Situation Types In The Novel Harry Potter And The Prisoner Of Azkaban
SITUATION TYPES IN THE NOVELHARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN
A THESIS
BY:
MASYITA RISMADI REG. NO 110705083
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The SarjanaSastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A, Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday, June 27 2015
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ………
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A, Ph.D ………
Dr. H. SyahronLubis, M.A ………
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, MASYITA RISMADI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSE WHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.
NO ANOTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : MASYITA RISMADI
Title Thesis :SITUATION TYPES IN THE NOVELHARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN
Qualification : S1 /Sarjana Sastra Department : English
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my huge gratitude to Allah SubhanahuwaTa’alafor blessings and bequest in my whole life, especially during the process of analyzing and finishing this thesis. Keep on trying and do not give up yet then God will let the way.
I would also like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H.Syahron Lubis, M.A, The Head of English Literature Department, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, and The Secretary of English Literature Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A, Ph.D and the Staff Administration of English Department.
I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. H. SyahronLubis, M.A and My Co. Supervisor Dr. Umar Mono, M. Hum.for their guidance and assistance in writing this thesis.
I am so blessed and would like to address my countless gratefulness to my beloved family as they believe me to be anything and do my best to finish my thesis. They are motivator andsource of strength for me to finish this thesis immediately.
The last, I would like to give my huge thank to all my best fellows I have ever had, who always give me spirit whenever I give up, Indri, Multa and others whom I can’t mention all the names. I do not know what I have done that you to be my best friends. You are always there when I need and the uncountable understanding from all of you.
Medan, June, 25 2015 The writer
MASYITA RISMADI Reg No. 110705083
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ABSTRACT
This study deals with the analysis of situation types in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. It was conducted to discover the four types of situation porposed by Vendler (1967) namely : states, activities, achievements and accomplishment. The objectives of this research are to find out the situation types, the dominant situation type and the reason for the dominant type. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data are taken from a novel,Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling. The process of the study starts from collecting data from the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, analyzing the data, and describing them. The findings show the four types of situation are states, activities, achievements and accomplishments. The novel has all the situation types. The most dominant situation type is accomplishment expressed in 106 verbs or 45.29%, followed by achievement in 62 verbs or 26.49%, state in 34 verbs or 14.52% and activityin 32 verbs or 13.67%.
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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan analisis jenis situasi dalam novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan empat jenis tipe situasi menurut Vendler (1967) yaitu: keadaan, aktivitas, pencapaian dan penyelesaian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis situasi, jenis situasi yang dominan dan alasan untuk jenis yang dominan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpul dari sebuah novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabanoleh JK Rowling. Proses penelitian berlangsung dari pengumpulan data dari novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, menganalisis data, dan memberikan data. Hasil penelitian terdapat empat jenis situasi yaitu keadaan, aktivitas, pencapaian dan penyelesaian. Novel ini memiliki semua jenis situasi. Jenis situasi yang paling dominan adalah penyelesaian dengan 106 kejadian atau 45.29%, diikuti oleh pencapaian dengan 62 kejadian atau 26.49%, keadaan dengan 34 kejadian atau 14.52 % dan aktivitas dengan 32 kejadian atau 13.67 %.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . ... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study . ... 1
1.2 Problem of The Study. ... 2
1.3 Objective of The Study . ... 2
1.4 Scope of The Study . ... 3
1.5 Significance of the Study . ... 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Semantic . ... 5
2.2 The Importance of Semantic . ... 6
2.3 Definition of Situation ... 7
2.4 Situation Type . ... 8
2.4.1 States . ... 8
2.4.2 Activities . ... 10
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2.4.4 Achievements . ... 11
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design ... 21
3.2 Data and Source of Data . ... 21
3.3 Data Colleting Method . ... 21
3.4 Data Analyzing Method. ... 23
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data Collection ... 24
4.2 Discussion . ... 24
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions . ... 65
5.2 Suggestions . ... 65
REFERENCES ... 66 APPENDIXES
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ABSTRACT
This study deals with the analysis of situation types in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. It was conducted to discover the four types of situation porposed by Vendler (1967) namely : states, activities, achievements and accomplishment. The objectives of this research are to find out the situation types, the dominant situation type and the reason for the dominant type. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data are taken from a novel,Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, by J.K. Rowling. The process of the study starts from collecting data from the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, analyzing the data, and describing them. The findings show the four types of situation are states, activities, achievements and accomplishments. The novel has all the situation types. The most dominant situation type is accomplishment expressed in 106 verbs or 45.29%, followed by achievement in 62 verbs or 26.49%, state in 34 verbs or 14.52% and activityin 32 verbs or 13.67%.
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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan analisis jenis situasi dalam novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan empat jenis tipe situasi menurut Vendler (1967) yaitu: keadaan, aktivitas, pencapaian dan penyelesaian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis situasi, jenis situasi yang dominan dan alasan untuk jenis yang dominan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpul dari sebuah novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabanoleh JK Rowling. Proses penelitian berlangsung dari pengumpulan data dari novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, menganalisis data, dan memberikan data. Hasil penelitian terdapat empat jenis situasi yaitu keadaan, aktivitas, pencapaian dan penyelesaian. Novel ini memiliki semua jenis situasi. Jenis situasi yang paling dominan adalah penyelesaian dengan 106 kejadian atau 45.29%, diikuti oleh pencapaian dengan 62 kejadian atau 26.49%, keadaan dengan 34 kejadian atau 14.52 % dan aktivitas dengan 32 kejadian atau 13.67 %.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Situation type is a branche of semantic fields that studies the sentence meaning focusess on the verb. It is used to know the meaning of the sentence more spesific. There are four kinds of situation type as Vendler (1967: 97-121) and Dowty (1979) state, they are : States to identify stative verb or unchanging during its duration, for example Lisa hates it. This sentence means that Lisa doesn’t like something at the time. Activities are processes or durative and telic verbs, for example Watch this movie. This sentence means that to do the action watching to see the movie. Accomplishments to identify durative and telic verbs and last, for example have “finish” : John finished writing the letter. The sentence means the John write the letter, where the letter is the endpoint of the action, Achievements to identify the punctual and telic verbs, for example We found a solution. It means that they find the solution of the problem and have no conceivable time. Further, C.S. Smith (1991:1) adds the one situation type, it is semelfactive which is an instantaneous atelic events like : cough, knock. Smith theory is easier to uderstand and analyzed it. Therefore, situation type is one of the branch in semantic that is very useful for the people who learn the linguistics.
Yule (2006:14) states that semantics can be described as the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Semantics is concerned to the meaning of words and how they combined two form sentences meaning. It is useful to
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distinguish lexical semantic and structural semantic. It means that semantics is concerned with the meaning of words, phrases, sentences to get meaningful sentences. Situation type is aspect that describes the situation that relates to time which arises from its meaning. Situation types as subject matter of sentences by focused on their verbs and arguments. It concerns the internal temporal constituency of a (type of) situation denoted by a given predicate.
Further, Hurford and Heasley (1983:1) state that sentence meaning or word meaning can be defined as what a sentence or word means. Morever, that knowing the part played a particular entity in an event is one the most interesting thing to understand a sentence so that (he??) will know the meaning of the sentences or words. In understandig the meaning of words, we should understand some aspects of meaning that belong to the level of the sentence.
One thing that is important to identify is the smeaning of verb. Verb can be analyzed by situation type that is to identify the information of temporal structure of a situation which arises from its meaning which we first identify what kind of situation type that is used by the verbal predicate and we can conclude the meaning exactly. It is important to identify the situation type to understand the meaning of sentence lexically that occured in communication.
