Method of the Study 184.

20

3.2. Approach of the Study

Postcolonial criticism is used as approach in this study. According to Ania Loomba in ColonialismPost-colonialism, postcolonial addresses all aspects of the colonial process from the beginning of colonial until after-independence, all the process that testify the fact that postcolonialism is a continuing process of resistance and reconstruction Loomba, 2000: 2. This approach is contextual to analyze the novel, since there is unbalance power relationship between Cherokee and White. In the novel, Cherokee is the colonized, while White is the colonizer. This approach is implemented to reveal the postcolonial issues in the novel. It focuses to find out the reactions of the main character in the novel against colonial education.

3.3. Method of the Study

This study is library research. The primary data is the object of this study that is Forrest Carter’s The Education of Little Tree. The secondary data in this study are textbooks, journals, essays, and articles related to the study. There are four steps to conduct this study. The first step is reading and re- reading the novel. Having read the novel for several times, the researcher finally would be able to find out the point of the novel and understand it deeper. The second step is collecting all of textbooks, journal, essays, articles, and other data related to this study. In this step, the researcher makes hard efforts, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 21 such as going to the library, searching in internet, and discussing with some of friends. The third step is implementing the theories to analyze the novel. The analysis in this study includes the intrinsic element of literature; character and characterization, and also in the reactions of the main character against colonial education in the novel. The last step, the researcher is figuring out the conclusion of the study and provided suggestion for the future researchers and recommendation for using this novel in teaching English. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 22

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

This chapter answers the problems formulated in the first chapter. There are four elaborations in this analysis to answer them: the portrayal of Little Tree as seen in the novel; the characteristics of Cherokee education and the characteristics of colonial education as seen in the novel; Little Tree’s reactions against colonial education; and the meaning of Little Tree’s reactions against colonial education.

4.1. The Portrayal of Little Tree Seen in the Novel

Little Tree is the main character in Forrest Carter’s The Education of Little Tree. Based on character and characterization theories discussed in chapter II, the characteristics of Little Tree can be known from what he did, what he spoke, what he thought, and what the other characters said and thought about him. It is significant to analyze his characteristics, including his physical appearances and personalities to know the meaning of Little Tree’s reactions against colonial education in Forrest Carter’s The Education of Little Tree.

4.1.1. Physical Appearances of Little Tree

Little Tree is an orphan boy whose age is five years old. Little Tree is a mixed-blood child. His father is a Cherokee, while his mother is a White. His father had already passed away when he was four years old. After his mother passed away, a year after his father’s death, Little Tree lives in a cabin located in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 23 the mountain with his grandparents who are Cherokees. This quotation describes the beginning information about the physical appearance of Little Tree: “MA LASTED a year after Pa was gone. That’s how I came to live with Granpa and Granma when I was five years old” p.01.

4.1.2. Personalities of Little Tree

There are some personalities of Little Tree depicted in the novel. The researcher divides those personalities into six categories.

4.1.2.1. Kind and Brave

The personalities of Little Tree are described in this following song. This is a nature song that sung by Granma as a welcome song for his coming to the forest where his grandparents live in. For Cherokee, nature is a part of their life so that they can communicate one to the other. Bellow is the quotation of the song lyrics: “They now have sensed him coming The forest and wood-wind Father Mountain makes him welcome with his song The have no fear of Little Tree They know his heart is kindness And they sing, ’Little Tree is not alone’. Even silly little Lay-nah With her babbling, talking waters Is dancing through the mountains with her cheer ‘Oh listen to my singing, Of a brother come amongst us Little Tree is our brother, and Little Tree is here.’ Awi usdi the little deer And Min-e-lee the quail-hen Even Kagu the crow takes up the song ‘Brave is the heart of Little Tree PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 24 And kindness is his strength And Little Tree will never be alone.’ “p.05 From the song, Little Tree is described as a kind and brave child. Little Tree is very welcome to the forest because he is a pleasant boy so that nature likes him. Even, the nature calls Little Tree as their brother. As soon as time goes by, Little Tree becomes more and more familiar with nature. He can listen to the song of nature. He is able to understand that nature has no fear of him. He is also able to see that the wind is dancing cheerfully for him. His being a part of nature makes him happy. He is never lonely anymore. This following quotation describes more that Little Tree is being a part of nature. Little Tree declares himself using Indian way of naming, Little Tree, not as a White. ”I knew I was Little Tree, and I was happy that they loved me and wanted me. And so I slept, and I did not cry” p.05. Little Tree is described as a brave child from his attitude when he should meet Reverend in the orphanage for the first time. He does not have any fear in himself to face a new person who takes his life away from Cherokee. Even, Little Tree does not cry. He always argues what the Reverend said when it is not in his truth. For instance, when the Reverend told him that white people do not admit the marriage of his parents, he explains Cherokee’s point of view about his parents’ marriage bravely. The quotation bellow shows the situation: I told him what Granma had said; that the Cherokees married my Pa and my Ma. He said what Cherokees done didn’t count none whatsoever. He said he had not asked me a question. Which he hadn’t. p.185 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 25

