its utilization foragriculture include water content, volume capacity (bulk density, BD), the bearing capacity, subsidence, and irriversible drying. Peat soil water content ranged from 100 – 1300 % of dry weight (Muttalib et al., 1991 in Subiksa, 2008). This means that the peat can absorb water up to 13 times weight. Thus, to some extent, peat dome could drain water to the area around it. High water content cause BD to be low, peat becomes flabby and low holding power. Bulk density the top layer of peat varies between 0.1 to 0.2 g cm-3 depending on the level decomposition. Peat fibrik are generally located on the bottom layer has a bulk density lower than 0.1 g/cm3, but coastal peat and peat in the path of the river flow can have bulk density > 0.2 g cm-3 (Tie and Lim, 1991 in Subiksa, 2008) because of the influence of soil minerals.

Forest peatland in Indonesia has huge value in socio economic aspect. As food source, construction material and drinking water, peatland give the living for society. Otherwise, Naturally peatlands have a low fertility rate because low of hara materials and contain some organic acids which can be toxic to plants. However, those acids is an active part of the soil that determines the ability of peat to hold nutrients. Characteristics of organic acids will determine the chemical characteristic of peat.

To reduce the adverse effect of organic acids that toxicity to the plants, can be performed by adding ingredients that contain a lot of cations polyvalent such as Fe, Al, Cu and Zn. Cations form the bond coordination with the organic ligands form a complex compound / chelate. Therefore the materials containing polyvalent cations can be used as an ingredient amelioran peat (Sabiham et al., 1997 in Subiksa, 2008).

2.2 Why we have to Exploit the Peatland area for Agriculture?

. Peatland with its largely wide has a big potency to support food requirement and to overcome the population density which continously growth. As mention above, peatland can substitute the agricultural farm in Java Island which has been decrease because has experiencing in land conversion to the industrial or residential area.

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Land use change on Java, Bali and Madura from agricultural use to non-agricultural use (industrial, residential, infrastructure, recreation) have reached 40.000 hectare per year. There are also land degradation, reduction in quantity and quality of water for life, besides the occurrence of floods and droughts. The other side, growth population in Indonesia are quite high, above 1,6 percent or about three million people per year. Those situation make the development of peatland become an important to overcome the insufficiently of food. However, the developing peatland for agriculture has face many constraint because its characteristic own by peatland itself. Mostly, tropical peatland have the character of very acid by pH between 3,5 - 4 (Suhardjo and Adhi, 1976 in Adhi, 1986). Peatland also have element of hara NPK which relatively low and deficiency micro element such as Cu, Bo, Mn, dan Zn.

Peatland also can be decrease in surface ground after drainage, having low endurance and nature of dwindle unreturn causing downhill water retention energy and make sensitive to erosion. Another facts which must be considered are there are potential different on each peatland. For example, peatland in ebb area by the sea having natural fertility better relatively than land of peat hinterland, because basa influence which implied contain on sea water. Water various quality from major river which take sedimentation from hinterland also caused the land quality fertilitation of peatland in many area are different. Peatland can be productive if the soil are not too acid or thick attenuate (<50 cm), or if its peatland have a great current of basa.

Peatland owning best potency for the development of agriculture farm is " valley peats". This peat have the better potency in comparison with " basin peats" because valley peat generally in the form of topogen organic peat which mouldy substance and classified as Troposaprists or Tropohemists. Thick progressively peat, less progressively its potency for the agriculture. Deeply peat > 3m) generally less of hara. But generally, deeply peat not opened or not exploited for the agriculture, because it will cause serious problems which enough heavily in management and maintain its farm productivity (Soebagyo, 1997).

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2.3 Potential and Management of Peatlands For Food Crops

According to Subiksa (2008) peatlands which can be used for food crops recommended on shallow peat (<100 cm). Primary consideration is shallow peat has a relatively higher fertility rates and have lower environmental risk than deep peat. Peatlands with a depth of 1,4 to 2 m classified as marginal (suitability class S3) for various kinds of crops.

Marginal land in Indonesia found in both wetlands and dry land. The form of peat wetlands, land acid sulfate and the tidal area of 24 million ha, while upland dry included ultisol reached 47.5 million ha of land and oxisol reached 18 million ha (Suprapto, 2003 in Yuwono, 2009). Millions of hectares marginal lands are scattered in several island, the prospect was good for development in agriculture but it has not managed well. These lands has low fertility, so it necessary innovation in technology to fix the productivity.

Food crop cultivation in peatlands have to implement water management technology, match with the characteristics of peat and plant species. The function of drainage is to remove excess water, creating conditions for respiratory unsaturated plant roots, and wash some organic acids. The shorter the interval / distance between the drainage ditch the higher crop yields. Although drainage is important for plant growth, but increasingly in the drainage channel will increasing the rate of subsidence and peat decomposition.

The management waterworks in the area of peat faces two conflicting desires. First, desire to get rid of water (drainage) to lower the water level for the process of maturation and soil leaching and the desire to keep the water level in order to maintain soil moisture and provide water supply (irrigation). Fluctuation of water level in rivers and channels due to tidal movement, as well as fluctuations in rainfall, the process of managing the water system in a swamp area becomes very complicated.

Water managements in peatland area influenced also by the hydraulic conditions boundary, such as the movement of rivers include tidal fluctuations, water level fluctuation due to the influence of season (rainy season and dry season), sea water intrusion, and the flow of the surrounding area.