In finding the situation types, actually we should understand some criteria of classifying them as well as the researcher will discuss in this research. So that, this study was discussed to give more knowledge to the readers about the situation type that is used by the verbal predicate.
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1.2 Problems of the Study
During the analysis process of this thesis, it is important to make the specification of problems that are going to be analyzed. The problems of the study of this thesis are :
1. What situation types are found in the NovelHarry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban?
2. What situation type is dominantly found in Novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem, the objectives of this study are :
1. To describe situation types found in Novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban
2. To describe the most dominant type found in Novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban
1.4 Scope of the Study
This study focusess on the verbal situation type found on the verbs or verb phrases and also focusess on only four situation type, they are : states, activities, achievements and accomplishments in the Novel Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban.
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1.5 Significance of the Study
1. The study is expected to give the readers the understanding what is the state situation
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Semantics
Semantics is the philosophical and scientific study of meaning. Brinton (2000: 11) states that the word semantic has ultimately prevailed as a name for the doctrine of meaning, in particular of linguistic meaning. It means that semantics discuss about the meaning for the linguistics.
Kearns (2000:10) states that semantics is the study of meaning in language. Semantics terms was derived from Greek word sema the meaning is sign or symbol, refers to the aspects of meaning that are expressed to the meaning of the words and how they combined two form sentence meaning”. The former is to do with the meaning of words; the letteer is to do with the meaning of phrases, including a sentences. It means that semantics told about the sign/symbol that means of communication to give the message or meaning of them.
Yule (2006:14) states that semantics can be described as the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Semantics is concerned to the meaning of words and how they combined two form sentences meaning. It is useful to distinguish lexical semantic and structural semantic.
Semantics is one of the branches of linguistics studying about the meaning and it is considered as a major branch of linguistic devoted to the study of meaning in a language. But what is meaning? Philosopers have debated the
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question, with particular reference to language, for well over 2000 years, and no more have yet produced a satisfactory to it (Lyons, 1984: 136). In order the meaning to be successfully studied, of course, it must be made clear just what the meaning is. According to what has long been the most widely accepted theory of semantics, meanings are ideas or concept that can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the hearer by embodying them. So, semantics is the study of meaning which can be used to communicate better in society, not only for special person. Semantics also can be used to understand a literary works, like a prose or a novel.
Semantic analysis is the process of relating synatctic structures, from the levels of phrases, clause, sentences and pharagraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings, removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible.
2.2 The Importance of Semantics
Semantics is a crucial subject at least if it is seen from two aspects, they are language teaching and communication. Dealing with teaching, Wahab (1997:20) states that students, teachers, and scholars who are interested in linguistic studies realize that semantics is one of the significant aspects of the study of language as its two sibling-phonology and syntax. Logically, semantics should not be neglected in the study of language. Despite its important states in linguistic study, in addition to the two others, semantics is a subject has no place in current curriculum of TEFL on a level of the Indonesian higher educational
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system. Consequently, negligence of semantics may result in appropriateness in teaching lexical and sentence meaning. On level of lexical meaning, igmorance of semantics in TEFL may create false concept of synonym, antonyms, and ambiguity. On the level of sentence meaing, problem of grammaticality and acceptability may appear.
Related to the sentence meaning and some problems of grammar including learning the agreed-upon meaning of certain strings of sounds and learning how to combine these meaning or practical. Semantics it also needed for those who want to be a good speaker, writer, or communication better in their daily life activities. The description shows semantic as a branch of linguistics devoted to the study is quite important not only for language teachers and for students but also for those who want to communicate better in the society.
2.3 Definition of Situation
Crossman (2013: 43) states that situation as subject matter of sentences describes states of the society of affairs, events, actions. W.I.Thomas (1923: 20) states thatsituation is what people use to know what is expected of them and what is expected of others in a situation. Through the definition of the situation, people obtain a sense of the statuses and roles of those involved in the situation so that they know how to behave. In semantics, situation is used as a cover term for actions, processes and states. The concept ‘situation’ is so basic that it is very difficult to define it. In describing languages, a fundamental contrast is between situations and participants. Situations are expressed by clauses and participants
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are generally expressed by noun phrases. Often the term situation is also used to refer the verb’s meaning (which can more precisely be called situation core).
2.4 Situation Type
Situation Type is also known as lexical aspect or a action art of a verb is a part of the way in which that verb is structured in relation to time. Oshima, D.Y (2012: 45) states that situation type is distinguished from grammatical aspect : Situation type is an inherent property of a (semantics) eventuality, whereas grammatical aspect is a property of a (syntactic or morphological) realization. Situation type is invariant, while grammatical aspect can be changed according to the attitude of the speaker.
Situation type is aspect that describes the situation that relates to time which arises from its meaning. Situation type as subject matter of sentences is focused by their verbs and arguments. It concerns the internal temporal constituency of a (type of) situation denoted by a given predicate.
Vendler (1967:97-121) calssifies four situation types, they are : states, activities, accomplishments and achievements. They will be discussed more under this section..
2.4.1 States
A State is type of situation (or state of affairs). Binnick, R (1991) states that states are non-dynamic ,i.e. they are not associated with change in the (physical, tempolar etc.) conditions. States are situations static (unchanging, qualities of emotional and physical) throughout their duration. Also, state are
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continous over period of time, can answer the question, howlong?. States use stative verbs which give the information about the internal structure of the state and it just holds for a certain time. Stative verbs are verb to identify the static situation. A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action often stative verbs are about liking or disliking something, or about mental state, not about an action. State verbs based on Smith (1997:222) are :
1. Verbs of emotion are verbs with mental action or process and the sence such as :love, like, worry, fear, know, think, believe, hope.
2. Verbs of perception are verbs of the convey the experince of one of the physical sense such as :see,hear, feel.
3. Verbs of existence are verbs of the fact or state of living objective reality such as :be, live, exist.
4. Verbs of location are verbs denote the position such as :sit, stand, lie, rest. 5. Verbs of relation are verb that related to the object such as : contain,
include, consist of.
6. Verbs of possession are verbs of having/own something such as : have, own.
Examples : (1). Lisahatesit.
The above sentences means that Lisa doesn’t like something at the time. (2). Ibelieveit.
The sentence means that someone has an emotion of believing something because get the truth or facts.
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2.4.2 Activities
Comrie, B (1985: 100) states that activity is a type of situation (or state of affairs) which is durative and atelic. It is the doing the activity/process. We can identify the activity if there’s some physical, physicologial process or dymanic situations, can persist indefinitely, no defind endpoint and have no definite end, can’t answer the question, how long?.Commonly, Smith (1997:215) classifies categories of the activity as :
1. Verbs of motion are verbs describing activities which present progression in space and/or in time such as :hunt, walk , run.
2. Verbs of cation are verbs denoting process of doing something to achieve the aim such as :talk, read, work.
3. Verbs of active perception are verbs indicating that the subject of a sentences is making an effort to perceive something else such as :listen to, watch.
Examples :
(3)We wereobservingthe entrance.
The above sentences means that they are trying to observe to get the entrance.
(4)Watchthis movie!.
It means that to ask someone do the action of watching the movie. (5) I’m deliberaletylookingat the picture.
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The sentence means of seeing the pictures with eyes. (6) Our plant isgrowing.
