8 e.
Conversation of others The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the
conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character
of the person spoken about. f.
Reactions The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know
how that person reacts to various situations and events. g.
Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts
The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what
different people are thinking. In the novel we can accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged
in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i.
Mannerisms The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which
may also tell us something about his character.
2.1.2. Postcolonial
There is no fixed definition of postcolonial discourse. The term “post” indicates “after” which means the condition of nations after their independence.
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9 However, the effects of colonialism are still apparent in the construction of the
present-day societies. Although a nation has been independent, the effect of colonialism still appears in their nation, such as culture domination, apparatuses,
and educational system. Postcolonial addresses all aspects of the colonial process from the
beginning of colonial until after-independence, all the process that testify the fact that post-colonialism is a continuing process of resistance and
reconstructions. The studies in it are based in “historical fact” of European colonialism and its diverse effects Ashcroft, 2002: 2.
Additional, Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin 1989: 2 use
the term ‘post-colonial’ to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day.
Since colonialism is not only limited in taking land, but also culture domination, there are many issues happened under colonialism that uncovered by
postcolonial discourse. In other words, postcolonial becomes a discourse used by the colonized to see the issues in their reacting against colonialism.
It is clear that postcolonial is not simply defined as a condition after independence of a nation. It deals with many issues as seen in the quotation
bellow: Postcolonial deals with some important issues: migration, slavery,
suppression, representation, difference, race, gender, place, and response to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe such as history,
philosophy, linguistics, and the fundamental experiences causing the appearance of these writings. These vast issues, they continued, are not
‘essentially’ post-colonial, but together they create complex fabric of the field Ashcroft, 2002: 2.
Ania Loomba 2000:17-20 refers postcolonial to specific group of
oppressed or dissenting people or individual within them; intellectual and
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10 activist who fought against colonial rule, and their successors who now engage
with its continuing legacy, challenged and revised domination definition of race, culture, language, and class in the process of making their voice heard.
Postcolonial is the struggle of colonized nation to liberate their nation. Awareness of the colonized about colonizer’s representation is coming in their
mind during this continuing process. Then, they reclaim their past and identity from their point of view. They will react against colonialism.
According to Peter Barry 2002: 194, characteristically, postcolonial writers evoke or create a pre-colonial version of their own nation, rejecting the
modern and the contemporary, which is tainted with the colonial status of their countries. In his book Beginning Theory, he formulated some characteristics of
postcolonial criticism. First, it is an awareness of representations of the non- European as exotic or immoral ‘Other’. The second area of concern in
postcolonial criticism is language. Some postcolonial writers have concluded that the colonizers’ language is permanently tainted, and that to write in it involves a
crucial acquiescence in colonial structures. The third characteristic is the emphasis on identity as doubled, or hybrid, or unstable. Then, the last is the stress on ‘cross-
cultural’ interactions Barry, 2002: 194-196.
2.1.3. Forms of Colonialism