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Tidal elevation compare with the elevation of land (hidrotopography) will largely determine the spatial pattern of the water. Water level movement on the coast is strongly influenced by tides. In areas near the estuary, changes in water surface elevation was determined by the tides . In the area in the upper estuary, the transition area between the regions tidal and non tidal area, water surface elevation changes not only affected by the tides but also affected by discharge coming from upstream. On the upstream side of the river which is not influenced by tides, changes in water elevation is determined by the upstream river discharge. As we know, there are four categories hydrotopography, there are swamps overflow type A, B, C and D. Viewed from the aspect of irrigation, the overflow swamp type A and B is the swamp with the potential to be developed for the purpose of cultivating rice that requires drainage, but this area has a limitation in the process of disposal of drainage due to limited time during a low tide only.

While from the aspect of drainage, peatland type C and D will be easier to get rid of stagnant water, simplifying the process of land development. However, if there excessive, will decrease the nutrients that eventually the land will become unproductive.

2.4 Remote Sensing for Peatland

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data required by a device that is not in contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation. Satellite based system can now measure phenomenon that change continously over time and cover large, often inaccesible areas (Aronoff, 1991). System of data acquirement in remote sensing consisted of (1) energy, (2) object, (3) process, and (4) output. Energy which is mostly used is electromagnetic energy steming from solar energy and from radiation object on the global coverage of earth resources. The data as a result of recording the earth surface called with image. Landsat (Land Satellite) image is one of the resource satellite which obtain multispectral image. This satellite belongs to United States which is first time launched in 1972 called ERST-1. Then it is continue to launched the second satellite named 1, until 1991 have been launched five satellite (1 until

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Landsat-11 5). Landsat TM ( Land Satellite Thematic Mapper) is earth resource satellite of second generation representing completion from first satellite Landsat generation. this Satellite excellence lay in channel amount used as much 7 channel (band) ranging from the visible blue to the thermal infrared. The TM Sensor also provides a higher spatial resolution; each pixel represents a 30 m by 30 m ground area (except in the case of band 6 which uses a larger 120 m by 120 m in pixel). Landsat imagery are now widely used for many applications. In this research, the landsat image was used to obtain the land cover and land use accurately which is used in analyze the land suitability for paddy field area in Ex Mega Rice Project.

2.5 GIS in Land Suitability for Agriculture 2.5.1Geographic Information System

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-assisted system for the acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic data. It gives information about what kind of object and where is the object placed on the earth’s surface. Therefore, GIS need input data to develop or generate the information. According to Aronoff (1991), there are five types of data entry system commonly used in GIS; keyboard entry, coordinate geometry, manual digitizing, scanning and the input of existing digital files. To get spatial data, it can use three methods : digitizing, scanning and importing satellite imagery. The data in GIS divided into two types : spatial data and attribute (non spatial data). The spatial data represent geographic location of features. Point, line and areas were used to represent geographic location like a street, a lake, and a forest stand. Non spatial data provide descriptive information like name of an area, wide of an area, etc.

2.5.2Land Suitability

One of the other factor in managing or labouring land for the agriculture is land suitability. Considering that peatland represent the fragile land, then to exploit the peatland to the effort agriculture, then its need the research about land suitability. Land suitability are adaptability of land for the type of certain land use (crop type and crop management) (Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka, 2001).

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Land quality represent the nature or complex attribute from a land. Each land quality have the certain performance having an effect to its suitability for certain use. According to Adhi (1988), factors influencing peat potency for the agriculture are thickness of peat geology, composition of crop peat compiler, mount the maturity, circumstance of coat mineral substance below/under measurable peat existing. Land quality can be measure directly in the field, but generally specified from congeniality of land characteristic. While land characteristic is the nature of land which can be measured, like ramp, rainfall, and land texture. Quality and Land Characteristic used in criterion according to land suitability for paddy field can be seen on this following tables (Table 1)

Table 1

Land Suitability Class for Paddy Field No Parameter Symbol Suitability Class

S1 S2 S3 N1 N2

1 Root Media S

O ne of the n at u re ine g ib il it y of N 1

Ground deepness 50-75 cm 25-50 cm 10-25 cm < 10 cm Land texture at

root zone (0 – 30 cm) Smooth land texture, covering clay sand texture, dusty clay and clay Rather smooth land texture, covering hard texture clay sand and dusty hard clay Moderate land texture, covering clay texture, dusty clay and dust Rather harsh land texture, covering clay sand texture, clay sand refinement and very smooth clay sand.

Rock surface < 5% 5-25% 25-50% 50-75%

2 Land fertility

N High High,

moderate High, moderate, low, very low High, moderate,low, very low

3 pH A 5,5-7,4 4,5-7,5 4-8 3,5-8,5

4 Toxicity R

Alkalinity <80% <80% <80% <100%

Phyrit deepness 75-100cm 50-75cm 25-50cm < 25cm

5 Slope T < 3% < 3% 3-5% 5-8%

6 Elevation

H <500 m 500-750 m 750-1000

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No Parameter Symbol Suitability Class

S1 S2 S3 N1 N2 7 Agroclimate

Zone (Oldeman) C A1,A2,B1 ,B2 A1,A2,B1, B2,B3 A1,A2,B1, B2,B3,C1, C2,C3 A1,A2,B1,B2, B3,C1,C2,C3, D1,D2,D3 8 Drainage D Rather pursue, pursue moderate, rather pursue, pursue Rather fast, good, moderate, rather pursue, pursue, very pursue Fast, rather fast, good, moderate, rather pursue, pursue, very pursue 9 Flood F without

< 2 months and without permanentl y flood (<1m) < 7 months and without permanen tly flood (<1m)

< 7 months and permanently flood (0,5-1m)

10 Salinity (Mmohs) X <1,5 1,5-2,5 2,5-3,5 3,5-4 11 Peat

decomposition K Saprik, hemik Saprik, hemik, fibrik Saprik, hemik, fibrik Saprik, hemik, fibrik 12 Peat depth

G <40 cm 40-80 cm 80-130

cm 130-200cm

Source : Hardjowigeno in Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka (2007)

• Climate

There are two component of climate affected to land suitability : temperature and rainfall. For land suitability purposed, the rainfall usually expressed in number annual rainfall, amount the dry season and wet season. Oldeman (1975) grouping region base on amount of wet and dry season succesively. Wet season having rainfall > 200 mm, while the dry season have the rainfall < 100 mm. This criterion more suited for food crop, especially for the paddy. Base on the criterion, Oldeman (1975) dividing agroclimate zone into 5 class (A, B, C, D and E).