It means thattheir plant is taller than before , grow and we don’t knowthe duration,
2.4.3 Accomplishments
Binnick, R (1991: 103) states that accomplishment is a type of situation (or state of affair) which is dynamic (implies change), telic (has a natural endpoint) and durative (non-punctual). It is the situation that can be marked as the dynamic situations with a defined endpoint/climax and endpoint must be reached, can answer the question, how long?. Smith (1997:218) accomplishment contains of the activity process and have duration. The verbs are commonly : walk to NP, fly to NP. Paint NP, write NP, eat NP, wash NP, tell NP, sing NP, bake NP, create NP, and the accomplishment is usually used inadverbof time.
Examples :
(7) have “finish” : Johnfinishedwriting the letter
The sentence means that John write the letter, where the letter is the endpoint of the action.
(8) happeninX time : Sherecoveredfrom the flu in 2 weeks
The sentence means that She get better from her flu during 2 weeks, where the duration is 2 weeks and the endpoint she gets better.
When an unwell person gets better (an accomplishment), there is a phase of healing or taking medicine or whatever (an activity) which culmintaes in a transition from ill to well (an achivement). And immediately after that the person
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is in good health (a state). A compact representation of this is offered in states and activities are taken as simple situations; an achievement is more complex because it contains a state as an embedded proposition; and an accomplishment is even more omplex because it contains both an activity and an achievement. Another set of examples will now be discussed by to begin to illustrate this.
(9) Hejoinedthe bean (achievement)
(10) Hewasa member of the band (state)
(11) Italkedto him about it (activity)
(!2) Igothim to jon the band (accomplishment)
An achievement, such as (9) incorporates an implicit end-state, (10) in this instance : joining the band results in him being a member of the band. There is an entailment here : as soos as (9) becomes true. (10) does too, provided the refers constant. The part of an accomplishment, such as (12), that works towards the goal is an activity, like (11) one way-not the onlyway-of getting people to jon a band is to talk to them about it. The goal of an accomplishment is an entailed achievement, here (9).
2.4.4 Achievements
Achievement is a type of situation (or state of affairs) that is dynamic and has no conceivable duration in time. It is the dynamic situations, occur instantaneously and punctual events in which a state changes, can answer the question, at what time? Smith (1997:247) stated commonly in English word such as :win, find, recognize, leave, lose, finish, start, stop, begin, catch, arrive.
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Examples :
(13) Instanteneous : Wereachedthe summit.
It means that they got the summit by doing the action to reach it. (14) culmination phase : Wefounda solution
It means that they find the solution of the problem and have no conceivable time. Achievements rarely combine with the pogressive aspect, as they designate very short, instantaneous situations, which do not allow a continuous interpretation.
2.5 Characteristics of Identifying Situation Type
We can find some criteria of determining situation type according to Novakov (2005:26-27), they are as follows :
2.5.1 Telicity and quantity
In linguistics, the aspectual property of a verb phrase (0r of the sentence as a whole) which indicates that an action or event has a clear endpoint. Also known as telicity or aspectual boundedness. Dahl, O (1985: 97) states that telicity is the distinction between telic and atelic. Telic is a word from Greek, telos that means goal. It means that telic refers to those processes which are seen as having a natural completion. Telic verbs are also sometimes called resultative, processes which are viewed as having a final point of completion or our attention is directed to this end of the process or Telic verb or ver phrase is a verb that presents a complete action. Atelic refers to those precesses which is no having the completion.
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Telic and atelic–these refers to situations which have an internal structure consisting of a process leading up to the terminal point and the terminal point (telic, versus situations which do not have an inherent endpoint (atelic). In this semantic distinction, it is particularly clear that situations are not described by verbs alone, but rather by the verb with its arguments (subject and objects), and it is in fact difficult to find sentences that are unambiguously telic or atelic. The telic nature of a situation can often be tested os follows (Comrie 1976 : 44-45): “if a sentence referring to this situation in a form with imperfective meaning (such as the English Progressive) implies the sentence reffering to the same situation in a form with perfective meaning (such as the English Perfect), then the situation is atelic; otherwise it is telic. Thus from John is singing one can deduce John has sing, but from John is making a chair one can not deduce John has made a chair. Thus a telic situation is one that invilves a process that leads up to a awell-defined terminal point, beyond which the process cannot continue.
Quantity is the spesific goal of making a process. atelic + quantified telic (to draw a circle) atelic + unquantified atelic (to drink beer) telic + quantified telic (to splint trunks) telic + unquantified atelic (to splint wood)
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2.5.2 Static
Static is unchanging situation for its duartion. It means that defines the situation just hold for certain times. It is against of dynamic. Static relates to stative verbs.
a. Stative verbs
Leech, G (1972: 88) stative verbs have undefined duration. They denote states rather than actions. Example of stative verbs are: want, know, have(when it means possesion), think (when it means opinion), like, love, hate, need, prefer, agree, sound, hear disagree, wish, look (when it mean seem), smell, seem, include. Examples :
(15) I know the truth.
It means that someone has possesion about the truth. (16) I like pizaa
It means that someone has cognition that she/he likes to eat pizza. (17) It sounds like a great idea.
The sentence means that seem like a great idea.
2.5.3 Dynamic Verbs/ Action Verbs
The opposite of stative is dynamic. Lyons, J (1977: 52) Dynamic verbs (action verb) is as opposed to a stative verb, a dynamic (or action) verb shows continued or progressive action on the part of subject.
Examples of dynamic verbs (action verbs) are: act, build, complete, design, develop, draw, fix, gather, handle, held, help, improve, interview,
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introduce, justify, listen, lead, meassure, narrate, negotiate, orchestrate, originate, outline, perform, persuade, predict, regulate, record, save, shw, study target, transform, travel, treat, uncover, use, validate, visualize, widen, write, zap, zoom.
These verbs can be used both in the simple and continous forms.
Examples :
(18) Look at her! She is acting foolishly. (19) She acts as a teacher in this movie.
(20) The company is targeting young customers with this new product. (21) We targeted a new market with that product.
The above sentences means doing some action by using the physic like someone for sentence (18) and (19), and doing some action dynamically for the sentence (20) and (21).
2.5.4 Dynamic and stative
Some verbs can be both action verbs and dynamic verbs depending on their meaning:
1. Be
It is usally used as a stative verb-stative.
Be = when it means behave or act, it can be used as an action verb in continuous form–dynamic.
Examples :
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(23) Youarebeing silly 2. Think
Think = to express an opinion, to believe–stative
Examples :
(24) Ithinkit’s a fantastic idea.
Think = consider, to reason about or reflect on, ponder, to have or formulate in the mind–dynamic.
Examples :
(25) I amthinkingabout my friend
3. Have
Have = to posses, to own–stative. Examples :
(26) Hehasa beautiful car
Has = when it doesn’t mean own or possess –dynamic. Examples :
(27) He’s having lunch 4. See
See = to perceive with the eye, to understand–stative. Examples :
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See = to meet, to be in the company of, to escort, to attend–dynamic. Examples :
See = to meet, to be in the company of, to escort, to attend–dynamic. Examples :
(29) He’s been seeing the same woman eight years.
2.5.5 Durativity vs. Punctuality
If a VP is durative if it is perceived as lasting for a period of time and is punctual if perceived as instantaneous, as not having any internal temporal structure.
a. Durativity
Durativity refers to period of time and durative verbs can be identified as follows : 1. The verbs in this class refers toevents which have “duration”
For example :play, walk, read, sing, rain, rot.