4.1.2.2. Sensitive

Little Tree is a sensitive person. He is able to feel nature and other’s feeling. Although in the beginning Little Tree has been educated as a White, then, he is educated as Cherokee by his grandparents. He can feel nature as what his grandma said. He feels how Mon-o-lah, the land in the mountain, is coming to and greeting him through his moccasins. Cherokee treats nature as a part of their life, their family. This quotation shows the situation: I could feel something more, as Granma said I would. Mon-o-lah, the earth mother, came to me through my moccasins. I could feel her push and swell here, and sway and give there...and the roots that veined her body as the life of the water-blood, deep inside her. She was warm and springy and bounced me on her breast, as Granma said she would. p.07 As a human, Little Tree is a sensitive person. He has a deep sympathy to others. As stated in the quotation bellow, he can feel what Granpa feels. He feels as sorrow as Granpa who is sadden by Granma reading about white politics and whiskey policy. It hit Granpa deep. He stopped his rocker but he didn’t say anything, just stared into the fire with a lost look in his eyes. Granma felt sorry about it for after the reading she patted Granpa on his shoulder and slipped her arm around his waist as they went off to bed. I felt might near as bad about it as Granpa. p.17 His sensitivity also appears when he and Granpa walk in the morning and saw a quail hit by hawk. He is very shocked seeing this event. Granpa see that Little Tree looked sad. From this event, readers can also see that beside showing his sensitivity, Little Tree has ability to endure his sorrow. The quail rose in a rush and sped into the trees-but one was slow. The hawk hit. Feathers flew into the air and then the birds were on the ground: the hawk’s head rising and falling with the death blows. In a moment he rose with the dead quail clutched in his claws, back up the said of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 26 mountain and over the rim. I didn’t cry, but I know I looked sad, because Granpa said,”Don’t feel sad, Little Tree. It is The Way. p.09 4.1.2.3. Responsible and Reliable The other description about the personalities of Little Tree can be seen in these quotations: Granpa was already listening. All the sounds was the same. The birds had not flown away. Granpa said,”Ye taken up your sack and head back down the trail. Iff’n ye see somebody, step of the trail til they pass. I’ll take time to clean up and hide the still and go down t’other mountain side. I’ll meet ye at the cabin.” ... Granpa said that he couldn’t have done any better his-self, and him going on seventy odd years. He said that I was likely coming on to be the finest whiskey-maker in the mountains. p.71-75 From those quotations, Little Tree is described as a responsible and reliable boy in accomplishing duties given to him. Cherokee is well-known as good whiskey maker. But, the American government, who are white people, banns and not legalizes the whiskey making done by Cherokee. It is one of White politics. They always arrest Cherokees who makes whiskey. Little Tree’s grandfather is a good whiskey marker. He makes whiskey secretly in the forest. One day, he invited Little Tree to learn how to make good and tasted whiskey. Unfortunately, there were cops who were patrolling around the forest when they were working in the whiskey area. Granpa asked Little Tree to run away and bring some bottles of their whiskey. Meanwhile, grandpa settled the area to cover his business. When the cops found Little Tree, he made his best effort to escape and to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 27 save the whiskey. In his mind, saving the whiskey was saving his grandpa and Cherokee. He thought how to avoid the cops’ hunting. He was holding his suck tightly. He was very tired. Finally, he found a place to hide himself. Because of his being exhausted, he slept in his hiding place too long. Until his grandparents founded him, he was still holding the suck tightly. His grandparents were so proud of him because Little Tree was responsible and reliable boy. This experience shows more that Little Tree is united with nature. He is a new comer, but he is able to understand and master the new and strange environment for him. He is a truly Cherokee.

4.1.2.4. Diligent

Little Tree is a diligent child. He wakes up early in the morning. He has been ready to do his activities when the morning is still dark. Forrest Carter wrote: This morning I slipped the moccasins on last, after I had jumped into my overalls and buttoned my jacket. It was dark and cold-too early even for the morning whisper wind to stir the trees. p.06 His first morning in the forest but his being tired because he had a long journey in the previous night was not a plea for him to wake up late.