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• Ground deepness

Ground effective deepness is ground deepness which is both for growth grow on the crop, that is come up with the coat which cannot be penetrated by crop root. The coat can be in the form of the contact lithik, ledge coat ossify the, hard ledge, brittle ledge. Ground effective deepness classified as : K0 = deep (50-75 cm)

K1 = moderate (25 – 50 cm) K2 = shallow (10 – 25 cm) K3 = very shallow (<10 cm)

• Land Texture

Land texture represent the smooth ground particle composition (2 mm diameter) that is sand, dust and clay. Land texture influence the land capacities to detain the water and land permeability and also various nature of physical and other land chemistry.

• Drainage

Drainage can be classified as following :

D0 = abundant ( excessively drained); abundant water immediately go out from land/ground and land/ground will only detain a few/little water so that crop will immediately experience of the insuffiency irrigate. D1 = good; land own the air circulation (good aeration). From top to

bottom land/ground profile > 150 uniform bold cm chromatic and there are not rustiness ( pock yellow, chocolate or grey)

D2 = rather good; land have aeration either in root area. There are not pock of yellow, grey or brown at flake and substratum tabletop ( until about 60 cm from land/ground surface)

D3 = rather bad; underside of good land; There are not pock of chromatic yellow, grey or brown. Pock of entire/all undercarriage coat ( about 40 cm from land/ground surface)

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15 D4 = bad; flake underside ( near by surface) there are pock of brown, grey

and yellow.

D5 = very bad; entire/all coat until grey chromatic land/ground surface and grey chromatic substratum land or there are blue chromatic pock, or there are water suffusing on the surface of land during old ones so that pursue the crop growth.

• Flood danger

Flood danger can be classified as following :

O0 = never been flooded (land never been flooded at one year period during > 24 hour)

O1 = sometimes flooded happened during > 24 hour and it happen unregularly in less than two month period

O3 = during < 7 month in a year land have been flooded for > 24 hour O4 = during < 7 month land always be flooded for > 24 hour

• Salinity

Land salinity expressed in dissolve salt content or resistance of electrics of land/ground.

• Acidity

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III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Time and Location

This research is conducted at MIT (Master of Science in Information Technology) research laboratory, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. For the purpose of this research, the area of interest located at Ex-Mega Rice Project Area (covered 3 zone : zone A, zone B, and zone D) which is administratively inclusive into South of Kapuas District and South Barito District, Central Kalimantan.

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3.2 Research Area

The research is focused on land suitability for agricultural purpose especially for paddy field in peatland area in Ex – Mega Rice Project at South Kapuas Regency, and South Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan using some remotely sensed data and GIS spatial analysis methods. As mention above, research area covered three zone : Zone A (309.946,51 hectares) consist of 8 sub district there are Mantangai, Jenamas, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Barat, Kapuas Hilir, Dusun Timur, and Dusun Hilir; Zone B (158.031,09 hectares) consist of 4 sub district, there are Pahandut, Kapuas Barat, Mantangai and Kahayan Hilir; and Zone D (139.865,55 hectares) consist of 10 sub district, there are Kahayan Hilir, Kapuas Barat, Pulau Petak, Basarang, Kapuas Hilir, Kapuas Timur, Maliku, Pandih Batu, Selat and Kapuas Kuala.

3.3 Required Tools

Some supporting hardware and software will be employed to accomplish this research are :

• Windows 7, 32-bit Operating System run on Personal Computer and Notebook 2 GB RAM on AMD Athlon (tm) Neo X2 Dual Core Processor 1,60 GHz with discrete graphics 512 MB and Color Printer

• ER Mapper 6.4

This software is used for image data collecting, capturing, processing and analyzing the satellite image.

• ArcGIS 9.2

This software is used for spatial data collecting, capturing, processing and analyzing the spatial data.

3.4 Data Sources

The data used in this research are Landsat TM Central Kalimantan image with path/row = 118/62), Topographic maps from BAKOSURTANAL, Geologic maps from “Bappeda of Central Kalimantan “, Soil maps from “Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian”, Climate data and rainfall map from “Badan

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19 Meteorologi dan Geofisika (BMG)”. The requirement data has been used in this research, consist of three kind of data, there are :

Table 2. Data Requirement Raster Data

Satellite Imagery

Aquitition Date

Spatial

Resolution Source of Data

1 Landsat TM October, 2005 Vis 30 m BAKOSURTANAL

Vector Data

No Data Type Date Production

Spatial Resolution

Source of Data

1 Base Map 1:50.000 Bappeda of Central

Kalimantan Province 2 Topographic

Map

1: 50.000 BAKOSURTANAL,

Bogor

3 Geologic Map 1: 50.000 Bappeda of Central

Kalimantan Province 4 RePPProT

Map

1: 250.000 Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan

Pertanian, Bogor

Non Spatial Data

No Data Type Date Production Source of Data

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3.5 Methods

The first thing to determine the suitability of land in research area is deal with data preparation and processing. To limitation the boundary area that avalilable to develop as paddy field, we have to obtain landcover map which show the protected area and non protected area (cultivated area), we have to classified the land cover classification from the landsat data. This process was done using supervised classification technique to transform multisppectral image data into thematic information classes/several types of land cover. In this research, types of land cover are classified into 11 classes. After done with the classification, the next step is deliniated land cover map based on UU No. 26 Year 2007 where divided into two area, protected area and cultivated area.