2. Durative verbs are opposed to “punctual” (or “momentary”) verbs which refer to events that do not have duration.
For example :hit, catch, arrive, explode.
3. The distinction between durative and punctual verbs is relavant to the study of English verb tenses and, in particular to an understanding of the meaning of progressive tenses.
4. When a durative verb is put into a progressive tense, the meaning is that an event is (or was) going on over a period of time. The progressive tense of a
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punctual cannot be used with this meaning because the events referred to by this type of verb do notaccupya period of time. Punctual verbs can be put into the progressive, but in this case the use of this tense must be interpreted in a special way-not to mean that an event is “onging” but that it is being repeated)
Examples :
(30) Harry iswritingto Jill
We are referring to just one writing event. (31) Harryis knocking onJills door.
We are referring to several knocking events, saying that Harry knocked several times in other words.
5. With some other punctual verbs, such as “arrive” or “die” when a progressive tense is used, the interpretation is that a reference is being made not to arrival or a death but to the approach of one of those punctual events.
Examples :
(32) Jack phoned Jill, and told her that Harry’s plane was arriving.
It means that although Harry’s plane had not yet arrived, it would arrive very soon.
b. Punctuality
Punctuality is one of the factors that explains the incompatibility of some verbs with the progressive, and aspectual verbs like “stop”, “finish”, “start” either exclude punctual verbs as complements or provide them with a particular (e.g.
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oterative) interpretation. Punctual verbs have very short duration, the time occupied to express the process is longer than the time occupied to perform it. Examples :
(33) The soldierstarted/finishedshooting an narrow nor
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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1. Research Design
In scientific analysis, there is a method which is used to support the process of analyzing the object of the study. There are some methods which are applied in this study. Firstly, qualitative method is used in order to explain and describe the data. According to Bungin (2001:124 – 125),”Data kualitatif diungkapkan dalam kalimat serta uraian-uraian, bahkan dapat berupa cerita pendek” (Qualitative data is applied in sentence and description, even in short story.)
The next method which is used is descriptive method. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993:23) state that descriptive method is used to explain, analyze, and classify something through various techniques, survey, interview, questionnaire, and test.
3.2. Data and Source of Data
The data of this thesis is all sentences consist of situation types in the and the sources of data are the novel of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The writer was observed to find out the sentence which consists of the state situation types
3.3. Data Collecting Method
The data which was analyzed in this study is the state situation in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.The data that are considered to be
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relevant for this study are collected by using technique of sampling. Purposive sampling is used to collect the required data. Bailey (1987:94) also cites:
“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does ge or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as in convenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her on judgement about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.”
In addition Arikunto (2006:139) says, “Sampel bertujuan atau purposive sample dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas strata, random atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa pertimbangan, misalnya alasan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga, dan dana sehingga tidak dapat mengambil sample yang besar dan jauh”(purpose of sample or purposive sample is done by taking a subject not based on strata, random or area, but is based on a certain purpose. This technique is usually done because of some considerations, for example the limitation of time, energy, and find, so it cannot take a great and far sample).
3.4. Data Analyzing Method 1. Reading the novel
2. Identifying the state situation in the novel
3. Classifying the state situation into four types (1) states (2) activities (3) achievements (4) accomplishment
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5. Counting the percentage of situation type that will be found in the Novel
100%=N
X = number of the obtained items Y = Number of all data
N = The percentage from all types (Butler, 1985:25)
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Collection
After collecting the data, it was found the situation types in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. There were 204 sentences. These data was analyzed used a situation type theory. Those data can be shown as the following table.
4.2 Discussion 4.2.1. State
A state is a type of situation (or state of affairs). Sattes are non-dynamic they are not associated with change in the (physical, temporal, etc) conditions. State verbs are verbs of emotion / cognition / attitude, verbs of perception, verbs of existence, verbs of location, verbs of relation, verbs of possession
Verbs of emotion are verbs with mental action or process and the sence such as :love, like, worry, fear, know, think, believe, hope.Verbs of perception are verbs of the convey the experince of one of the physical sense such as : see,hear, feel.Verbs of existence are verbs of the fact or state of living objective reality such as : be, live, exist.Verbs of location are verbs denote the position such as : sit, stand, lie, rest.Verbs of relation are verb that related to the object such as : contain, include, consist of.Verbs of possession are verbs of having/own something such as :have, own.
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Table 1 State Situation No NO DATA Sentences Classification of Situation Types 1 3
Harry, who had been sitting in a kind of horrified trance,hada sudden idea.
State Had = verb of possession
2 6
Like Iwantedto come. State
Wanted= verbs of perception
3 10
Ineedyou to sign the permission form. State Need= verbs of emotion
4 11
You'llgetthe stuffing knocked out of you, won't you?
State Get= verbs of emotion
5 13
Harry didn'tknowanything about the wizard prison,
State Know = verbs of emotion
6 14
Though everyone he'd everheardspeak of it did so in the same fearful tone.
State Heard = verbs of perception
7 37
He didn'tmeanto did, State
Mean = verbs of emotion
8 38
Malfoy's pale eyesnarrowed. State Narrowed = verbs of location
9 42
Theydisappeared. State
Disappeared = verbs of existence
10 49
The rainthickenedas the rain sped yet farther north.
State Thickned = verbs of existence
11 54
The knight's rageseemedto vanish State Seemed = verbs of perception
12 68
As they weren't entirely sure they were supposedto be out.
State Supposed = verbs of emotion
13 69
TrustMalfoy to milk it for all it's worth. State Trust = verbs of emotion 14 72 Iwonderwhy Professor Lupin's
frightened of crystal to be out.
State Wonder = verbs of
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perception
15 73
But IwishI could have had a turn with the boggart__
State Wish = verbs of emotion
16 77
You can't all haveforgottenthe password__
State Forgotten = verbs of emotion
17 79
And then a silencefellover the crowd, from the front first
State Fell = verbs of emotion
18 80
Wethoughtyou'd died. State
Thought = verbs of emotion
19 81
He didn'trealizewhat happened. State Realize = verbs of emotion
20 82
IrememberMum walloping him with her broomstick.
State Remember = verbs of perception
21 83
His eyesfilledwith tears State
Filled = verbs of relation
22 84
This time it was a minute before Harry understoodwhy he was lying on a dusty classroom floor
State Understood = verbs of precetion
23 29
The knuckles of Harry's other hand collidedwith the side of Black's head and they fell, backward into the wall
State Collided = verbs of relation
24 102
The hippogriff mightget off State Get off = verbs of relation
25 87
The fingerstightened, State
Tightened = verbs of existence
26 88
Without a word, theysetoff. State Set off = verbs of relation
27 89
He couldseeLupin's silhouette. State See = verbs of perception
28 86
But theclung on, State
Clung on = verbs of existence
29 91 Snapestoodthere, seeting, staring from Fudeg
State Stood = verbs of
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location
30 98
Goylehoppedfuriously on the spot, trying to rub it out of his small, dull eyes.
State Hopped = verbs of emotion
31 90
He hadgonerigid State
Gone = verbs of location
32 110
Didn'tmindslaughtering all those Muggles to get at Pettigrew.
State Mind = verbs of perception
33 135
One of Harry's handsfastenedover his wasted wrist, forcing the wand tips away.
