Tujuan Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi Uraian Materi

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1 Building Knowledge of Field

A. Tujuan

Peserta mampu memahami ciri-ciri teks naratif beserta fungsi komunikatif, struktur generik, dan fitur bahasa teks tersebut

B. Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi

Setelah pelatihan ini, diharapkan peserta dapat: 1. mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis teks naratif; 2. mengidentifikasi struktur generik teks naratif; dan 3. mengidentifikasi fitur bahasa teks naratif.

C. Uraian Materi

Building Knowledge of Field Bercerita dipahami sebagai upaya untuk membuat orang lain menikmati dan membayangkan hal-hal yang diceritakan. Pada teks naratif, ia memiliki tiga fitur utama, yang digambarkan sebagai berikut. Tujuan Purpose merupakan fitur utama pertama yang digunakan untuk menceritakan kepada pembacanya tentang mengapa kita menggunakannya. Tujuan utama dari bercerita adalah untuk menghibur, mendapatkan dan mempertahankan perhatian pembacapendengar pada cerita tersebut. Dengan membaca atau mendengarkan cerita yang menarik, seseorang dapat menikmatinya dan bahkan mengambil hikmah yang disampaikannya. Cerita juga bisa bertujuan untuk mendidik atau memberitahu, menyampaikan refleksi pengarang tentang pengalamannya, dan, mungkin untuk mengembangkan imajinasi pembaca.Ada beragam jenis teks naratif. Biasanya teks-teks tersebut bersifat imajiner, tetapi bisa juga faktual. Jenis-jenis cerita tersebut antara lain adalah cerita dongeng, cerita misteri, science fiction, roman, horor, dan lain-lain. Purpose Organisation al Structure Language Feature Fitur kedua dari teks naratif adalah struktur generik atau disebut juga Organisational Structure. Fitur ini berisi tentang bagaimana suatu cerita disusun. Biasanya, suatu naratif diawali dengan Orientationatau Setting, di sini pengarang melukiskan dunia untuk ceritanya. Dalam tahap ini pembaca diperkenalkan tentang tokoh-tokoh dan perwatakannya dalam cerita, dan biasanya disebutkan juga kapan dan di mana cerita ini terjadi. Pada naratif, dimungkinkan pula adanya judul naratif yang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang setting suatu cerita. Biasanya diciptakan pula suasana yang membuat pembaca ingin terus mengikuti jalan ceritanya. Tahap orientasi ini bisa singkat, namun bisa pula panjang. Selanjutnya, bagian kedua dari struktur generik ini adalah masalah atau konflik atau komplikasi. Komplikasi ini membuat cerita semakin menarik karena tokoh utama terhalang untuk mencapai tujuan semula atau bahkan memicu peristiwa lain. Komplikasi adalah cermin kehidupan nyata, dan merupakan keyakinan pada pembaca bahwa masalah apapun akan dapat dicari jalan keluarnya.Bagian ketiga dari struktur generik ini adalah resolusi. Naratif yang memuaskan akan memberikan resolusi pada komplikasi. Resolusi ini biasanya memberikan penyelesaian pada komplikasi, walaupun ada juga naratif yang membiarkan pembaca bertanya-tanya bagaimana cerita akan berakhir. Fitur utama ketiga adalah fitur kebahasaan. Fitur ini mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut:  specific participants dan sering individual;  menggunakan bentuk past tensekarena peristiwa cerita terjadi di waktu lampau;  menggunakanaction verbs material processes, dan ada juga yang menggunakan verbal and mental processes;  menggunakan kata sifat atau keterangan untuk merinci orang, binatang, tempat atau tindakan action;  menggunakan linking words yang berkenaan dengan waktu;  sering memasukkan dialog, dan tense akan mungkin berubah;  menggunakan ungkapan langsung atau tak langsung;  descriptive language digunakan untuk menciptakan kesan di benak pembaca; dan  dapat ditulis sebagai orang pertama I, atau ketiga he, she, they atau orang kedua you. Berikut ini adalah contoh cerita beserta keterangan bagian-bagian struktur generiknya. Contoh 1 Text Organisation Language Features Orientation John slumped in the armchair, his arms crossed and his face with a gloomy frown. who? He was a new kid in town, but no-one knew he was even there. John didn’t like anybody where? and they did’nt like him. All day he sat in the armchair , staring out the window. action verb Complication mental process Through the window he saw a gigantic hollow tree in vacant lot. The tree seemed to call him. linking words He stood slowly up, then started to walk towards the tree. Its branches were very thin and its roots dug into the ground like claws. The tree had thorns all over it. John tried to turn away from the tree but