4.1.2.5. Determined and Smart

Little Tree is determined to learn hard, and he, therefore, can master what his Granpa taught him soon. Granpa teaches him one of the ways of Cherokee that is taking only what you need. Granpa tells him also that nature helps human to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 28 create a harmony of life. For example, what Little Tree saw in the morning, a hawk preyed a slow quail. As the hawk did, Cherokee is also taking the worse one in hunting and letting the better one to survive their good species. I walked around them, flopping on the ground. I squatted and studied them, and walked around them again. I had to be careful. I got down on my hands and knees and crawled among them, until I had pulled out the three smallest I could find. p.11 His ability to master what his grandpa taught marks his shift from boy educated as white into boy educated as Cherokee. Thus, he is Cherokee since he affirms Cherokee’s way of life.

4.1.2.6. Strong and Resolute

Little Tree is strong and resolute person. He gets so many physical punishments in the orphanage. He never cries when the Reverend or the teachers hit him, stuck him, quarantine him with out any food, and give him other physical punishment. Little Tree always tries to endure the punishment by what his grandparents have taught him. He cut loose with the big stick acrost my back. The first time it hurt; but I didn’t cry. Granma had learnt me. Oncet when I stumped off my toenail... she learnt me how the Indian bears pain. He lets his body mind go to sleep, and with his spirit mind, he moves out of his body and sees the pain- instead of feeling the pain. p.192 Little Tree is strong in sense of having emotional qualities to deal with stress, pressure, and fear. He is able to withstand pain he got from the punishment. In other side, he keeps his unwavering heart in practicing Cherokee way to endure the pain. Indirectly, he is still holding his belief although he gets big suffering. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 29

4.2. The Characteristics of Cherokee Education and Colonial Education Seen

in the Novel There are some characteristics of Cherokee education and colonial education seen in the novel. Cherokee education is different from colonial education. Both of them are experienced by Little Tree. Those experiences create Little Tree’s reactions against colonial education. Then, by understanding those two differences will help readers to see how those education determine Little Tree’s reactions against colonial education.

4.2.1. The Characteristics of Cherokee Education Seen in the Novel

Cherokee education can be seen from the way Granpa and Granma teach Little Tree about Cherokee’s life. It can be seen from the learning process of Little Tree in the mountain. The characteristics of Cherokee education seen in the novel can be classified into:

4.2.1.1. United to Nature

Little Tree learns to be mature through his grandparents’ way of teaching. There, in the forest, he is not longer learning inside the wall of school as in the formal education. Living with his grandparents, he has what the modern system called home schooling, yet with the knowledge and the culture to be Cherokee. Cherokee is nature, and nature is Cherokee. They can not be separated. As a consequence, Cherokee understand how to live with nature. They understand that they have to take only what they need from nature to keep nature long lasting. “It is The Way,” he said softly. ”Take only what ye need. When ye take the deer, do not take the best. Take the smaller and the slower and then the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 30 deer will grow stronger and always give ye meat. Pa-koh, the panther, knows and so must ye.”p.09 The other part in the novel showing about the unity of Cherokee and the nature can be found in this following quotation: At the farms I asked for work, if they would not let me keep Blue Boy and Little Red then I would move on Granpa said a feller owed that much to his hounds. Which is right. p. 215 Little Tree will leave his work when the employer does not allow him to keep Blue Boy and Little Red, his hounds. He always remembers what his grandpa had advised him. Granpa told him that human owed much from animal. In this sense, Granpa teaches Little Tree to thank his hounds that had helped him much. Therefore, Little Tree will take care of them, and not utilize them for his interest only. Cherokee has a belief in Dog Star. It is the most shining star that helps them to send the news of their condition to other family member or other Cherokee whom they love when they are being separated. No matter how far the distance between them, they still keep communicating each other. The Dog Star will deliver their messages, so that they know each other. Granma tells this to Little Tree before he is put into the orphanage. She asks Little Tree to see the Dog Star when he feels lonely. She asks him to share what he felt because they will always see the Dog Star from the hollow. Kneeling there on the porch, Granma said,” Do ye recollect the Dog Star, Little Tree? The one we look at in the dusk of evening?” I said I did. And Granma said,” Wherever ye are-no matter where- in the dusk of evening, ye look at the Dog Star. Me and Granpa will be looking too. We will remember.” I told her I would remember too. p.179 The Dog Star becomes media for Little Tree to tell Granma, Granpa, and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 31 Willow John about his condition in the orphanage when he is punished by Reverend unfairly. Cherokee has sense of spiritual dimension. They have two minds in their body. The first mind is needed for physical living. It covers the basic need of human such as eating, getting shelter, and mating. The other mind is the spirit mind which has nothing to do with those activities. They use this spirit mind in understanding and loving other and nature. They can also be used to move out their body mind. This spirit mind will live endless and they believe that when somebody died, he leaves the body mind and goes by his spirit mind. Then, it will be united with their passed ancestors. Little Tree is also being taught about the personal thing of a Cherokee. Every Cherokee has a secret place. A secret place is a place where one can enjoy himself without other person, to be alone instead of lonely. It is a place where sometimes he needs to go. It seems like a private place for him when he needs a place for himself. Cherokee can feel the spirit of nature and their being a part of it in their secret place. Granma tells him that the spirit mind works when he is in his secret place. Granma said all Cherokees had a secret place. She told me she had one and Granpa had one. She said she had never asked, but she believed Granpa’s was on top of mountain, on the high trail. She said she reckined most everybody had a secret place, but she couldn’t be certain, as she had never made inquiries of it. Granma said it was necessary. Which made me feel right good about having one. p.59 The other evidence showing that Cherokee is united to nature is their way in giving name to their children. Cherokee, like other Indian, gives a name to their PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32 children by name of plants, animals, and other part of nature. For example, the name of Granma is Bonny Bee. The name of Little Tree shows also the united between Cherokee and nature. The other example is Willow John, Little Tree’s uncle. The other name found in the novel that show the way of Indian giving name is Pine Billy, Granpa’s friend. Willow and Pine are name of trees.