State Fastened = verbs of existence
34 204
Helikesto keep in touch with me. State Likes = verbs of emotion TOTAL : 34Words
From the table above, there are 34sentences of state situation with the percentage below :
X/Y x 100% with :
X = number of the obtained items Y = Number of all data
N = The percentage from all types Percentage of state situation = X/Y x 100% = 34/234 x 100%
= 14.52%
4.2.2. Activity
Activity is a type of situation which is durative and atelic. It is the doing the activity/process. Activity is a situation in which something is happening or a
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lot of things are being done. We can identify theactivity if there’s some physical, physicological process or dynamic situations and don’t have the goal. Activity can be classify three verbs according Common, they are verbs of motion, verbs of cation, and verbs of active perception.
Verbs of motion are verbs describing activities which present progression in space and/or in time such as : hunt, walk , run.Verbs of cation are verbs denoting process of doing something to achieve the aim such as : talk, read, work.Verbs of active perception are verbs indicating that the subject of a sentences is making an effort to perceive something else such as :listen to, watch.
The all data of activity situation found in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabancan be shown as following table.
Table 2 Activity Situation No NO DATA Sentences Classification of Situation Types 1 7
Uncle Vernoneyedhim suspiciously. Activity Eyed = verbs of perception
2 58
Theywatchedin atonishment as the little knight tugged his sword out of its scabbard andbeganbrandishing it violently , hoping up and down in rage.
Activity Watched = verbs of perception
Activity Began = verbs of motion
3 74
Though hepulledwith all his might, Activity Pulled = verbs of cation
4 75 And heran. Activity
Ran = verbs of motion
5 76
He'sfakingit. Activity
Faking = verbs of cation
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6 77 As he alwaysdid, Activity Did = verbs of cation
7 92 Fredgaveme one of those Activity
Gave = verbs of cation
8 93
Ron and Hermioneshoutingthrough their scarves.
Activity Shouthing = verbs of cation
9 94
White fogobscuredhis senses. Activity Obscured = verbs of cation
10 95 Lily,takeHarry and go! Activity
Take = verbs of cation
11 96
Harry...wake up... Activity
Wake up = verbs of motion
12 97
Gryffindorleadsby eighty points to zero,
Activity Leads = verbs of cation
13 114
Hehissedin Ron's ear. Activity Hissed = verbs of perception
14 117
Seamus Finniganroaredat the common room one afternoon.
Activity Roared = verbs of motion
15 116
What're theyplayingat? Activity
Playing = verbs of cation
16 117
Harryyelled. Activity
Yelled = verbs of motion
17 184
Roninterrupted, stepping forward. Activity Interrupted = verbs of motion
18 187
Before Fudge couldanswer, Activity Answer = verbs of cation
19 186
The black-mustached man was fingeringsomething in his belt.
Activity Fingering = verbs of perpection
20 126 Ronsaidangrily as they entered the Great Hall for lunch.
Activity Said = verbs of motion
21 127
Harryspat, trying to wrench himself free of Ron and Hermione.
Activity Spat = verbs of motion
22 118
Hermione wasscreaming. Activity
Screaming = verbs of motion
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understand ! Talk = verbs of cation
24 100
Hecroaked. Activity
Croaked = verbs of perception
25 101
The rat__lookat the rat. Activity Look = verbs of perception
26 103
Snape was stilldriftingweirdly a head of Black, his clin bumping on his chest.
Activity Drifting = verbs of cation
27 107
Blackwhispered. Activity
Whispered = verbs of perpection
28 108
Hagridcroaked Activity
Croaked = verbs of perpection
29 109 We_re_have toreadyou the official notice of execution, Hagrid.
Activity Read = verbs of cation
30 111
Heslippedthrought our fingers yet again!
Activity Slipped = verbs of cation
31 112
Harrydived. Activity
Dived = verbs of catoion
TOTAL : 32 Words
From the table above, there are 32 words of state situation with the percentage below :
X/Y x 100% with :
X = number of the obtained items Y = Number of all data
N = The percentage from all types Percentage of state situation = X/Y x 100% = 32/234 x 100%
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4.2.1 Accomplishment
Accomplishment is expressing action that has a logical endpoint. It is the situation that can be marked as the dynamic situation with a defined endpoint/climax and endpoint must be reached. It is the situation that can be marked as the dynamic situations with a defined endpoint/climax and endpoint must be reached, can answer the question, how long?. Smith (1997:218) accomplishment contains of the activity process and have duration.
Table 3 Accomplishment Situation No NO DATA Sentences Classification of Situation Types 1 4
Abondaning his toast, hegotquickly to his feet andfollowedUncle Vernon to the front floor.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
2 8
"Third years at Hog_at my school are allowedto visit the village
sometimes", said Harry
Accomplishment
3 9
"So?", snapped Unce Vernon,taking his car keys from a hook next to the door
Accomplishment
4 12
Knocking the stiffing out of me won'tmakeAunt Marge forget what I couldtellher,
Accomplishment Accomplishment
5 15
I'dblowmeself up before I set foot in that place, serves him right, mid you...after what he did....
Accomplishment
6 16 Ole streetblownup an' all them
Muggles dead. Accomplishment
7 17 I don'tfancy'is chances against the
Azkaban guards, eh, Ern? Accomplishment
8 18
Harryleanedagainst the window of the Knoght Bus, feeling worse than ever
Accomplishment
9 19
Hagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper, hadspentthe look of terror on hagrid's face when he had beentold where he was going.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
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10 20
But Scabbersshotfrom between her hands like a bar of soap, landed spaly-legged on the floor, and then scamperedfor the door.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
11 21
Ittookthem nearly ten minutes to catch Scabbers, who hadtaken refuge under a wastepaper bin outside Quality Quidditch Supplies.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
12 26
Ronstuffedthe trembling rat back into his pocket andstraightenedup, massanging his head.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
13 27
Theymadetheir way back up her crowded street to the Macal Menagerie.
Accomplishment 14 28 Youboughtthe monster? Accomplishment 15 29 Hemutteredresentfully to Crabe and
Goyle. Accomplishment
16 40 Ronmassaginghis knuckles. Accomplishment 17 41 I'm not going totakeany crap from
Malfoy this year. Accomplishment
18 50 The knightand used it to push himself back up,seizedhis sword again Accomplishment
19 51
Finally, he had toflopback down onto the grass andpushup his visor to mop his sweating face.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
20 52
Heclankedto his feet and shouted, "Comefollowme, dear friends, and we shall find our goal, or else shall perishbravely in the charge
Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment
21 53
Hegavethe sword another fritless tug, cried andfailedto mount the fat pony,gave upand cried.
Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment
22 55
Theyhurriedafter him along the corridor,followingthe sound of his armor.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
23 62 Sirius Black hasn'tgotpast the
dementors yet, has he? Accomplishment
24 63
So theyputtheir things away and headedout of the portrait hole, glad to meet nobody on their way to the front doors,
Accomplishment Accomplishment
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25 64 One looktoldthem that Hagrid had
been drinking a lot. Accomplishment
26 65
Madam Pomfreyfixedhim best she could.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
27 66 as theymadetheir way back to the
classroom to get their bags. Accomplishment 28 67 A piece of homework that onlygot
nine out of ten? Accomplishment
29 119 SomebodygotProfessor
Dumbledore, Quick. Accomplishment
30 120 The Gryffindorssqueezedtogether to
let him through, Accomplishment
31 57 Harry, Ron and Harmoniecloser to see what trouble was.moved Accomplishment
32 121
The Fat Lady hadvanishedfrom her portrait, which had beenslashedso viciously that strips of canvas littered the floor.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
33 67
Dumbledoretookone quick look at the ruind painting andturned, his eyes somber, to see Professor McGonagall, Lupin and Snape hurrying toward him
Accomplishment
34 70
Professor McGonagall,pleaseto go to Mr. Filch at one and tell him to search every painting in the castle for the Fat Lady
Accomplishment
35 71 Hermionemadea small, squeaky
noise. Accomplishment
36 122 Hetriedto call it off. Accomplishment 37 123 We think he'stryingto drown
himself. Accomplishment
38 134
Fredgrabbedhis shoulder andshook it roughly.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
39 142 Itburnta hole right through my
tongue. Accomplishment
40 104 If Itoldhim they were peanuts. Accomplishment 41 105 When Ron and Hermione hadpaid
for all their sweets, Accomplishment
42 106
The little thatched cottages and shops were allcoveredin a layer crisp snow.