he couldn’t. A specif.partcpts mysterious force was pulling him into the hollow. Resolution John never reappeared but no-one noticed or cared. Adapted from Derewianka, 1990 Contoh 2 NARRATIVE Social Function: To amuse, entertain and to deal awith actual or vicarious experience in different ways; Narraratives deal with problamtic events which lead to across or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution. Generic Structure Snow White Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead. Major Complication One day she heard he uncle and aunt tlking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White. Resolution Snow White did not want her uncle and aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods. Compplication She was very tired and hungry. Resolution Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and felt asleep. Complication Meanwhile, the seven dwarfts were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfts. The dwarfts said “What is your name?” Snow White said “My name is Snow White. Major Resolution Doc said :If you wish, you may live here with us. Snow White said “Oh, could I? Thank you,” Then Snow White tgold the dwarfts the whole story and Snow White and the seven dwarfts lived happily everafter. Significant Lexicogrammatical Features  Focus on specific and usually individualized participants.  Use of material processes or behavioral and verbal processes  Use of relational processes and mental processess  Use of temporal conjuctions and temporal circumstances  Use of past tense Jika diceritakan secara lisan, maka berikut ini contoh Fasilitator bercerita: This story is about John. Who is he, students, does anybody know? Yes, it is said in the story that John is a new kid in town. What does that mean? Right, kid means child; so he is a new child, a newcomer in the town. OK, everybody say “newcomer… newcomer”fasilitator melatih lafal kata baru tersebut, diikuti seluruh kelas. Do you know anything about his personality? What is he like? Is he a cheerful boy, or a gloomy boy? How do you know that? OK, now, what happened to him one day? He was sitting in his armchair one day, day dreaming, when he suddenly saw a big hollow you know the meaning of hollow? Yes, lubang in the tree outside his house. This tree looked very scary, with thin roots, and branches that looked like claws. What are claws? In Indonesian they are called “cakar”. Can you imagine branches that look like claws?. This tree also has thorns all over it.John felt as if the tree was calling him, and unconsciously he went out towards the tree. He had tried to turn away, but he couldn’t. After that John was never seen again, but nobody missed him because he was such a gloomy and unfriendly kid.Now, what do you think of this story? Is it a happy-ending or a sad-ending story? Sekarang, dengarkan fasilitator menceritakan sesuatu secara lisan pada Anda. Lebih baik jika menggunakan flash cards atau gambar-gambar tokoh dalam cerita yang dibacakan. Menanyakan kepada peserta apakah mereka mengenal tokoh-tokoh tersebut. Perhatikan fitur-fitur bahasa yang digunakan. Adakah kesamaan dengan yang Anda dengar pada teks-teks tertulis yang dibacakan sebelumnya? Jika Anda belum sepenuhnya menangkap jalan cerita yang baru Anda dengarkan, mintalah fasilitator membacakannya sekali lagi. Dengarkan secara lebih cermat, dan jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut: a. Bagaimanakah pengarang memberikan orientasi? b. Siapa saja tokoh-tokoh dalam cerita ini? c. Apa ide pokok ceritanya? d. Apa komplikasinya? e. Apa resolusi bagi komplikasi tersebut? Apakah cerita ini memiliki happy-ending atau tidak? f. Adakah pesan moral yang Anda tangkap dari cerita tersebut? Diskusikan jawaban Anda terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas dengan teman di sebelah Anda, dan tuliskan pada kotak di bawah ini. Title: Orientation: Main idea: Complication: Resolution: Moral value: Selain fitur-fitur tersebut, ada beberapa karakteristik lain dari teks naratif, sebagai berikut. 1. Kosa kata yang berkaitan dengan nama-nama orang, tempat; juga emotive language, misalnya “more and more pleasant”. 2. Tata bahasa: jenis kata relasional “be” dan “have”. Fungsi-fungsi sosial dan tata bahasa serta kosa kata yang terkait dalam teks naratif adalah sebagai berikut: 1. describing characteristics, appearance: adjectives 2. expressing time:in the beginning, one day, soon. 3. expressing sequence:firstly, secondly, next, after, before. 