The protected area is the region with the primary function of protecting the environmental sustainability covering natural resources and man-made resources. Protected areas can be protected forest area, peatland areas, water catchment areas, the area around the lake or reservoir, the area around the springs, nature reserves, marine natural reserves and other wetlands, coastal mangrove forest, national park, forest, natural park, the area of cultural heritage and science, and areas prone to natural disasters. While the cultivated area is the area defined by the main function to be cultivated on the basis of the condition and potential of natural resources, human and artificial resources in order to make it more useful and provide the results to human needs. Cultivated area divided into two zone or area, built area (residential area, health facilities, trade facilities, industries, etc) and non built area (farm, plantation, fishpond, production forest, bog bush, bareland, etc). To assesment the availability area to developed as paddy field and more action in the next overlay process, then the second area is subdivided into two other areas are available and non available area. The area which available for developed was the area that not used for any purpose or idle area, such as bareland, groove or bog bush. And not available ones was the area that has been used for certain purpose and legally licensed. The available area will be next used in overlay process to get the suitability of paddy field.

Then to obtain the spread of peat depth in research area, peat depth data have to be interpolated to obtain peatdepth map. This peat depth map, can be used

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21 in spatial analysis process. In this study, the interpolation result has been obtained from EMRP Master Plan Study (Bappeda Central Kalimantan Province). Rainfall map was generated from GIS process using thiessen polygon on climate data in nine rainfall station of research area taken from “Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika”.

Geologic map of research area was generated from digitized process which was obtain from Bappeda of Central Kalimantan Province. Digitizing process was done using ArcGIS 9.2 and the result was used for next spatial analysis process. Soil type data was obtained from “Balai Besar Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian” was a paper map. This paper map has to be digitized to obtain the digital format type of data. This vector data can be used in spatial analysis process.

After the whole map that required to process the land suitability has been prepared, the next step is to combine the required maps using simple overlay method (based on constricted factors). The general methodology or procedural steps f this research can be seen on Figure 2.

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Figure 2 Methodology

Protected Area Cultivated Area

Non Built Area

Available Non Available

Landsat TM Path/Row : 118/62

Land Cover Map

Supervised Classification

Topographic Map

Geologic Map

Soil Map

Climate Data

Soil Type Map

Rainfall Map

GIS Overlay

(Constricted Factors)

Land Suitability and Land Availability Map

for Paddy field in Research Area Land Suitability Assesment for agriculture in Peatland Area

Peat depth Map UU No 26 Year 2007

Inpres No 2 Year 2007

Acidity Map (pH)

- Concervation Area - Catchment Area - Swamp - Nature Reserves - Wetlands - Coastal Mangrove

Forest - National Park - Cultural Heritage - Peat depthK3m

(Inpres No 2/2007)

- Residential Area - Health Facilities - Trade Facilities

- Plantation - Fishpond - Production Forest - Bogbush - Rice Field Land Availability Assesment for agriculture in Peatland Area

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3.5.1 Land Cover Map

In order to deliniate the research area related to which area are used for conservation and non conservation (development area), then the land cover data is needed. To obtain this data, we have to classified the land cover classification from the landsat data. This process was done using supervised classification technique to transform multisppectral image data into thematic information classes/several types of land cover. In this research, types of land cover are classified into 11 classes.

Supervised classification is one of two methods used to transform multispectral image data into thematic information classes. In supervised classification, the identity and location of feature classes or cover types are known beforehand through field work, analysis of aerial photographs or other means. A simplified procedure for performing a supervised classification is as follows (Figure 3) :

Figure 3 Supervised Classification Procedure Diagram

Opening Image corrected (Landsat TM)

Set the image to 542 band composite

Edit/ Create Region

Save

Classification Supervised Classification Calculate Statistic Change psedo to classification Edit/Class region color and name Choose/ Select Training Area

Load the result of Supervised Classification

Save Training

Area _Save

Image

Save Final Result

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To delineate which regions including cultivation and non-cultivated areas (conservation areas), then the classification of research area which we have before, has to be overlay with Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning.

3.5.2 GIS Operation

• Peatdepth Map

To obtain the spread of peatdepth in research area, peat depth data have to be interpolated to obtain peatdepth map. This peat depth map, can be used in spatial analysis process. In this study, the interpolation result has been obtained from EMRP Master Plan Study (Bappeda Central Kalimantan Province). Then to classify the peatdepth, we have to compare with Presidential Instruction Number 2 Year 2007 concerning Acceleration of Rehabilitation and Revitalization Peat Land Development Area.

• Generate Rainfall Map

Rainfall map of research area was generated from analyzing process of rainfall map using Thiessen Polygon method which was obtain from climate data in BMG. Thiessen polygon distributed areas into polygons where each polygon bound predictably one point that has data. This method can be performed on areas that have a measuring rainfall distribution is not uniform (non uniform) taking into account the influence area of each measuring. In this way, considered that the rainfall data from a place of observation can be used for the drainage area around the place. Principally, thiessen polygon’s step are measuring stations are plotted on a map then measuring points are connected to each other's outer rain. the next step is each outer station connected to the closest station and find the midpoint of each line among stations, then draw a line perpendicular to the line connecting the midpoint obtained.

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25 • Digitize Soil Map

Soil type data that was obtained from “Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian” was a paper map. This paper map has to be digitized to obtain the digital format type of data. This vector data can be used in spatial analysis process.

• Digitized Geologic/Lithologic Map

To obtain the digital format of geologic/litologic map for further analysis, the paper map has to be digitized

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27 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Existing Land Cover

Land cover map was obtained by interpretation Landsat imagery of 2005 using supervised classification method. The land cover research area (Zone A, Zone B, and Zone D) consist of 11 classes, there are residential area, grove, plantation, rice field, bog bush, bare land, primary mangrove forest, primary swamp forest, secondary swamp forest, swamp, and water body.

