11
learnt about. The task cycle ends with the presentation from selected groups. At the end of each presentation, the teacher gives feedback.
The last component of TBL defined by Willis 2003, p. 38 is language focus. It is divided into two steps. The first one is analysis. In analysis, students
discuss the specific characteristics of the text. The second one is practice. In practice, the teacher gives students an opportunity to practice new words, phrases,
and patterns occurred in the text after students has done the analysis
c. Types of Task and Activity
Pattison 1987 as cited in Nunan 2004 classifies the types of task and activity based on Task-Based Learning into seven classifications. Those are
“questions and answers, dialogues and role plays, matching activities, communication strategies, pictures and picture stories, puzzles and problems,
discussions and decisions ” p. 57. The detailed explanations are as follows.
Questions and Answers These activities are based on the notion of creating an information gap. It
aims students at discovering their classmate’s choice. These activities can be used
to practice vocabulary. Dialogues and Role Plays
Students are given two choices in performing dialogues and role plays. They are permitted to perform scripted or improvised dialogues and role plays.
The purpose of choices is students may participate willingly and learn thoroughly by what they say in their dialogues and role plays.
12 Matching Activities
These are activities to recognize matching items or to complete pairs or sets.
Communication Strategies These activities encourage students to practice communication strategies
such as paraphrasing, borrowing or inventing words, using gesture, asking for feedback, and simplifying.
Picture and Picture Stories These are activities which utilize picture and pictures stories to stimulate
communication activities. These activities can be in the form of a memory test and sequencing pictures to tell a story. In the end of these activities, students are
expected to be able to describe the picture or arrange a story based on the picture. Puzzles and Problems
Puzzles and problems require students to make guesses by utilizing students’ general knowledge, personal experience, and imagination. These
activities aim at testing students’ logical reasoning. The objective of these
activities expects that in the end of the lesson students are able to solve puzzles and problems.
Discussions and Decisions These activities require students to collect and share information to
produce a decision. During these activities, students are required to discuss in pairs or groups. In the pair or the group discussion, students learn how to share
their opinions and argue among themselves to produce a decision.