4.2.1.2 . Learning by Doing

Cherokee always leave their children to learn by doing. They let their children do something by themselves first so that the children will get some points of learning from what they have done. One day, Little Tree went to the Church with Granma, Granpa, and Willow John. He met a man who brought a calf in the church. He was interested in the little calf. He asked the person whether he would sell it or not. The man knew that Little Tree liked the calf much, so he told him that he wanted to sell it. He offered it to Little Tree. Little Tree did not have enough money to pay it, but the man sold it cheaply to him. With all his money, Little Tree bought the little calf. Granpa and Granma saw what happened, but he kept silent. Little Tree was so happy for buying the calf. He took it home. In the way home, the calf walked slower. Then, it felt down and did not move anymore. The calf died. Little Tree was surprised. Then Grandpa took his knife and cut the calf. He took the calf’s heart and showed it to Little Tree. He told him that calf he bought was a sick calf. It was the reason of man in the church to sell it in very cheap price. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 33 While was eating, Granpa looked at me and said,”Ye see, Little Tree, ain’t no way of learning, except by letting ye do. Iff’n I stopped ye from buying the calf, ye’d have always thought ye’d ought to had it. Iff’n I’d told ye to buy it, ye’d blame me fer the calf dying. Ye’ll have to learn as ye go”. p.87 Actually, Granpa and Grandma know that the calf was sick. But they let Little Tree buy it. They hope that Little Tree will get learning from this event. They teach Little Tree to learn by experiencing something and make his own decision. Moreover, by taking his own decision, Little Tree will learn to take the consequences of what he does, so that he will not blame others for them.

4.2.1.3. Never Scolding

Cherokee never educates their next generation by scolding. They let their children play and enjoy their learning from nature. Unlike modern European culture, to be wet while playing was no matter for them. This way represents their method of educating children. Cherokee’s children learn mainly not from books and theory but from nature and forest. They directly learn outside the wall of school. They experience what they learn. Their school’s ceiling is sky and their teachers are nature. I got pretty wet, splashing in the spring branch, but Granma never said anything. Cherokees never scolded their children for having anything to do with the wood. p.57 4.2.1.4. Learning from History The other important thing to be learned by Cherokee young generation is history. Little Tree should learn history of their past. Granma and Grandpa tell PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 34 him about the Cherokee’s history. Knowing his ancestor’s history, Little Tree learn the way Cherokee’s life; including their life style such as farming, hunting, dancing, and the relationship between Cherokee and nature. From this learning, Little Tree knows the history of Cherokee. He will have sense of belonging to Cherokee. It helps him to grow up as a Cherokee. However, Cherokee uses their version of history. It is different from White version. In White’s history, students never learn about the suffering of natives America and White’s colonialism because it is considered to be a civilizing process of human race. Therefore, Cherokee, using oral tradition which got the story teller and the listener closer, teach history through their own point of view. Granma and Granpa wanted me to know of the past, for “If ye don’t know the past, then ye will not have a future. If ye don’t know where your people have been, then ye won’t know where your people are going.” And so they told me most of it. p.40 How the Cherokee had farmed the rich valleys and held their mating dances in the spring when life was planted in the ground; when the buck and doe, the cock and peahen exulted in the creation parts they played. How their harvest festivals were held in the villages as frost turned the pumpkins, reddened the persimmon and hardened the corn. How they prepared for the winter hunts and pledged themselves to The Way. p.40 What is the important thing of using their own perspective? Is it only about a point of view which will result to a same answer? No, a different point of view will result in a different attitude toward something. It is different if you see a history from the point of view of victims and the point of view of the winner. Thus, it is important thing for Cherokee using their own perspective. Using Cherokee’s point of view in telling history is a form of resistance against white hegemony. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 35