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43 143 We couldgoup to the Shrieking
Shack__ Accomplishment
44 144
A curvy sort of woman with a pretty face wasservinga bunch of rowdy warlocks up the bar.
Accomplishment
45 145
Hagridblewhis nose on a
handkerchief the size of a tablecloth andsaid
Accomplishment Accomplishment
46 146
Harrythoughthard anddecidedhis feelings when Gryffindor had won the House Championship last year had definitely qualified as very happy
Accomplishment Accomplishment
47 125
Hegrippedhis wand tightly again andtookup his position in the middle of the classroom.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
48 128 The dementorglidedforward,
drawing its breath. Accomplishment
49 129 Lupin wastappingHarry hard on the
face. Accomplishment
50 130
Harrystreakedpast Katie in the opposite direction, gazing around for a glint of gold and niticing that Cho Chang was tailing him closely.
Accomplishment
51 146 Harryveeredoff course, avoiding it
by an inch Accomplishment
52 149
George Weasleyventedhis feelings by hitting the second Bludger directly at the offending Beater,
Accomplishment
53 148
Harrycreptsilently around behind Malfo, Crabb, and Goyle,bent down, andscoopeda large handful of mud out of the path.
Accomplishment
54 149 Malfoy's headjerkedforward as the
mud hit him. Accomplishment
55 150 Ron had toholdonto the fence to
keep himself standing. Accomplishment
56 151
Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goylespun stupidly on the spot, starting wiildly around,
Accomplishment
57 152
Harrysneakedalong the path, where a particularly sloppy puddle yielded some foul-smelling, green sludge
Accomplishment 58 153 Ron hadtakenover responsibility for Accomplishment
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Buckbeak's appeal.
59 157
Harry, menwhile, had tofitin his homework around Quidditch practice every day.
Accomplishment
60 158
The Disposal of Dangerous
Creaturesrequireda witness to the execution of a mad hippogriff.
Accomplishment
61 159 I wasaskedto step in. Accomplishment
62 160
But Hermionenudgedhim hard in the ribs andjerkedher head toward the entrance hall.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
63 161 Ron, your dadworksfor the
Ministry, Accomplishment
64 162
As long as Hagridkeepshis head this time, andargueshis case properly.
Accomplishment Accomplishment 65 163 Hekilledmy mum and dad! Accomplishment 66 164 As long as this boybringshis rat up
to the castle. Accomplishment
67 165 Upto the castle! Accomplishment
68 166
Heclickedhis fingers, and the ends of the cords thatboundLupinflewto his hands.
Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment
69 194
Because Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron clamberedupward without any sound of savaging
Accomplishment
70 195
Silently theytrampedthrough the grounds, the lightsgrowingslowly large.
Accomplishment Accomplishment
71 196
Snapecollidedwith Lupin,
Pettigrew, and Ron, who had stopped abruptly.
Accomplishment
72 167 Heflungout one arm to make Harry
and Hermione stop. Accomplishment
73 178
Hagridturnedaround andheaded back ino his cabin, leaving the back door a jar
Accomplishment Accomplishment
74 179
Harrydartedout from behind his tree,vaultedthe fence into the pumpkin patch andapproachedthe Buckbeak
Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment
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75 180
Harrystaredup into Buckbeak's fierce orangeeyesonce more and bowed
Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment 76 172 Buckbeaksankto his scaly knees
and then stood up again Accomplishment 77 201 Well, I'd bettergoandnotifythe
Ministry..
Accomplishment Accomplishment 78 202 They'll beremovedfrom the school, Accomplishment 79 204 But he'sbrokenout of wizard prison. Accomplishment
TOTAL : 106 Words
1. The data number 4, the sentence is Abondaning his toast, hegotquickly to his feet andfollowed Uncle Vernon to the front floor.
The word“got”means to receive something
The word “followed” means to come or go after or behind somebody or something
2. The data number 8, the sentence is "Third years at Hog_at my school are allowedto visit the village sometimes", said Harry
The word “allowed” means to let somebody or something do something; to let something happen or be done
3. The data number 9, the sentence is "So?", snapped Unce Vernon, taking his car keys from a hook next to the door
The word “taking” means to carry or to move something from one place to another
4. The data number 12, the sentence is Knocking the stiffing out of me won't makeAunt Marge forget what I couldtellher,
The word “make” means to create or prepare something by combining materials or putting parts together
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The word “tell” means to give information to somebody by speaking or writing
5. The data number 15, the sentence isI'dblowmeself up before I set foot in that place,serveshim right, mid you...after what he did....
The word “blow”means to waste an opportunity And the sentence
The word “serves” means to work or perform duties for a person, an organization, a country, etc.
6. The data number 16, the sentence isOle streetblownup an' all them Muggles dead.
The word “blown”meansto be moved somebody’s breath
7. The data number 17, the sentence isI don't fancy 'is chances against the Azkaban guards, eh, Ern?
The word “fancy”means to want something or want to do something
8. The data number 18, the sentence isHarry leaned against the window of the Knoght Bus, feeling worse than ever
The word “leaned”means to bend or move from an upright position
9. The data number 19, the sentence isHagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper, had spentthe look of terror on hagrid's face when he had been toldwhere he was going.
The word “spent”means to use time for a particular purpose; to pass time The word “told” means to give information to somebody by speaking or writing
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10. The data number 20, the sentence isBut Scabbers shot from between her hands like a bar of soap, landed spaly-legged on the floor, and then scamperedfor the door.
The word “shot”means the act of firing a gun; the sound this makes. The word “scampered”means to move quickly with short light steps
11. The data number 21, the sentence isIt took them nearly ten minutes to catch Scabbers, who had taken refuge under a wastepaper bin outside Quality Quidditch Supplies.
The word “took” means to carry or move something from one place to another
12. The data number 26, the sentence isRonstuffedthe trembling rat back into his pocket andstraightenedup, massanging his head.
The word “stuffed”means to fill a space or container tightly with something The word “straightened” means to become straight; to make something straight
13. The data number 27, the sentence isThey made their way back up her crowded street to the Macal Menagerie.
The word “made” means to create or prepare something by combining materials or putting parts together
14. The data number 28, the sentence isYouboughtthe monster?
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15. The data number 29, the sentence isHe muttered resentfully to Crabe and Goyle.
The word “muttered”means to speak or say something in a quiet voice that is difficult to hear, especially because you are annoyed about something.
16. The data number 40, the sentence isRonmassaginghis knuckles.
The word “massaging” means to rub and press a person’s body with the hands to reduce pain in the muscles and joints
17. The data number 41, the sentence isI'm not going to take any crap from Malfoy this year.
The word “take” means to carry or to move something from one place to another
18. The data number 50, the sentence isThe knight seized his sword again and used it to push himself back up,
The word “seized” means to take somebody or something in your hand suddenly and using force
19. The data number 51, the sentence isFinally, he had toflopback down onto the grass and push up his visor to mop his sweating face.