4. expressing cause and effect: so, therefore. Ciri lain yang penting untuk teks naratif adalahpenggunaan direct speech dan ilustrasi untuk mendukung teks. Sekarang bayangkanlah si Tikus, Anjing, Keledai, dan Kucing adalah tokoh-tokoh kartun yang dapat berkomunikasi seperti manusia. Keledai bersifat pemalu.Ia tidak berani menyatakan kekagumannya secara langsung pada si Tikus, maka ia menelepon. Kira- kira demikianlah percakapan telepon mereka: D= Donald, the donkey M= Molly, the Mouse D: “Hello, may I speak to Molly, please?” M: “Yes, it’s Molly speaking. Who’s this, please?” D: ”It is Donald. How are you?” M: “Oh, I’m fine, Donald. What’s up?” D: “Oh, ehm… I just want to say… you look very beautiful with your new bow. I saw you from the street this morning.” M: “Well, thank you, Donald, that’s very nice of you.” D: “Ehm… Molly, will you marry me?” M: “Sorry, Donald, you must be kidding me.” Pelajarilah dialog di atas bersama pasangan Anda, lalu peragakanlah di depan kelas. Jangan lupa, gunakan intonasi dan pelafalan yang tepat. Mintalah fasilitator dan teman- teman lain memberikan masukan bagi Anda. Di bawah ini ada beberapa contoh teks untuk Anda baca dan perhatikan struktur generik serta fitur bahasanya. The Lost Caterpillar Seven worms are walking happily. Their mother is leading them. They have just had their breakfast on a big tree near a river. “Come on, children. Let’s go home,” Mama Worm says. Suddenly, a cricket says,”Your last chills is ugly” “Ugly?” asks Mama Worm. Then she looks at the child. He is not the same as her other children. “Hey, ugly” she says, “You are not my child. Go away” The little brown worm walks away. He is very sad. When he is near a lake, he looks into the water. “Oh, how ugly I am,” he cries. “You are not ugly,” says a voice. “Oh, I find you, my child.” The worm looks around. There is a beautiful big caterpillar and her children. They all look the same as he. “They may call you ugly,” says Mother Caterpillar, “But you are the most beautiful child in the world. One day, you will turn into a beautiful butterfly.” Taken from Fun Plus 01 LUTUNG KASARUNG Folklore from West Java PRABU Tapa Agung was an old king. He had two daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. Prabu Tapa Agung planned to retire as a king. He wanted Purbasari to replace him as the leader of the kingdom. Hearing this, Purbararang was angry. You cannot ask her to be the queen, Father. Im older than she is. Its supposed to be me, not her said Purbararang. But the king still chose Purbasari to be the next queen. Purbararang then set a bad plan with her fiance, Indrajaya. Together they went to a witch and asked her to put a spell on Purbasari. Later, Purbasari had bad skin. There were black dots all over her body. You are not as beautiful as I am. You cannot be the queen. Instead, you have to leave this palace and stay in a jungle, said Purbararang. Purbasari was very sad. Now she had to stay in the jungle. Everyday she spent her time playing with some animals there. There was one monkey that always tried to cheer her up. It was not just an ordinary monkey, he had magical power. And he also could talk with humans. The monkeys name was Lutung Kasarung. He was actually a god. His name was Sanghyang Gurumina. Lutung Kasarung planned to help Purbasari. He made a small lake and asked her to take a bath there . Amazingly, her bad skin was cured. Now she got her beautiful skin back. After that, she asked Lutung Kasarung to accompany her to go back to the palace. Purbararang was very shocked. She knew she had to come up with another bad idea. She then said, Those who have longer hair will be the queen. The king then measured his daughters hair. Purbasari had longer hair. But Purbararang did not give up. A queen must have a handsome husband. If my fiance is more handsome than yours, then I will be the queen, said Purbararang. Purbasari was sad. She knew Purbararangs fiance, Indrajaya, was handsome. And she did not have a fiance yet. Here is my fiancé, Indrajaya. Where is yours? asked Purbararang. Lutung Kasarung came forward. Purbararang was laughing very hard. Your fiance is a monkey, ha ha ha. Suddenly, Lutung Kasarung changed into a very a handsome man. He was even more handsome than Indrajaya. Purbasari then became the queen. She forgave Purbararang and her fiance and let them stay in the palace. Now do this 1. Read the two texts above and notice the difference in tenses. What are they? 2. With a friend, analyse the texts in terms of their generic structures; which part is the orientation, the complication or the resolution.

D. Aktivitas Pembelajaran