According to Table 4.1, land cover in research area are mostly covered by plantation, it is approximately 167.123,15 hectare (27,50%) followed by bog bush that have an area about 155.310,50 hectare (25,55%), secondary swamp forest (12,29%), rice field (12,12%), waterbody (8,96%), bareland (7,36%), primary swamp forest (4,25%), swamp (1,16%), primary mangrove forest (0,58%), residential area (0,21%) and bush (0,03%).

Residential area are spread on Mantangai, Kapuas Barat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Hilir, Selat, Kapuas Kuala, Kapuas Timur; Bareland are spread on Kahayan kuala, Kapuas kuala, Kapuas murung, Mantangai, Kahayan Hilir, Pahandut, Dusun Hilir, Jenamas; Grove are spread on Kapuas Barat, Selat, Mantangai; Plantation are spread on Jenamas, Mantangai, Kahayan Hilir, Pandih Batu, Basarang, Kapuas Barat, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Hilir, Selat, Kapuas Timur, Kapuas Kuala, Kapuas Murung; Rice field are spread on Mantangai, Kapuas Barat, Kapuas Murung, Jenamas, Dusun Hilir; Bog Bush are spread on Pahandut, Kahayan Hilir, Pandih Batu, Kapuas Kuala, Selat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Barat, Mantangai, Dusun Hilir, Jenamas and so on.

For more detail, existing land cover of research area are show on Table 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5.

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Table 3

Land Cover of Research Area

No Type of Land Cover Area (Ha) Percentage(%) Sub District

1 Residential area 1.276,97 0,21 Mantangai,

Kapuas Barat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Hilir, Selat, Kapuas Kuala, Kapuas Timur

2 Bare land 44.728,74 7,36 Kahayan kuala,

Kapuas kuala, Kapuas murung, Mantangai, Kahayan Hilir, Pahandut, Dusun Hilir, Jenamas

3 Grove 169,56 0,03 Kapuas Barat,

Selat, Mantangai

4 Plantation 167.123,15 27,50 Jenamas,

Mantangai, Kahayan Hilir, Pandih Batu, Basarang, Kapuas Barat, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Hilir, Selat, Kapuas Timur, Kapuas Kuala, Kapuas Murung

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No Type of Land Cover Area (Ha) Percentage(%) Sub District

Kapuas Barat, Kapuas Murung, Jenamas, Dusun Hilir

6 Bog bush 155.310,50 25,55 Pahandut,

Kahayan Hilir, Pandih Batu, Kapuas Kuala, Selat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Barat, Mantangai, Dusun Hilir, Jenamas

7 Primary mangrove forest 3.522,04 0,58 Kapuas Kuala,

Kahayan Kuala

8 Primary swamp forest 25.803,58 4,25 Pahandut,

Kahayan Hilir, Mantangai

9 Secondary swamp forest 74.686,24 12,29 Pahandut,

Kahayan Hilir, Mantangai, Dusun Hilir, Kapuas Murung

10 Swamp 7.055,26 1,16 Mantangai, Dusun

Hilir, Jenamas

11 Water body 54.450 8,96 Pahandut,

Kahayan Hilir, Basarang, Kahayan Kuala, Kapuas Kuala,

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No Type of Land Cover Area (Ha) Percentage(%) Sub District

Selat, Kapuas Hilir, Pulau Petak, Kapuas Murung, Kapuas Barat, Mantangai, Jenamas, and Dusun Hilir

Total 607.806,04 100.000

Source : Landsat Imagery Year 2005

Figure 4. Percentage of Land Cover Type in Research Area bareland; 7,36

bog bush; 25,55

bush; 0,03 plantation; 27,50

PMF; 0,58 PSF; 4,25 Residential ; 0,21

Rice Field; 12,12 SSF; 12,29 Swamp; 1,16

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31 Figure 5. Existing Land Cover in Research Area

4.2 Land Cover Deliniation

From the landsat classification above, we can deliniate the area which are conservation and which are not conservation area. This research area are deliniated based on the Law No.26 Year 2007 concerning spatial planning. The law divides the two areas into protected areas and cultivated areas. Cultivated areas such as agriculture, livestock, mixed garden, residential areas, and so on, while the protected areas included conservation areas are protected forest area, peatland areas, water catchment areas, the area around the lake or reservoir, the

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area around the springs, nature reserves, marine natural reserves and other wetlands, coastal mangrove forest, national park, forest, natural park, the area of cultural heritage and science, and areas prone to natural disasters.

According to the Law No. 26 Year 2007, the protected area widely spread on Kahayan Hilir and Dusun Hilir sub district, its approximately 320.827,62 Hectares (52,78 %), and cultivated area is approximately 286.978,42 Hectares (47,22 %). For more detail, deliniation land cover map are show on Figure 6 and Figure 7.

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Figure

In this research are primary swamp fo swamp, bog bush, and 398.150,68 hectares spatial planning and P rehabilitation of peatla then it had to be delete

Cultivated area field, bush or groove, a classified again into tw the land that available f used for residential, p and other functional research area, the area we can separated the remained non built ar which has potentially and rice field was alre

270.000,00 280.000,00 290.000,00 300.000,00 310.000,00 320.000,00 330.000,00

e 7. Landcover Deliniation in Research Area

ch area the protected area based on landcove forest, secondary swamp forest, primary ma nd waterbody. The protected area which have from the total area, according to UU No 26/200 Presidential Instruction No 82/2007 concerni tland can not be developed as paddy field (cu ted also from the availability land for assesmen ea based on the land cover classification are p