The word “flop” means to sit or to lie down in a heavy and sudden way because you are very tired
20. The data number 52, the sentence isHe clanked to his feet and shouted, "Comefollowme, dear friends, and we shall find our goal, or else shall perish bravely in the charge
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The word “clanked” means to make a loud sound like pieces of metal hitting each other; to cause something to make this sound
The word “follow” means to come or go after or behind somebody or something
21. The data number 53, the sentence isHe gave the sword another fritless tug, cried andfailedto mount the fat pony, gave up and cried.
The word “gave”means to hand something to somebody that they can look at it, use it or keep it for a time
And the sentence
The word “failed”means to not be successful in achieving something
22. The data number 55, the sentence isTheyhurriedafter him along the corridor, following the sound of his armor.
The word “hurried” means to do something more quickly than usual because there is not much time
23. The data number 62, the sentence isSirius Black hasn'tgotpast the dementors yet, has he?
The word “got”means to receive something
24. The data number 63, the sentence isSo theyputtheir things away andheaded out of the portrait hole, glad to meet nobody on their way to the front doors, The word “put”means to move something into a particular place or position And the sentence
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25. The data number 64, the sentence isOne looktoldthem that Hagrid had been drinking a lot.
The word “look”means to give information to somebody by speaking
26. The data number 65, the sentence isMadam Pomfreyfixedhim best she could. The word “fixed”means to discover or say the exact position, time, etc. 27. The data number 66, the sentence isas they made their way back to the
classroom to get their bags.
The word “made” means to create or prepare something by combining materials or putting parts together
28. The data number 67, the sentence isA piece of homework that only gotnine out of ten?
The word “got”means to receive something
29. The data number 119, the sentence isSomebody got Professor Dumbledore, Quick.
The word “got”means to receive something
30. The data number 120, the sentence isThe Gryffindorssqueezedtogether to let him through,
The word “squeezed” means to press something firmly especially with fingers
31. The data number 121, the sentence isHarry, Ron and Harmoniemoved closer to see what trouble was.
The word “moved” means to change position or make somebody or something change position in a way that can be seen, heard or felt.
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32. The data number 122, the sentence isThe Fat Lady had vanished from her portrait, which had been slashed so viciously that strips of canvas littered the floor.
The word “vanished” means to disappear suddenly and/or in a way that you cannot explain
33. The data number 67, the sentence isDumbledore took one quick look at the ruind painting and turned, his eyes somber, to see Professor McGonagall, Lupin and Snape hurrying toward him
The word “took” means to carry or move something from one place to another
The word “turned”means to move or make something move around a central point
34. The data number 70, the sentence isProfessor McGonagall, please to go to Mr. Filch at one and tell him to search every painting in the castle for the Fat Lady
The word “please”means to make somebody happy
35. The data number 71, the sentence isHermionemadea small, squeaky noise. The word “made” means to create or prepare something by combining materials or putting parts together
36. The data number 122, the sentence isHetriedto call it off.
The word “tried”means to make an attempt or effort to do or get something 37. The data number 123, the sentence isWe think he'stryingto drown himself.
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38. The data number 134, the sentence isFred grabbed his shoulder and shok it roughly.
The word “grabbed”means to take or hold somebody or something with your hand suddenly, firmly or roughly
39. The data number 142, the sentence isItburnta hole right through my tongue. The word “burnt”means to produce flames and heat
40. The data number 104, the sentence isIf Itoldhim they were peanuts.
The word “told” means to give information to somebody by speaking or writing
41. The data number 105, the sentence isWhen Ron and Hermione had paid for all their sweets,
The word “paid” means to give somebody money for work, goods, services, etc
42. The data number 106, the sentence isThe little thatched cottages and shops were allcoveredin a layer crisp snow.
The word “covered”means to place something over or in front of something in order to hide or protect it
43. The data number 143, the sentence isWe could go up to the Shrieking Shack__
The word “go”means to leave one place in order to reach another
44. The data number 144, the sentence isA curvy sort of woman with a pretty face wasservinga bunch of rowdy warlocks up the bar.
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The word “serving” means to work or perform duties for a person, an organization, a country, etc.
45. The data number 145, the sentence isHagridblew his nose on a handkerchief the size of a tablecloth andsaid
The word “blew”means to be moved by the wind, somebody’s breath, etc.; to move something in this way
The word “said”means to speak or tell somebody something, using words 46. The data number 146, the sentence isHarry thought hard and decided his
feelings when Gryffindor had won the House Championship last year had definitely qualifiedas very happy
The word “thought”means something that you think of or remember
The word “decided”means to think carefully about the different possibilities that are available and choose one of them
47. The data number 125, the sentence isHe gripped his wand tightly again and tookup his position in the middle of the classroom.
The word “gripped”means to hold something tightly
The word “took” means to carry or move something from one place to another
48. The data number 128, the sentence isThe dementor glided forward, drawing its breath.
The word “glided”means to move smoothly and quietly, especially as though it takes no effort.
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49. The data number 129, the sentence isLupin was tapping Harry hard on the face.
The word “tapping”means to hit somebody or something quickly and lightly 50. The data number 130, the sentence isHarrystreakedpast Katie in the opposite
direction, gazing around for a glint of gold and niticing that Cho Chang was tailing him closely.
The word “streaked”means to mark or cover with streaks
51. The data number 146, the sentence isHarry veered off course, avoiding it by an inch
The word “veered”means to change direction suddenly
52. The data number 149, the sentence isGeorge Weasley vented his feelings by hitting the second Bludger directly at the offending Beater,
The word “vented”means to express feelings, especially anger, strongly 53. The data number 148, the sentence isHarry crept silently around behind
Malfo, Crabb, and Goyle,bent down, andscoopeda large handful of mud out of the path.
The word “crept” means to move slowly, quietly and carefully, because you do not want to be seen or heard
The word “ bent down” means to lean, or make something lean, in a particular direction
The word “scooped”means to move or to lift somebody or something with a quick continuous movement
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54. The data number 149, the sentence isMalfoy's headjerkedforward as the mud hit him.
The word “jerked”means to move or to make something move with sudden short sharp movement
55. The data number 150, the sentence isRon had to hold onto the fence to keep himself standing.
The word “hold” means to keep somebody or something in a particular position
56. The data number 151, the sentence isMalfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle spun stupidly on the spot, starting wiildly around,
The word “spun”means to turn around and round quickly
57. The data number 152, the sentence isHarrysneaked along the path, where a particularly sloppy puddle yielded some foul-smelling, green sludge
The word “sneaked”means to go somewhere secretly
58. The data number 153, the sentence isRon had taken over responsibility for Buckbeak's appeal.
The word “taken” means to carry or move something from one place to another
59. The data number 157, the sentence isHarry, menwhile, had to fit in his homework around Quidditch practice every day.
The word “fit” means to make somebody or something suitable for a particular job
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60. The data number 158, the sentence isThe Disposal of Dangerous Creatures requireda witness to the execution of a mad hippogriff.
The word “required” means to need something, to depend on somebody or something
61. The data number 159, the sentence isI wasaskedto step in.
The word “asked”means to say or write something in the form of a question, in order to get information
62. The data number 160, the sentence isBut Hermione nudged him hard in the ribs andjerkedher head toward the entrance hall.