4.2.1.5. Sharing Goodness

The other learning characteristic which Cherokee shared to their children is sharing every single of goodness they get with other people. This is the way of Cherokee. The goodness they get will be more useful and meaningful when they share it with other people. Grandma said I had done right, for when you come on something that is good, first thing to do is share it with whoever you can find; that way, the good spreads out to where no telling it will go. Which is right. p.57 Superficially, it seems quite universal and common that we should spread goodness to all. However, in deeper layer we see collectivity spirit in this spreading of goodness. This spirit stands up against individuality of modern age, brought by capitalism system into American. Cherokee cares other. They are communal community who live together in society. 4.2.1.6. The Way of Giving a Gift Cherokee teach their children how the way of giving a gift to other. One of the examples of this learning is when Willow John gives Little Tree a gift. Willow John likes Little Tree. He gives him a knife. Little Tree finds it where he set. He is surprised about it. Then, Granma tells him how the way of Cherokee in giving a gift. Indian will not give a gift to someone directly. They lay their gifts in somewhere to be found by the person. From the way, they teach sincerity in giving something to other person. They do not hope any thanking from other people. It also teaches that they have to make an effort to get something. They can not get anything granted freely for them. This way shows Cherokee’s independence. We can see this way from this quotation: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 36 Once, after we taken our seats, I found long knife laying where I set. It was as long as Granpa’s and had a deer skin sheath that was fringed. Granma said Willow John gave it to me. That is the way Indians give gifts. They do not present it unless they don’t mean it and are doing it for a reason. They leave it for you to find. You would not get the gift if you didn’t deserve it, and so it is foolish to thank somebody for something you deserve, or make a show of it. Which is reasonable. p.148

4.2.2. The Characteristics of Colonial Education Seen in the Novel

The characteristics of colonial educational system are represented by the educational system in the orphanage. It is very different from Cherokee’s educational system which Little Tree learns from his Cherokee grandparents. He commenced again. “We have a school you can attend. You will be assigned small work details. Everybody here does some work; something you are probably not accustomed to. You must follow the rules. If you break them, you will he punished.” He coughed. ”We have no Indian here, half- breed or otherwise. Also, your mother and father were not married. You are the first, the only bastard we have ever accepted.” p.185 He said that I did not have to go to the church services and the evening chapels; as bastards, according to the Bible, could not be saved. He said I could go to listen in on it more or less, if I was quiet and set in the back and taken no part whatsoever. p.185 The main rule of the orphanage is that there is no Indian. All children are educated as White because White considers Indian as savage and cannot be saved by God. The following quotation is the statement of the Reverent showing that consideration. He said,” You are born of evil, so I know repentance is not in you; but praise God, you are going to be taught not in inflict your evil upon Christians. You can’t repent... but you shall cry out p.191 All of children in the orphanage must be very discipline unless they will get punishment. Being polite and respecting White is also a must for them. They only PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 37 can speak when the Reverend or the teachers ask them to. This quotation describes the situation, “You are going to see the Reverend,” she said. “Be quiet, don’t cry and be respectful. You can talk, but only when he asks a question

p.184.

There is a school in the orphanage to educate Indian children. The school gives the students learning considered good by White. The students should be “nice” in class. They should speak politely. One day, the teacher showed the students a picture. She asked the students to guest what the picture about. It was a picture of two deer. Little Tree raised his hand and said that those deer were mating. He also told the class that he could tell what time in a year deer were mating. Hearing what Little Tree said, the teacher came to him and grabbed him by the neck. She was very angry to him. Then, she brought Little Tree and reported the case to the Reverend. Little Tree got a cruel punishment from his speak up the truth, the other version from his teacher. Little Tree got physical punishment. The Reverend hit him by a stick. The other punishment, he would not eat supper for a week. He did not allow come to the class also. This following quotation proves one of punishment got by Little Tree. “He cut loose with the big stick acrost my back. The first time it hurt; but I didn’t cry” p.191.

4.3. Little Tree’s Reactions against Colonial Education