, and bare land which covered 209.655,36 hec two class, built area and non built area in orde e for paddy field development. Built area defi public facilities and infrastructure, trades, ind l areas that directly relate to life in a settl ea that categorically as built area are residentia he residential area from available category

area (plantation, rice field, groove or bush, a y available for developed as paddy field, but lready used for agricultural land, and we onl

concervation non concervation

320.827,62

286.978,42

Protected area Cultivated area

33 ea

ver classification mangrove forest,

ve the widely of 2007 concerning rning accelerated (cultivated area) ent.

e plantation, rice ectares has to be rder to determine fined as the area ndustries, offices ttlement. In this ntial area. Thus, ry area. Finally h, and bareland) ut the plantation nly can find the

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available area on bareland and groove or bush covered area 45.680,79 hectares which will be used in land suitability analysis process. (Figure 8)

Figure 8. Land Available Map in Research Area

4.3 Feasibility Study For Paddy Field Based on Physical Aspect Criterion

Based on literature study explained on the previous chapter, to determine suitability land for agriculture purposes in research area, we need several criteria that can be pull down from several map, there are soil type map, topographic map, climate classification map, geologic map, and peat depth map. Furthermore, to

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35 determine the impact each criteria to the feasibility for land suitability crop farm in peat land area, the explanation can be seen below.

4.3.1 Geologic Map

Geologic condition of EMRP area in one sheet of map, there is Palangkaraya sheet map. Research area are located between Barito River and Kapuas River, so the soil condition affected by those rivers. According to compilation data, EMRP area are made of sedimentation rock at age miosen to pleistosen, and surface sedimentation at holosen age.

Geologic formation in research area consist of two type. There are Dahor formation (Tqd) and Alluvium (Qa). Generally, most of geologic condition in research study are alluvium. Alluvium is free material sedimentation consist of kerakal, kerikil, sand and clay at holosen age. This condition can be proved from it’s widely, it is approximately 509.856,21 hectares and spread on 4 district, Palangkaraya City, Kapuas District, Pulang Pisau District and South Barito District. Another ones is Dahor Formation. Dahor formations are formed by tectonic movements which preceded the old lead Pre-Tertiary rocks and Tertiary uplifted forming Meratus heights. In line with the folding and section (sesar) old rock then followed by the deposition of dahor formations. Formation of Dahor estimated at aged Plio Plistosen paralis deposited in the environment. Dahor Formation rocks consist of soft quartz sandstone and a bit of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks, as well as lignite layers, conglomerate, mudstone, and inserts lignite, kaolin and limonite. In this research area, it has wide approximately 96.770,86 hectares and spread on Kapuas district, South Barito district and Pulang Pisau district. The rest one, approximately 1.178,97 hectares have no data. Further more about geologic condition in research area can be seen on Table 4 and Figure 9.

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Table 4

Land Class Suitability Based on Geologic Factor

No Geologic Condition Area (Ha) Class Suitability

1 Alluvium 509.856,21 S1

2 Dahor 96.770,86 N1

3 No data 1.178,97 -

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4.3.2 Land System Map

Land system is a group of land that have the nature of the elements of a homogeneous field at once is a unit of land for commodity zoning. The system of land used for the analysis of land suitability for wetland food crops (Tanaman Pertanian Lahan Basah), dry land crops (Tanaman Pertanian Lahan Kering), and plantation crops / tree crops.

As a basic information of the geomorphology of research study, we need land system map. This map was obtained from land system collected from RePPProT map made by “Balai Besar Sumber Daya Lahan Pertanian”. According to this landsystem map, we can determine some information related to morphology, slope, rock, soil taxonomi, land texture, and rainfall which can be used as criteria to classified land suitability. Based on RePPProT map, we can see that the research area are divided into nine landsystem, there are BRH (Barah), GBT (Gambut), KHY (Kahayan), KJP (Kajapah), KLR (Klaru), MDW (Mendawai), PMG (Paminggir), PTG (Putting), dan SBG (Sebangau). For more detail, can be seen on Table 5, and Figure 10.

Based on landsystem table, some information related to landsystem are morphology, slope, rock, soil taxonomi, land texture, and rainfall.

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39 Table 5

Suitability Class Based on Land System in Research Area

No Land

System Description

Area (Ha)

A B D

1. BRH

(Barah)

Land Morphology : mix sand closed by shallow peat Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : Peat, Old sand sedimentation

Soil Taxonomy : Placaquods, Tropopsamments, Tropohemists Land Texture : peat, rather harsh

Rainfall : 2.700-6.500 mm/year

12587,99 96960,47

-2. GBT

(Gambut)

Land Morphology : Peat swamp area which is drainage periodically in aluvial marine land

Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : Peat, new delicate alluvium

Soil Taxonomy : Tropohemists, tropofibrists, troposaprists, tropaquents

Land Texture : delicate

Rainfall: 2.700-6.500 mm/year

128.881,13 - 20.022,74

3. KHY

(Kahayan)

Morphology : Marine/River land Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : new marine sedimentation (salty), new peat sedimentation

Soil Taxonomy : Tropaquepts, Fluvaquents, Tropohemists

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No Land

System Description

Area (Ha)

A B D

Land Texture : peat, delicate Rainfall: 2.000-3.600 mm/year

4. KJP

(Kajapah)

Morphology : mangrove forest in tidal area Slope : < 2%, relief < 2 m

Rock : Peat, new alluvium

Soil Taxonomy : Sulfaquents, sulfaquepts, sulfihemists Land Texture : delicate, peat

Rainfall: 1.400-6.500 mm/year

- - 2.723,71

5. KLR

(Klaru)

Morphology : Flood area that always drainage Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : River Sedimentation

Soil Taxonomy : Fluvaquents, Tropaquents, Tropohemists Land Texture : peat, delicate

Rainfall: 2.100-4.100 mm/year

2430,43 - 1355,10

6. MDW

(Mendawai)