The word “jerked”means to move or to make something move with sudden short sharp movement
63. The data number 161, the sentence isRon, your dadworksfor the Ministry, The word “works” means to do something that involves physical or mental effort
64. The data number 162, the sentence isAs long as Hagrid keeps his head this time, andargueshis case properly.
The word “keeps”means to stay in a particular condition or position
The word “argues” means to speak angrily to somebody because you disagree with them
65. The data number 163, the sentence isHekilledmy mum and dad! The word “killed”means to make somebody or something die
66. The data number 164, the sentence isAs long as this boy bringshis rat up to the castle.
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The word “brings”means to come to a place with somebody or something 67. The data number 165, the sentence isUpto the castle!
The word “up”means to suddenly move or do something unexpected
68. The data number 166, the sentence isHe clicked his fingers, and the ends of the cords thatboundLupinflewto his hands.
The word “clicked”means to make or cause something to make a short sharp sound
The word “bound”means to stick together or to make things stick together in a solid mass
The word “flew”means to move through the air
69. The data number 194, the sentence isBecause Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron clamberedupward without any sound of savaging
The word “clambered”means to climb or with difficulty or a lot of effort 70. The data number 195, the sentence isSilently they tramped through the
grounds, the lights growing slowly large.
The word “tramped”means to walk with heavy or noisy steps
71. The data number 196, the sentence isSnape collided with Lupin, Pettigrew, and Ron, who had stopped abruptly.
The word “collided” means if two people, vehicles, etc. collide, they crash into each other;
72. The data number 167, the sentence isHeflungout one arm to make Harry and Hermione stop.
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73. The data number 178, the sentence isHagrid turned around and headed back ino his cabin, leaving the back door a jar
The word “turned”means to move or make something move around a central point
74. The data number 179, the sentence isHarry darted out from behind his tree, vaultedthe fence into the pumpkin patch andapproachedthe Buckbeak The word “darted” means to move suddenly and quickly in a particular direction
The word “vaulted” means to jump over an object in a single movement, using your hands or a pole to push you
The word “approached” means to come near to somebody or something in distance or time
75. The data number 180, the sentence isHarry stared up into Buckbeak's fierce orange eyes once more andbowed
The word “stared”means to look at somebody or something for a long time And the sentence
The word “bowed” means to move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards as a sign of respect or as a greeting
76. The data number 172, the sentence isBuckbeak sank to his scaly knees and then stood up again
The word “sank”means to go down below the surface or towards bottom of a liquid or soft substance
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77. The data number 201, the sentence isWell, I'd better go and notify the Ministry..
The word “go”means to leave one place in order to reach another
The word “notify” means to formally or officially tell somebody about something
78. The data number 202, the sentence isThey'll beremovedfrom the school, The word “removed” means to take something or somebody away from a place
79. The data number 204, the sentence isBut he'sbrokenout of wizard prison. The word “broken” means to be damaged and separated into two or more parts, as a result of force
From the table above, there are 106 words of state situation with the percentage below :
X/Y x 100% with :
X = number of the obtained items Y = Number of all data
N = The percentage from all types
Percentage of state situation = X/Y x 100% = 106/234 x 100%
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4.2.2 Achievement
Achievement is expressing action that occurs instantaneously. The data of achievement situation can be classified into the verbs which has the instaneous verbs. Achievement have characteristics that is punctuaity that explains the incompatibility of some verbs with the progressive and aspectual verbs like “stop”.Punctual verbs have very short duration, the time occupied to express the process is longer than the time occupied to perform it.
Table 4
Achievement Situation
No NO
DATA Sentences Classification ofSituation Types 1 1 "Seeyou in a bit, then", he said. Achievement
2 2 Heleftthe kitchen Achievement
3 5
"I'm nottakingyou", he snarled as he turned to see Harry watching him.
Achievement
4 59 Well, said Harry,choosinghis
words carefully. Achievement
5 60 What if I accidentallyletsomething
slip? Achievement
6 29 Hesaidgrimly. Achievement
7 30
An now 'e's out, said Stan,
examiningthe newspaper picture of Black's gaunt face again.
Achievement
8 31 Beatsme 'ow 'e' did it. Achievement
9 32 Stanputthe paper away reluctantly, Achievement
10 33
He couldn'thelpimagining what Stan might betellinghis passengers in few night's time.
Achievement Achievement
11 43 As theyreached it, Achievement
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55. The data number 192, the sentence isTheir party wasbathedin moonlight. The word “bathed”means to fill or cover something with light
56. The data number 193, the sentence isHe leapt forward but Black caught him around the chest andthrewhim back.
The word “leapt”means to jump high or a long way
57. The data number 197, the sentence isBut Harry and Hermione hiddenin the trees could now hear what was happening inside the cabin through the back door
The word “hidden” means to keep something or somebody in a place where they
58. The data number 198, the sentence isAs Fudge's voicestartedagain, The word “started”means to begin from a particular place
59. The data number 199, the sentence isHere after called the condemned, shall beexecutedon the sixth of June at sundown.
The word “executed”means to give legal punishment
60. The data number 200, the sentence isHe's just suffered a severe disappointment.
The word “suffered”means to be badly affected by a pain or sadness
The above data of achievement situation can be classified into the verbs which has the instaneous verbs, such as : stared, left, win, arrived, achieved, looking for, happen, hidden, sat down, gathered, raise, stop, lose, caught, show, moved, succeeded in.
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From the table above, there are 62words of state situation with the percentage below :
X/Y x 100% with :
X = number of the obtained items Y = Number of all data
N = The percentage from all types Percentage of state situation = X/Y x 100% = 62/234 x 100%
= 26.49%
The percentage of situation types in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabancan be repoted as the following table.
Table 7
Data analysis and the percentage of situation types in the novelHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
No Situation Types Total words (X) X/Y x 100%
1 States 34 14.52
2 Activities 32 13.67
3 Accomplishements 106 45.29
4 Achievements 62 26.49
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1. There are 34 state verbs or 14.52% found in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
2. There are 32 activity verbs or 13.67% found in thenovel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
3. There are 106 accomplishment verbs or 45.29% found in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
4. There are 62 achievement verbs or 26.49% found in thenovel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
It is clear that the dominant situation type is accomplishment verbs because the writer used many verb to describe the complete action and the writer used complete sentence that tell the complete action with the conjunction to, from, throughandinadverb.
4.3 Findings
After analyzing all data in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,the findigs are :
- There are four types used in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabannamely : states, activities, achievements and accomplishment. - The most dominant situation type in the novel Harry Potter and the
Prisoner of Azkabanis accomplishment in 106 verbs or 45.29%, followed by achievement in 62 verbs or 26.49%, state in 34 verbs or 14.52% and activity in 32 verbs or 13.67%.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclussions
Based on the result of the study, there are several important things can be drawn from the research findings as conclusions of the study, they are :
1. There are four situation types found in the novel namely : states, activities, achievements and accomplishments. The total occurrences is 234, state in 34 or 14.52% and activity in 32 verbs or 13.67%, the accomplishment with 106 verbs or 45.29% and achievement with 62 verbs or 26.49%.
2. The most dominant situation type in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabanis the accomplishment in 106 verbs or 45.29%.
5.2 Suggestions
1. In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are staged that people who are interested in semantics, should read the novel Harry’s Potter novel in order to help the readers understand the meaning sentences of by observing the verbs found in the novel.
2. It is suggested that other researchers should make the same study of other novels or other texts.
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