Morphology : Shallow peatland Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m Rock : Peat

Soil Taxonomy : Tropohemists, Troposaprists, Tropaquents Land Texture : peat, delicate

Rainfall: 2.000-4.000 mm/year

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No Land

System Description

Area (Ha)

A B D

7. PMG

(Paminggir)

Morphology : Basin Peat Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m Rock : River sedimentation

Soil Taxonomy : Fluvaquents, Tropaquepts Land Texture : delicate

Rainfall: 2.200-4.000 mm/year

598,47 -

-8. PTG

(Puting)

Morphology : Beetween coastal area Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : Marine sedimentation

Soil Taxonomy : Psammaquents, Tropaquents, Tropopsamments

Land Texture : delicate, harsh Rainfall: 1.400-4.000 mm/year

- - 3545,7

9. _SBG

(Sebangau)

Morphology : Big river area with wide canal Slope < 2 %, relief < 2 m

Rock : Aluvium, come from river sedimentation Soil Taxonomy : Psammaquents, Tropaquents, Land Texture : delicate, moderate

Rainfall: 2.000-2.800 mm/year

- 2878,85

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4.3.3 Soil Acidity (pH)

Degree of soil acidity represent one of element soil fertility and represent the constrictor influenced the absorbtion of hara element. Soil acidity in research area have pH between 3,9 – 4,8. Most of the area having pH less than 4.

4.3.4 Phyrit Concentration

Phyrit (FeS2) concentration on potencial acid sulfat soil became a problem if they has oxydated because incorrect process on land management. Phyrit became depend on phyrit deepness, concentration, and commodity. Mineral substance having concentration FeS2 > 0,75% have earned referred as phyrit. Amount of phyrit in research location on mineral soil range from 0,24 - 1,45%. Mineral soil with phyrit 0,81 - 1,45% having widest spreading and only a little one have phyrit concentration between 0,21 - 0,51%. On the other hand, peatland high than 2 meter does not have concentration of phyrit.

4.3.5 Elevation Map

Elevation in research area are flat relatively with maximum elevation 50 m above sea level and minimum elevation 1 m above sea level. Based on the elevation data and type of landsystem in research area, slope condition are relatively flat with average slope less than two percent. In order to determine land suitability for paddy field in research area, these factor are not really influenced because in research area these factor is quite flat. For more detail about elevation condition in research area can be seen on Figure 11.

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43 Figure 11. Elevation Map in Research Area

4.3.6 Climate Classification Map

In research area, climate classification based on Oldeman classification are classified into 5 climate type along with ratio between wet month and dry month from 19 rainfall station in research area. Based on result analysis using Oldeman criteria, we can obtain that climate type in research area are consist of five type. There are C2, C3, D1, D3 and E2. For more details, climate type classification based on Oldeman Classification are show on Table 6 and Figure 12.

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Table 6

Agricultural Activities Description in Research Area Based on Oldeman Classification

Climate

Type Sub District Agricultural Activities

C3 C4

Kapuas Barat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Pandih Batu, Kapuas Hilir dan Dusun Hilir Kapuas Barat, Kapuas Murung

-Paddy planting once, secondly crops not plant in dry season

D1 Jenamas dan Kapuas Murung Short age paddy once,

high production and palawija

D2 D3

-Kahayan Hilir, Mantangai, -Kahayan Kuala, Kapuas Kuala, Selat, Pandih Batu,

Only possible once paddy and once palawija

Climate Zone Wet Month Dry Month A1 > 9 < 2 A2 > 9 2 - 4 B1 7 - 9 < 2

B2 7 - 9 2 – 4

C1 5 - 6 < 2

C2 5 - 6 2 – 4

D1 3 - 4 < 2

D2 3 - 4 2 – 4

D3 3 - 4 5 – 6

E1 < 3 < 2

E2 < 3 2 – 4

E3 < 3 5 – 6

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45 Climate

Type Sub District Agricultural Activities

Kapuas Hilir

-E Mantangai, Dusun Hilir, Jenamas,

Kahayan Hilir, Kapuas Barat, Kapuas Murung

Too dry, only possible once palawija

Source : Analysis Result, 2008

According to Oldeman Classification, the area which categorized as Climate Type C2, C3 and C4 are quite suitable for agricultural activities and it was possible for paddy planting once and crops. The area which have climate type of C2 and C3 are spread along Kapuas Barat, Basarang, Pulau Petak, Pandih Batu, Kapuas Hilir dan Dusun Hilir, Kapuas Barat, and Kapuas Murung District. Class of D1 in Climate type zone in research area are spread on Jenamas and Kapuas Murung district. It was possible for planting paddy once at short age and crops. While D3 climate type are spread on Kahayan Hilir, Mantangai, Kahayan Kuala, Kapuas Kuala, Selat, Pandih Batu, Kapuas Hilir District. In terms of agriculture, this kind of climate type is less suitable for development as paddy field, but with some management in soil treatment, it is still possible to grow paddy field and crops once a year. For more details, land suitability based on Oldeman Classification in research area are show on Table 7

Table 7.

Land Suitability Based on Climate Classification on Several Rainfall Station in Research Area

No Rainfall Station

Wet Month

Dry Month

Climate Type

Suitability Class

1 Pulang Pisau 0 3 E2 N2

2 Sei Tatas 6 3 C3 S3

3 Tamiang Layang 5 3 C2 S3

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No Rainfall Station

Wet Month

Dry Month

Climate Type

Suitability Class

5 Basarang 6 3 C2 S3

6 Tangkiling 3 3 D3 N1

7 Anjir Sarapat 3 3 D3 N1

8 Tamban Catur 2 2 E2 N2

9 Palingkau 4 1 D1 N1

Source : Analysis Result, 2008

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4.3.7 Peat depth Map

As mention before, peat depth map is obtained by interpolating peat depth in research area. Based on interpolating result, we obtain that peat depth in research area are variated between 0 up to 12 meter. Based on characteristic of peatdepth itself, which is peat depth more than three meter are not suitable for

plantation, it must be conserve. This is aimed for not collide Presidential

Instruction No. 2 Year 2007 which is regulated about acceleration of rehabilitation and revitalization peatland development zone in Central Kalimantan. For further analysis, this peat depth range are reclassify according to Hardjowigeno criteria in determine the land suitability map for paddy field. For more details, peath depth map are show on Figure 13. From above figure, we can see that peat having depth value less than 3 meter are spread along Zone A and D precisely can be seen on this following table (Table 8)

Table 8

Land Suitability Based on Peat Depth Factor and Their Spread in Research Area

No Peat Depth Total (Ha) Percentage

(%)

Suitability Class

1 Peat 0,5 – 1 m 81.094,20 13,34 S2

2 Peat 1 – 2 m 39.641,37 6,52 S3

3 Peat 2 – 3 m 28.759,64 4,73 N1

4 Peat > 3 m 151.721,23 24,96 N2

5 Mineral Soil 306.589,60 50,44 S1

Total 607.806,04 100.00

Source : Figure 4.9

Based on landform and landsystem data, we can determine decomposition of peat in research area. It is divided into three categories. There are Fibrist, Hemist and Saprist. Where fibrist is peat with early corrosion and more than ¾ of its volume is fresh fiber (immature), while hemist is a kind of peat having medium

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corrosion, half of its volume had weathered and the others half is fiber (half mature). And Saprist is peat decomposition have already weathered (mature).

Figure 13. Peat depth Map in Research Area

4.3.8 Overlay Process Analysis

Spatial analysis in this study is overlaying the spatial data based on criteria. Those criteria are taken from literatures. In this research we use weighting method to identify the land suitability using parameters which already mention before such as ground deppness, land texture, land fertility, pH, phyrit deepness, salinity, peat decomposition, drainage and flood which is found in soil map, slope

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49 and elevation parameter obtained from Bakosurtanal and derivation from DEM SRTM, peat depth parameters taken from Bappeda Central Kalimantan Province. Each of parameter has criteria to determine where is the suitable area for paddy field and where is the area are not suitable to develop paddy field in research area.

According to Harjowigeno’s criteria have mentioned in chapter II, we can determined the suitability area which is divided into 5 suitability class High Suitable (S1), Moderate Suitable (S2), Suitable (S3) , Less Suitable (N1) , and Not Suitable (N2). As the result, almost all of research area are not suitable for paddy field development ( 605.538,61 ha), and only small area are suitable to develop as paddy field area (2.267,43 ha). The suitable area which have only has a tiny part of research study are spread along the river and tidal area. It has been proved from the result that peatland area are not suitable for paddy field as almost people had argued. For more detail about suitability map as the result of this overlay process can be seen on following figure (See Figure 14)

4.3.9 Suitability and Availability Land for Paddy Field

Based on overlay analysis, the suitable land of research area are 2.267,43 hectares. After we has an suitable area, to determine the land that suitable and available, the suitable land from previous analysis, we have to clip with available land according to landcover deliniation. The area that suitable and available reached 14930,91 hectares. N1 is 14.926,2 hectares and S1 reaches 4,71 hectares. For more detail about suitability and availability map as the result of this overlay research can be seen on following figure (See Figure 15)

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51 Figure 15. Land Suitability and Land Availability Map

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53 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

GIS can be useful to provide the information related to suitability land for paddy field in Ex Mega Rice Project, Central Kalimantan. Suitability land area for paddy field in research area were obtained by overlay process to certain criteria affected the growth of paddy field according to Hardjowigeno’s criteria that can be classified into 5 classes : highly suitable (S1), moderate suitable (S2), suitable (S3), low suitable (N1), and lower suitable (N2).

The result indicate that land suitability for paddy field in EMRP area are almost not suitable for paddy field development (605.538,61 hectares) and only small area are suitable to develop as paddy field area (2.267,43 hectares). The suitable area which have only has a little part of research study are spread along the river and tidal area. It has been proved from the result that peatland area are not suitable for paddy field as almost people had argued. Otherwise, the area that suitable and available reached only 4,71 hectares (S1).

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Adhi, W. IPG. 1986. Pengelolaan tanah rawa dan lebak. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. Vol 1; 1 – 21

Aronoff, S. 1991. Geographic Information Systems : A Management Perspective, WDL Publications, Ottawa, Canada.

Hardjowigeno, S., and Widiatmaka. 2007. Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan dan Perencanaan Tata Guna Lahan. Gadjah Mada University Press.

Notohadiprawiro. 1998. Seminar nasional dan Pertemuan Tahunan Komisariat HITI. Balitkabi. Malang 16-17 Desember.

Radjagukguk, B. 1993. Peat Soil of Indonesia : Location, Classification and Problem Sustainability In Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands by J.O. Rieley and S.E. Page (Eds). Palangkaraya.

Rayes, Luthfi. 2006. Metode Inventarisasi Sumberdaya Lahan. Penerbit ANDI. Yogyakarta.

Soebagyo. 1997. Pengembangan dan Potensi Tanah Gambut Indonesia Untuk Pengembangan Tanah Pertanian. Puslittanak Bogor.

Subiksa. 2008. Lahan Gambut : Potensi untuk Pertanian dan Aspek Lingkungan. Balai Penelitian Tanah dan World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

Yuwono. 2009. Membangun Kesuburan Tanah di Lahan Marginal. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan Vol. 9 No. 2 (2009) p: 137-141.

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4.3.9 Suitability and Availability Land for Paddy Field

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51 Figure 15. Land Suitability and Land Availability Map

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CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION