Translation Procedures In The Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant

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TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE TALE TELLER BOOK THE GROUCHY GIANT

A THESIS

BY:

YOLANDA NOVITA SILABAN REG.NO. 090705060

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would also like to thanks to the Dean of Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, The head of English Literature Department of Faculty of Letters, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, and The Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A, Ph.D and the Staff Administration of English Department Bang Mistam for their help.

I would like to thanks My supervisor, Dr.Roswita Dilalahi, Dip. TESOL, M. Hum and My Co. Supervisor for their guidance and assistance in my riting this thesis.

I wouldn’t have been able to finish writing my thesis if it weren’t for the help and support of my family and friends. Eta karina, Muhammad Savrizal, Yaumil Rizki Ananda, and Yuda Rizki Gunawan for helping me gather information. To my family, thank you for having faith in me. And, to all whose names I cannot list here, thank you for your help and support. I hopes this thesis will be useful for everyone who would like to read or analysis the subject matter that related to this thesis analysis.

Medan, February 2014 The writer

YOLANDA NOVITA SILABAN Reg No. 090705060

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Yolanda Novita Silaban declare tat I am the sole author of this thesis. Expect where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published eles where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No another person’s work has been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertitary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : YOLANDA NOVITA SILABAN

Title Thesis : Translation Procedures in the Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant Qualification : S1 /Sarjana Sastra

Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the disrection of the librarian of English Literature Department Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that the users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Translation Procedures in the Tale Teller Book ' The Grouchy Giant ' . This thesis analyzes the story of the translation of a book written by two languages ( bilingual book ) . Data were analyzed by using the theory of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet . This theory divides the translation method into two parts : ( 1 ) literal translation or direct translation and ( 2 ) oblique translation which are further subdivided in an advanced seven- part procedure known as : ( a) borrowing , ( b ) calque , ( c ) the literal translation , ( d ) transposition , ( e ) modulation , ( f ) equivalent and ( g ) adaptation . The research method used is descriptive qualitative method . Sources of data in this study is a tale teller book is The Grouchy Giant . The data in this study is every sentence written in the English language ( SL ) and translated into Indonesian ( TL ) . The data collection method used was flawed methods and data were analyzed by purposive sampling . From the analysis, the writer found the characteristics of literal translation ( literal translation or direct translation ) and the compulsory translation ( oblique translation ) . The procedures are applied in 165 sentences: literal translation procedures apllied in 58 sentences (35,1%), none of borrowing procedures (0%), none of calque procedures (0%), transposition procedures applied in 21 sentences (12,69%), modulation procedures applied in 69 sentences (41,8%), equivalence procedures applied in 11 sentences (6,67%), and adaptation procedures applied in 6 sentences (3,63%).

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Translation Procedures in the Tale Teller Book ‘The Grouchy Giant’. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan buku kisah cerita yang di tulis dengan dua bahasa (bilingual book). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menajdi dua bagian: (1) terjemahan harfiah (literal translation or direct translation) dan (2) non harfiah (oblique translation) yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi tujuh bagian yang di kenal dengan sebutan prosedur: (a) peminjaman (borrowing), (b) calque,(c) terjemahan harfiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) kesapadanan dan (g) penyesuaian. Metode penelitian yang di gunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah buku tale teller yaitu The Grouchy Giant. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah setiap kalimat yang ditulis dalam bahasa inggris (SL) dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia (TL). Adapun metode pengumpulan data yang di gunakan adalah metode cacat dan data yang di analisis dengan Purposive Sampling. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, di temukan karakteristik dari terjemahan harafiah (literal translation or direct translation) dan terjemahan wajib (oblique translation). Prosedur yang diterapkan dalam 165 kalimat: prosedur terjemahan harfiah diterapkan di 58 kalimat (35,1%), tidak ada prosedur pinjaman (0%), tidak ada prosedur calque (0%), prosedur transposisi diterapkan di 21 kalimat (12,69 %), prosedur modulasi diterapkan di 69 kalimat (41,8%), prosedur kesetaraan diterapkan di 11 kalimat (6,67%), dan prosedur adaptasi diterapkan dalam 6 kalimat (3,63%).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………... ii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………... iii

ABSTRACT ………. iv

ABSTRAK ………... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………. ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……… 1

1.1Background of the Analysis ……….. 1

1.2Problems of the Analysis ………. 4

1.3Objectives of the Analysis ……… 5

. 1.4Scope of the Analysis ……….. 5

1.5Significances of the Analysis ……….. 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………. 6

2.1 Translation Theory ……….. 6

2.1.1 The Definition of Translation ……… 7

2.1.2 Translation as a Process ………. 9

2.1.3 Translation as a Product ……….… 10

2.2 Translation Procedures ……… 10

2.2.1. Literal Translation ……….. 11

2.2.1.1 Borrowing ……… 11

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2.2.1.2 Calque ……… 12

2.2.1.3 Literal Translation ……….. 13

2.2.2 Oblique Translation ……… 14

2.2.2.1 Transposition ……….…… 14

2.2.2.2 Modulation ………. 15

2.2.2.3 Equivalence ………. 15

2.2.2.4 Adaptation ………. 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ……….. 18

3.1 Research Design ………... 18

3.2 Data and the Data Source ………. 18

3.3 Data Collecting Method ……….. 19

3.4 Data Analyzing Method ……….. 19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ……… 20

4.1 Data Analysis ………. 20

4.1.2 Literal Translation ……… 20

4.1.2 Transposition ……… 21

4.1.3 Modulation ……… 23

4.1.4 Equivalent ………. 24

4.1.5 Adaptation ………. 24

4.2 Classification of Translation Procedures found in the Tale Teller Book……… 25

4.2.1 Literal Translation ……… 25

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4.2.2 Oblique Translation ………. 30

4.2.2.1 Transpostion ……… 30

4.2.2.2 Modulation ……….. 32

4.2.2.3 Equivalence ……… 38

4.2.2.4 Adaptation ………..… 39

4.3 Findings ……… 40

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………. 41

5.1 Conclusions ………. 41

5.2 Suggestions ……….. 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FixM :Fix Modulation FrM : Free Modulation OblT : Oblique Translation OplT : Optional Transposition SL : Source Language TL : Target Language ST : Source Text TT : Target Text

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Many people think that translation is not easy to do, because in translation there are many processes and methods. Today translation has become very significant in our daily life, not only in paperwork,documents, but also in household products,and the instruction manual for a vacuum cleaner. Translation is very important in order to understand message or knowledge found in the source language. Translation has many methods. So, in translating the translator may uses prodecures that differ in importance according to contextual factors of both of the source language (SL) and target language (TL).

Newmark (as quoted by Machali 1998:1) defines translation as a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by that same message and statement in another language. Nida (1969:12) states that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language that natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and second in term of style.

Translation has many procedures or methods. So, in translating the translator may uses procedures that differ in importance according to contextual factors of both of the source language and target language. Newmark (1988:81) mentions the difference between translation method and translation procedures. He writes that, while translation methods relate to whole texts,translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller unit of language.

In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT)

Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000: 84-93) mention that the method of translation can be divided into two covering procedures, they are (a) literal or direct translation; consists of Borrowing, Calque, and Literal translation, and (b) oblique

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Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Sentences have literal meanings. The literal meaning of a sentence is entirely determined by the meanings of its component words (or mor- phemes) and the syntactical rules according to which these elements are combined. A sentence may have more than one literal meaning (ambiguity) or its literal meaning may be defective or uninterpretable (nonsense).

Direct or literal translation “is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL” (Venuti 86). This naturally means that the translator has to operate within certain limits and is not free to appropriate the language to suit his/her ends. When does a direct translation fail? According to Vinay and Darbelnet it fails hen the TL translation fails to convey anything meaningful for various reasons. It might not have the exact structural equivalent or migt not have a corresponding expression. Idioms are the best examples of this. “It is raining cats and dogs” in English cannot be translated literally into Hindi or most Indian languages, for that matter.

In cases like these the translator will have to resort to oblique translation. Here the translator has to fall back on “identity of situations” or aim for an approximately accurate replication of the impact of the SL text. Vinay and Darbelnet are of the vie that the translator has to keep in mind the totality of the message that is to be communicated and exercise her/his judgement in the method of translation. A translator might sometimes choose to borrow a certain expression or saying from one language. This results in hat is termed in lingustics as calque, or a literal, word-for-word translation. However, Vinay and Darbelnet caution: “But the responbility of introducing such calques into a perfectly organized language should not fall upon the shoulders of translators: only writers can take such liberties, and they alone should take credit or blame for success or failure”. (“ A Methodology for Translation”,90). Ultimately, they point out, it is the message alone that can help us to judge if the translation has attained equivalence.

Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Literal translation refers to a translation technique that can be used when the languages involved

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share parallel structures and concepts; not to a translation made word for word : Literal translation carries the imprint of the original. This technique is used when it is possible to transpose the source language (SL) message element into the target language (TL) and obtain a text that is idiomatic. For example, all the geese which is translated into semua angsa, it is example of literal translation procedure because the direct transfer of source language text into a grammatically and idiomatically target text.

Oblique translation procedures are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. This strategy can also be found within a language, ‘I give him a kiss’ is semantically no difference from ‘I kiss him’though the word ‘kiss’ is changed from a noun into a verb. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, the first expression canbe called the base expression, while the converted form of ‘kiss’ as a verb is called the transposed expression. As a result of the divergence of language systems between SL and TT, this strategy to altering words without semantic change is undertaken probably most common and even sometime necessarily by translators. From a stylistic point of view these words are of different value in TL, and translators will face the possibility of changing the genre of the translation text. For the example, crocodiles and cranes which are translated into buaya dan burung bangau, it is the example of transposition, because replacing one word class with another changing the meaning of the message.

Learning in a different language, we saw the importance of translation. On a serious note, translation is one of the most critical jobs in modern society. As the whole globe is coming together based on information sharing and communicative advances, it is only natural that there has been a constant demand and an unprecedented need for translation of ideas from one language to another. Translation plays a vital role in the performance of international companies and governments alike. Translation is no longer just the process the translating words, but has evolved into the transformation of meaning and intentions. In other words, the translation help us very musch for studying as read a book, newspaper by a different language.

Nowadays, many people are doing translation, for example translating kid’s story book such as the tale tellers. In some cases, some tale books are written in two languages

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such as in Bahasa Indonesia and English. It happens in order to make people understand or follow the story especially for those who cannot inderstand English. Besides that the translator wants the message in the Source Language (English) can be transferred clearly in Target Language (Bahasa Indonesia). So, there is no miss communication in transferring the message.Through a mixture of storytelling and theatre, The Tale Teller creates entertaining and interactive story shows in English for all ages. The language used in this book is not very difficult to understand.

The Tale Teller is a narrative that relates the details of some real or imaginary event, incident, or case; story. The language used in this book is not very difficult to understand. However, tha translator should match the meaning of words from Source Language to the Target Language, because there are many differences in meaning of a word of culture between the Source Language and the Target Language.

Like most of art’s types, the distinctive feature of a story is different, depending on the author. The writer choose The Grouchy Giant because the story implies a moral or profound meaning. This book inclines not too complex if it is compared with a novel. Usually tale teller has the total of a limited character, and includes the short of period of time. Tale teller shows us something that is universal by remaining the variety. The Grouchy Giant also shows clumsiness in the structure and plianey in the expression and puts forward one of the cultural aspects.

After reading Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation theory and tale teller book that are written in bilingual, the sources of data in writing this thesis, the witer is interested in analyzing and finding the translation procedures found in tale teller book to see whether the translation of tale teller book applied Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures mentioned above or not.

1.2 PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY

Based on the background above, the writer has some problem to discuss,they are : a. What are the classification of translation procedures found in the target text? b. What are the most dominant of translation procedures found in the target text?

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the analysis as the answers of the problems above can be described as follows:

a. to find out the classification of translation procedures found in the target text. b. to find out the dominant of translation procedures found in the target text.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In translation there are many aspects that can be discussed, such as translation equivalent, translation shift, and translation procedures. But in this thesis, the writer focuses on analyzing characteristics of Literal and Oblique translation found in tale teller’s book ( The Grouchy Giant) by using some text book to get the most dominant translation procedure.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There are theoretical and practical significances of the analysis that can be taken from this thesis. Theoretically, this thesis can be used for readers especially the students of Englis Department to expand their knowledge about translation. Practically, this thesis can be used by translator in practicing the translation and also as the reference in Foreign Language Teaching.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Translation Theory

Translation theory is not a solution for all problems that appear in the process of translation. It is general orientation for the translators in taking a decision while they are doing translation. Actually, the understanding about general concept of translation theory is very important and useful for the translators. So, it is impossible for the translators to get a good translation without understanding the meaning or definition of translation, because translation is a general concept of translation theory.

Nababan (1999:13) states, “Teori menerjemahkan memusatkan perhatiannya pada katarestik dan masalah-masalah penerjemahan sebagai suatu penomena. “Translation’s theory is concentrating the attention to the charateristics and the problems of translation as a pehenomenon.”. Lauven-Zart (as quoted by Nababan 1999:15) says, “Menghasilkan penerjemah dan terjemahan yang lebih baik mungkin saja merupakan produk teori dan metode penerjemahan.” “To produce the translators and translations are not the first purpose of translation theory. The better translators and translations may be as a product of theory and translation’s method”.

In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of the text. However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints.

Newmark (1988:9) says, :what translation theory does is, first ,to identify a translation problem (no problem – no translation theory!); second to indicate all the actors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures, plus the appropriate translation.” Besides that, translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming into a decision in fact translating (or translation process) is a

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matter of taking decisions. Because translation has to do ith grammatical rules, it is a science.

The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the end of the 1950s with the work of Vinay and Darbelnet. Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84) identify two procedures of translating, the first procedure id direct or literal translation and the second procedure is oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and even morphological equivalence between to languages. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, this is only possible when the two languages are very close two each other. The literal translation (direct) procedures are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. While oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaption.

Kelly (as quoted by Venuti 2000:4) argues, “a complete theory of translation has three components: specicfication of function and goal; description and analysis of operations.” On the other hand Venuti (2000:5) says, “translation theory alays rests on particular assumption about language use, even if they are no ore than fragmentary hypothesis that remain implicit or unacknowledged.”

2.1.1 The Definition of Translation

Translation has been defined in many ways by different writers in the field depending on how they view language and translation. Generally, translation is known as a process of transferring a language to another. Cartford (1969:20) defines translation is the replacement of textual in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Newmark (1988:5) also gives the same definition about translation. He defines translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the ay that the author intended the text. According to Larson (1997:10) translation in the transfer of meaning in the source language text into the target text, this is done by replacing the form of the first language by the form of the second language. The meaning itself is maintained as the form may be adjusted by transferring the meaning of SL text by the use of very natural forms in the TL. Krisdaleksana (as quoted by Nababan 1999:19) says, “penerjemahan sebagai pemindahan suatu amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa

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sasaran dengan pertama-tama mengungkapkan maknanya dan kemudian gaya bahasanya.” (Translation as transferring a message from Source Language to the target Language by firstly expresses the meaning and then the style of language).

On the other hand, Nida (1969:12) states, “translation consists in reproducing un the receptor language that natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and second in term of style”. Translation can be simply defined as transferring the message from the source language (SL) into the Receptor Language (RL), both in terms of meaning and style. So the ideal translation should make sense and be easily understood by thee target readers. However, the message in the TL should be equivalent with that in the SL.

Newmark (as quoted by Machali 1998:1) adds that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by that same message and statement in another language. While Pinchuk (1977:38) says, “translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance. Carford (as quoted by Nababan 1999:19) also defines translation is a process of changing a Source Language Text to the Target Langauge Text.

All the definitions above are a little closely, related all definition imply that translation involves to languages; they are Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL). So, translation is a process of transferring the message, meaning, statement, utterance of the SL to the TL, and his product of translation is the author’s meant. So, by translation a translator re-tell about the text into another language.

Catford, Nida, Newmark, Mcguire and Pinhuct in Machali (1998) propose different definition of translation but their definitions share three commons motions namely:

1. the term equivalent “which is used by Catford (1969:12) and Pinchuck (1980:2) for them, the use of the term is “similar:

2. the terms “textual material” or text”, which are used by Catford and McGuire, while Newmark uses the term “written message” and Nida “SL message”

3. the term “replacement” is used by Catford and Newmark, while Nida uses the term “reproducing” for the same concept.

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2.1.2 Translation as a Process

Translation is not only about changing a SL to TL. It is not writing his ons thinking, how best it is, and it is not to re-write only. Besides understanding what the translation is and what should be procedure in translation, a translator should know that translation is complex; there are processes which contains of a bunch activities elements. Nababan (1999:24) defines proses adalah serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja. (Process is a bunch of activities that doing in a …). Machali (2000:9) states “apabila kita melihat penerjemahan sebagai proses, berarti kita meniti jalan yang di lalui penerjemah untuk sampai pada hasil akhir.” Translation is the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object whereas a translation is the product of the process of translating for example the translated text. Levy (in Venuti 2000:148) says, “translation is a process of communication: the objective of tarsnlating is to improve the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader.” While Hatim and Munday (2004:3) says, “the first of these two senses relates to translation as a process, the second to the product”. So a process of translation means as some activities that doing by a translator while he transferring the message from SL to TL.

Nababan (1999:24) states, “proses penerjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai serangakaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seorang penerjemah pada saat dia mengalihkan amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran.” He adds that these are three process of translation; they are Analysis of Source Language, Transferring message, and Restructuring (1999:25).

Nida and Taber (as quoted by Widyamartaya 1989:14) also state that the process of translation can be divided into three; they are Analysis. Transfer, and Restructuring. Analysis used for knowing the message that will be translated and contain of grammatical analysis and semantic analysis. Transfer discussed “how the product of the analysis transfer from SL to TL by a little fault of meaning and connotation, but by a same reaction like in the original. Restcruturing discussed about “kinds of languages or stylistic, technique that can be use for making style that want.

Different from Nababan and Nida, Dr. Ronald H Bathge (as quoted by Widyamartaya 1989:15) state that there are seven process of translation, they are: Tuning, Analysis, Understanding, Termology, Restructuring, Checking, and Discussion.

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2.1.3 Translation as a Product

After doing translation’s activity, that is process of translation, next we will see the result of translation. As the readers of translation text, it means that e read the “result” that served by translator. In the other word we read the “product” of translation. As the reader we just read the product without knowing the process that the translator has applied.

It is very important to understand the differences between product and process in translation. Nababan (1999:9) states :Product is the result of tanslator’s work”. If we see the translation (see the methods or procedures) that applied by the translator to get a good product of translation. In addition Machali (2000:9) expressed this view as follows:

“Perbedaan antara produk dan proses ini penting sekali dalam kegiatan penerjemahan. Apabila kita melihat penerjemahan sebagai proses berarti kita meneliti jalan yang dilalui penerjemah untuk sampai pada hasil akhir. Kita melihat tahap-tahap apa saja yang dilalui seorang penerjemah, prosedur apa yang dilewatinya metode apa yang di gunakan untuk menerjemahkan suatu konsep dan bukannya memilih istilah lain yang sama maknanya, dan sebagainya.”

(The differences between product and process are very important in translation. If we see the translation as a process, it means that we observe the way of translator to get a result. We see the steps that through by translator. What procedure that he used, what method that he used to translate and why did he choose that method, why he chose a certain term to translate a concept. And why he did not choose another term which has a same meaning and etc).

The writer in this thesis actually wants to see the product of translation. The writer wants to analyze the product and find out the procedures of translation used by translator. The procedures are Literal and Oblique.

2.1.4 Translation Procedures

There are many methods or procedures in translation. A procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process. In the Mequarie Dictionary (1982) as quoted by Macahli (2000:9) explains that “ a method is a ay to doing something, especially in accordance with a definite plan”. Form the explanation, we can take two

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important things. First, method is the way to do something that is “the ay to doing translation”. Second, method relates to “ the certain planning that is a plan in doing translation.”

Newmark (1988:81) in A Text Book of Translation mention that there are fourteen procedures in translation. But Vinay and Darbelnet divided translation procedures into two namely Direct or Literal Translation which cover three procedures (borrowing, calque, and Literal Translation) and Oblique translation which cover four procedures (transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaption).

2.2.1 Literal Translation (Direct Translation)

Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000:84) says:

“In some translation task it may be possible to transpose the source language message element by element into the target language, because it is based on either (i) parallel categories, in which case we can speak of structural paralleslism, or (ii) on parallel concepts, which are the result of metalinguistic paralleslism”.

According to Vinay and Darbelnet, there are three procedures of Direct or Literal Translation : they are Borrowing, Calque, and Literal Translation.

2.2.1.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, to overcome a gap, usually a metalingunistic one. Borrowing is the simplest of all translation method. We can say that this task refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronounciation of the TL.

Borrowing in translation si not always justified by lexical gap in the TL, but it can mainly be used as a way to preserve the local color of the word, or be used out of fear from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated.

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According to Haugen in Sari (2009:18) there are some possibilities that may occur in this procedures; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).

Examples :

a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords): Hardisk  hardisk

Dollar  dollar

b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix loanwords):

Contract  kontrak Computer  komputer c. Loan blend

Computer network  jaringan computer Broadcast network  jaringan broadcast

But according to Vinay and Darbelnet, there is only one kind of Borrowing, Example : harddisk  harddisk

2.2.1.2 Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The result can be a calque of expression, which preserves the syntatic structure of the source language while introducing a new mode of expression to the target language. It consists of phrases in direct (literal) translations of fixed expression in target language, for example French Compliments of season. The result can also be a structural calque, which introduces a whole new construction into the target language, for example science-fiction, used as such in French. Calque is loan translation (linear substituation) of morphologically analyzable source language syntagms which after a time, are often accepted, or at least tolerated by the target language community.

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Examples :

Service user  service user Transceiver cable  kabel transceiver 2.2.1.3 Literal Translation

Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal translation is unique solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional endings, for example English “where are you?” translated into French “Ou etes vous?”. This procedure is most commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example French-italian, and especially those having a similar culture. Vachon-Spilka finds that,

“Literal translation is the earliest and simplest form of translation, it occurs whenever word by word replacement is possible without breaking rules in the target language, this, however, is quite rare unless the two languages are very closely related” (1968:18)

There are other examples of literal translation. Examples :

Leafy trees  pepohonan lebat Long grass  rerumputan tinggi All the geese  semua angsa

If, after trying the first three procedures translators regard literal translation unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of Oblique translation. By unacceptable mean that the message, when translated literally

i gives another meaning,or ii has no meaning,or

iii is structurally impossible,or

iv does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL,or

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v has a corresponding expression, but not within the same register.

2.2.2 Oblique Translation (Indirect Translation)

“…because of structural or metalinguistic differences, certain stylistic effects cannot be transposed into the TL without upsetting the syntatic order, or even the lexis. In this case it is understood that more complex methods haveto be used which at first may look unusual but which nevertheless can permit translator a strict control over the reabilty of their work…”

According to Vinay and Darbelnet there are four procedures of oblique, they are Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaption.

2.2.2.1 Transposition

Transposition is the procedure which involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. It can also be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase, for example ‘He announced that he would return to ‘He announced his return’ (the subordinate verb becomes a noun).

It is also change in the grammar from source language to target language (singular to plural: position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). In translation, there are two types of transposition, namely obligatory transposition and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition occurs when the target language has no other choices because of the language system

Examples :

A pair of glasses  sepasang kacamata Long grass  rerumputan yang tinggi

An optional transposition is a transposition that, for the sake of style, can be chosen by the translator if it fits better into the utterance.

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Small pebble  kerikil

Medical student  mahasisa kedokteran

2.4.2.2 Modulation

Modulation is the varying of the language, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified, although literal even transposed. There are two types of modulation, namely free or optional is generally adopted because of nonlinguistic reason. It is mostly used to stress the meaning, to affect coherence or to find out natural from in the TL.

Examples :

By the will of the God  di luar kemampuan manusia The stars went out  pagi menjelang

Fixed or obligatory occurs when a word, phrase or structure cannot be found in the TL. When an active sentence is translated into a passive one, this is an instance of this type of modulation.

Examples :

I grew up in Jakarta  saya dibesarkan di Jakarta

I will submit the report tomorrow morning  laporan itu akan saya sampaikan besok pagi

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages and freely used this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the pverall acceptable, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression.

2.2.2.3 Equivalence

Equivalent is often desirable for the translator to use an entirely different structure with different meaning from that of the source language text so long as it is considered appropriate in the communicative situational equivalent to that of the source language text.

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Vinay and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where languages described the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. The classical example of equivalence is given by reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with hammer; if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as, “die.!” But he were English this would be interpreted as, “ouch!”. Another striking case ofequivalences are the much onomatopoeia of animal sounds.

Examples :

Cocorico  cock-a-doodle-do Miaou  miaow

Hi han  hee haw

2.2.2.4 Adaptation

Adaption is the extreme limit of translation which is used in cases the translator has to create a ne situation that can be considered equivalent.

Example :

Cricket (UK)  baseball (US)

This involves changing the culture reference when a situation in source culture does not exist in target culture. The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida (1975:102) and he said, a translator should have good knowledge of the languages of the cultures of both languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics, while cultural knowledge should be sufficiently possessed as the background of the user of these languages. As a matter of fact, it is very difficult to find lexical equivalents between TL culture and SL culture since they are different from one another. The lexical meaning of the two languages will not exatly be the same. There tends to be loss, gain and skewing of information.

Nida (1975:102) also says “we reject meaning as a common denominator or what is common to all situations in which a term is employed.” This is necessary because two languages (SLT and TLT) have different characteristics. In transferring the message from SL to TL, the translator should add or omit some the information in order to have natural translation and the naturalness of the translated work can be realized if the Target Language Text is read and the readers feel that it is not like translated text. This

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definition expresses the idea that if we want to have the meaning of words or phrase, it must be in the context of sentence. An example is insentence like this: “The man who had pressed the remote control device’ and the translator translates it into ‘Lelaki yang baru saja menekan tombol alat kontrol jarak jauh.” In this case the translator necessary gives addition of information in translating the underlined nominal group construction by the word tombol which is not stated in the SL.

Examples:

You  Ibu

Peeakboo  Cilukba Hide and seek  petak umpet

Some of the source language data do not have exact equivalents in the target language because of the different cultural backgrounds between the source language nd target language. Therefore, not at all of the source language terms can be translated into the target language if the source language terms are considered as not having the equivalents, for example English borrowing word “orang utan” is form Bahasa Indonesian.

Besides finding the closest equivalent of translation, it is often necessary to translate one word of the SL into several words in the TL translated by single word. What is important in translation is translating the concept within the word through the semantic components of the SL. The message of the SL should be carried into the TL naturally.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This thesis deals use four main research items, the first is research design, the second is data and data source, the third is data collecting method and the fourth is data analyzing method. Research method is as scientific way to get the data with purpose and certain use. Research method consists of qualitive method and quantitative method, which both of them has a different meaning.

3.1. Research Design

This thesis is conducted in the form of the library research in which the data is in the form of English and Indonesia language. Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial (2001:32) states, “penelitian kepustakaan adalah penelitian yang di lakukan di perpustakaan dan peneliti berhadapan dengan berbagai macam literature sesuai tujuan dan masalah yang sedang di pertanyakan” (Library research is a research that is done in library where a researcher faces many kinds of literatures that is suitable with the objective and problem of the analysis).

3.2. Data and Data Source

Data is everything found about the object of the analysis. For this case, the writer uses primary data or in Indonesia language, we call it as Data Primer. Bungin in Metodologi Peneletian Sosial (2001:128) states, “Data primer adalah data yang di ambil dari sumber data primer atau sumber data yang yutama di lapangan.” (primary data is a data that is taken from primary data resource, orprimary data resource in field of research).

The sources of data is the tale teller’s book that are written in two languages, English and Bahasa Indonesia. Every sentence in the tale teller’s book become the data. The titles of the book is The Grouchy Giant. The TL text is observed to find out whether the Literal and Oblique translation procedures are applied or not. Besides that, the writer also collects some books which are related to translation especially Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures.

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3.3 Data Collecting Method

The data that are considered to be relevant for this study are collected by using technique of sampling. Purposive sampling is used to collect the required data. Bailey (1987:94) also cites:

“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does ge or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as in convenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her on judgement about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.”

In addition Arikunto (2006:139) says, “Sampel bertujuan atau purposive sample dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas strata, random atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa pertimbangan, misalnya alasan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga, dan Dana sehingga tidak dapat mengambil sample yang besar dan jauh” (purpose of sample or purposive sample is done by taking a subject not based on strata, random or area, but is based on a certain purpose. This technique is usually done because of some considerations, for example the limitation of time, energy, and find, so it cannot take a great and far sample).

4. Data Analyzing Method

In analyzing the data in this thesis, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research is more descriptive because the data shaped of words and more emphasize on process more than product.

As quoted from Bungin’s book, “Penelitian kualitatif adalah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan keterbatasan sasaran penelitian, tetapi kedalaman data/kualitas data tidak terbatas. Semakin berkualitas data yang dikumpulkan, semakin berkualitas penelitian tersebut” (qualitative research is a research that is done with a limitation of target research, but the deep of data/quality of data unlimited. More quality the data is collected more quality that research).

The data is analyzed in three steps. First, the writer tabulated all of the data. Second, the writer tabulated all of the data consisting of literal and oblique translation

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procedures. Third, the writer classified the kinds of literal and oblique translation procedures and finally characterized the literal and oblique translation procedures.

The classification is done by grouping the data depending on the problem. The purpose of the tabulation here is to classify the literal and oblique translation procedures. This analysis is done by finding the literal and oblique translation, classifications and characterization through the context of both SL and TL. After classifying the procedures found in the data, the writer will make a percentage by using Bungin’s Formula :

N = f / N x 100% With : f = the frekuensi

N = the total of frekuensi

Descriptive research consists of explaining the variable examined, by giving the definition, complex explanation from another reference, so that something that is searched is more completed and directed.

The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follows: 1. collecting the data from three fable books

2. reading the data 3. identifying the data

4. analyzing the data and find out the literal and oblique translation procedures

5. classifying and characterizing the data 6. drawing the conclusion and suggestion

From the way above, the writer tries to analyze the data to find out the literal and oblique translation procedures. After that the writer draws tables for making classification of each literal and oblique translation procedures (literal translation, borrowing, calque, modulation, transposition, equivalence, and adaption).

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis

Based on the data that have been collected from the tale teller book, then the writer gives the analysis of the data. In analyzing the data, the writer gives the cases (procedures of translation) and the analysis that is taken from the data. In this part, the writer describes it by using the table. The table consists of six columns; they are number, Book/data, Source Language, Target Language.

Table of number (No) consist of the sequences of the cases (procedures of translation) that will be found from the data. In table of Book/data consists of the sequence of the data that is taken from the tale teller book (source of data).

In table of Source Language, the writer shows the data that is taken from the three fable books and the table of Target Language, the writer also shos the data that is taken from the three fable books. Each of the data is found by writer as the proedures is typed un italic and bolded. In table of Cases, the writer shows the name of procedures that is found from the data. And then, in the last table, the writer gives the description of each procedure that is fund from the data.

Although in the next page, the writer also gives clearer explanation by giving classification of each procedure that is found in the data. The writer also gives the explanation and the percentage of each procedure.

4.1.1 Literal Translation

This translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one. This procedure is most commonly found in translations between closely related language and sepecially those having a similar culture. Literal or word for word translation may

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occur when there is a similarity of structure between two languages, so this word for word translation is happened and directly approved in the TL.

Examples : No. No.

Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/14 I reached the valley the next morning.

Aku sampai di lembah itu esok paginya

2. I/16 “Gal, my name is Frontier, the greatest of all zebras.

“Gadis kecil, namaku Frontlier, yang terkuat dari semua zebra 3. I/22 Look how tall he stands! Who

can beat him?”

Lihat bagaimana tingginya dia bediri! Siapa yang dapat mengalahkannya? 4. I/24 I took off running while Rufus

trotted back to his camp laughing

Aku berlari menjauhi sementara Rufus berjalan kembali ke perkemahannya sambil tertawa

Other examples of Literal Translation can be seeing in the table above. From the table above, the writer found that there are 56 cases of Literal Translation with the percentage below :

f/N x 100% with : f = the frequency

N = total of frequency LT = literal translation Percentage of LT = f/N x 100%

= 58/165 x 100% = 35,1 %

Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000:84) says that :

“...because of structural or metalinguistic differences, certain stylistic effects cannot be transposed into the TL without upsetting the syntatic order,m or even the lexis. In this case it is understood that more complex methods have to be used which at first

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may look unusual but which nevertheless can permit translator a strict control over the reabilty of their work..”

4.1.2 Transposition

Transposition is the procedure which involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. In translation, there are two types of transposition, namely obligatory transposition and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition occurs when the target language has no other choices because of the language system.

The writer found both of them in the data. Obligatory transposition occurs the target language has no other choices because of the language system and there is no grammatical structure of SL found in TL.

Examples : No. No.

Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/2 No worries,no fears Tidak ada kekhawatiran, tidak ada ketakutan.

2. I/6 “I caught me a cuddly little lamb

“Aku menangkap seekor domba kecil yang lucu

3. I/8 No more lions and bears! When the dust settled only one hero was left standing-my brave shepherd, David.

Tidak ada lagi singa dan beruang! Saat debu tidak ada lagi berterbangan, hanya ada satu pahlawan yang masih ada-gembalaku yang berani, David. 4. I/24 He had raced to a nearby

stream and collected his weapons-five smooth stones!

Ia berlari ke sungai di dekat sana dan mengumpulkan senjatanya-lima batu yang licin!

From the table above, the writer found that there are 17 cases of obligatory transposition with the percentage below:

f/N x 100% With : f = the frequency

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N = total of frequency

OblT = obligatory translation Percentage of OblT = f/N x 100%

= 15/165 x 100 % = 9,09 %

An optional transposition is a transposition, that for the sake of style, can be choosen by translator if it fits better into the utterance or if there is an expression in the SL can be translate Literally but the meaning in the TL feels clumsy. From the data above, the writer found that there are 6 cases of optional transposition with the percentage below:

f/N x 100% With : f = the frequency

N = total of frequency

OplT = obligatory translation Percentage of OblT = f/N x 100%

= 6/165 x 100 % = 3,6%

The total of Transposition Procedure is 9,09% + 3,6% = 12,69 %

4.1.3 Modulation

Example : No. No. Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/2 Ya see, that lion and bear had each tried to catch us in the past.

Mereka adalah singa dan beruang yang masing-masing pernah

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2, I/6 “Well,well, what have we here? Why, it is a little lost lamb who’s tangled up in a mess.

“Wah,wah,liat ini. Ada seekor domba kecil yang tersesat dan terperangkap.

3. I/24 “What’s that boy up to?” Frontier asked

“apa yang akan dilakukan anak itu?” Tanya Frontier

4, I/24 He’d see Ia akan tahu nanti

From the data above, the writer found that there are 66 cases of free modulation with the percentage below :

f/N x 100% With : f = the frequency

N = total of frequency FrM = free modulation Percentage pf Frm = f/N x 100%

= 69/165 x 100% = 41,8%

Fixed Modulation is occurs when a word, phrase or structure cannot be found in the TL. From the data above, the riter found that there are3 cases of fixed modulation with the percentage below :

f/N x 100% With : f = the frequency

N = total of frequency FixM = free modulation Percentage pf Fixm = f/N x 100%

= 3/165 x 100% = 1,8%

The total of Modulation Procedure is 40% + 1,8% = 41,8%

4.1.4 Equivalent

Equivalent is often desirable for the translator to use an entirely different structure with different meaning from that of the source language text so long as it is considered

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appropriate in the communicative situational equivalent to that of the source language text.

The writer found 11 cases of Equivalence where languages describes the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. In the data above, the writer found the classical example of equivalence.

Examples :

No. No. Data SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/4 He quietly sneaked up on us… and pounced!”Baa! Baa!” we all shouted.

Pelan-pelan ia mendekati kami..dan menerkam! “Mbee! Mbee!” kami semua berteriak. 2. I/6 Gulp! I needed help and fast. Glek! Aku benar-benar

memerlukan bantuan segera. 3. I/10 Whew! Now I could relax Nah! Sekarang aku bisa santai. 4. I/18 Wow! He was the giant of

giants! He was over nice feet tall.

Wah! Ia raksasa yang amat besar! Tingginya lebih dari Sembilan kaki

From the data above, the writer found 11 cases of equivalence with the percentage below :

f/N x 100% With : f = the frequency

N = total of frequency E = Equivalence Percentage pf E = f/N x 100%

= 11/165 x 100% = 6,67%

4.1.5 Adaptation

Adaption is the extreme limit of translation which is used in cases the translator has to create a ne situation that can be considered equivalent. The writer found that the translation with Adaption Procedure is focusing on the culture in TL, in this case the

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translator has to create a new situation that can be considered equivalent, and the translator should have good knowledge of the languages of the ultures of both languages. Example :

No. No. Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/1 The Grouchy Giant Si Raksasa Penggerutu 2. I/8 “You bumbling brute!”

roared Lionus.

“Dasar tidak bisa tutup mulut!” Lionus mengaum.

3. I/10 Well, back home. David’s father Jesse met him

Di rumahnya, Isai, ayah Daud, menemuinya.

4. I/10 Jesse had a special job for his son

Isaimemiliki tugas khusus untuk anak laki-lakinya.

From the data, the writer found 6 cases of Adaption with the percentage below : f/N x 100%

With : f = the frequency N = total of frequency A = Adaption

Percentage of A= f/N x 100% = 6/165 x 100% = 3,63%

4.2 Classification of Translation Procedures Found in the Tale Teller Book

After analyzing the data, the writer will classify the data. The data will be classified into Literal Translation and Oblique Translation. As proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet that Literal Translation consists of three procedures; they are borrowing, calque, and literal translation while Oblique Translation consists of four procedures; they are transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaption.

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4.2.1 Literal Translation

“In more translation task it may be possible to transpose the source language message element by element into the target language, because it is based on either (i) parallel categories, in which case can speak of structural parallesism, or (ii) in parallel concepts, which are the result of metaliguistic parallelism”

According the Vinay and Darbelnet, there are three pocedures of Direct or Literal Translation; they are borrowing, calque, and literal translation. After analyzing the data from the tale teller book, the writer only found one procedure in Literal Translation, it is literal translation procedure. While the two translation procedures (Borrowing and Calque) doesn’t found in the data.

4.2.1.1 Literal Translation

These following tables show the data which is classified into literal translation where the text in source language is translated word for word into target language by adopting target language structure and the SL transfer directly to the TL grammatical.

Table 4.2: Literal Translation No. No.

Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/1 A tale about trusting God Sebuah kisah tentang mempercayai Tuhan

2. I/2 I’m cassie, a lamb from the speherds’s flock.

Aku adalah cassie, domba dari kaanan gembalaku.

3. I/2 The entire meadow belonged to us

Seluruh padang rumput adalah milik kami.

4. I/2 But those two rascals were watchin’ us-Lionus and Bearootus

Tapi ada dua penjahat yang sedang mengawasi kami-Lionus dan Bearootus.

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5. I/2 But our shepherd always saved us just in time!

Tapi gembala kami selalu berhasil menyelamatkan kami tepat pada waktunya!

6. I/2 But our shepherd always saved us just in time!

Tapi gembala kami selalu berhasil menyelamatkan kami tepat pada waktunya!

7. I/4 Our shepherd was there. Gembala kami ada disana. 8. I/4 We left our little hoofprints

behind in the mud.

Kami meninggalkan jejak kaki kecil kami di lumpur.

9. I/6 I got one, Lionus!”slobbered Bearootus

“aku dapat satu, Lionus!” kata Bearootus.

10. I/6 Those villains laughed. Penjahat itu tertawa 11. I/6 “How? How could he know

about this plan?”

Bagaimana ia tahu tentang rencana ini?”

12. I/8 I smiled. Aku tersenyum.

13. I/8 “Why Bearootus never could keep a secret.

“Karena Bearootus tidak bisa menyimpan rahasia.

14. I/8 Lionus grimaced Lionus menyeringai 15. I/8 “Now we’re trapped! Only

our combined strength will defeat this shepherd boy. Attack!”

“Sekarang kita terperangkap! Kita hanya bisa mengalahkan ank gembala itu jika menyerang bersama-sama. Serang!” 16. I/10 I knew that deep inside his

trust was in the Lord.

Aku tahu bahwa didalam hatinya ia percaya pada Tuhan.

17. I/12 “I can’t miss this fight!” I cried.

Aku tidak boleh melewatkan perang ini!” aku berteriak. 18. I/12 But nobody moved. Tetapi tidak ada yang bergerak 19. I/12 But no me Tetapi aku tidak

20. I/14 I reached the valley the next morning.

Aku sampai di lembah itu esok paginya

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21. I/14 I reached the valley the next morning.

Aku sampai di lembah itu esok paginya

22. I/14 The soldiers were shouting for a fight

Mereka berteriak-teriak

23. I/14 On the other side, the

Philistine soldiers were doing the same.

Di sisi lainnya, tentara Filistin melakukan hal yang sama

24. I/14 “Get ready to join the Israelite soldiers and make some noise-even if it lasts for only a few short minutes

“Bersiaplah untuk bergabung dengan tentara Israel untuk berperang-walaupun hanya akan bertahan beberapa menit.” 25. I/16 “Gal, my name is Frontier,

the greatest of all zebras.

“Gadis kecil, namaku Frontlier, yang terkuat dari semua zebra 26. I/16 Each morning the Israelites

shout from this side while the Philistine shout from the other

Setiap pagi orang Israel berteriak dari sisi ini sementara orang Filistin berteriak dari sisi lainnya.

27. I/16 And that Philistine giant stands between us down in the valley.”

Dan raksasa Filistin itu berdiri diantara kami di lembah.”

28. I/16 Whoever is left standing will be the winner

Siapa yang bertahan akan menjadi pemenang

29. I/16 The losing army will become slaves of the winning army

Pasukan yang kalah akan menjadi budak pasukan yang menang!” 30. I/18 Suddenly a voice thundered

from the valley

Tiba-tiba terdengar suara bergemuruh dari lembah 31. I/18 Who would fight him? Siapa yang dapat

mengalahkannya?

32. I/18 The horses followed Kuda-kuda lainnya mengikutinya 33. I/18 Even the soldiers were Bahkan para tentara itu juga

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scared ketakutan

34. I/18 Look how mighty he is Lihat betapa besarnya dia 35. I/18 Look how tall he stands!

Who can beat him?

Lihat betapa tingginya dia bediri! Siapa yang dapat

mengalahkannya? 36. I/18 Frontier answered,”King

Saul offered a reward,gal

Frontier menjawab,”Raja Saul telah menawarkan hadiah 37. I/20 Finally a brave man did

speak up

Akhirnya seorang pria berani menjawabnya

38. I/20 King Saul looked at David and frowned

Raja Saul melihat Daud dan mengerutkan keningnya 39. I/22 I left camp to watch from a

distance

Aku menjauhi perkemahan untuk melihat dari kejauhan

40. I/22 But I got lost, again Tetapi aku tersesat lagi 41. I/22 I looked up to see a Philistine

lamb, not much bigger than me

Aku menoleh dan melihat seekor domba Filisin, yang lebih besar sedikit daripada aku

42. I/22 “I,Rufus, your future master, laugh at you

“Aku, Rufus, yang akan menjadi tuanmu, menertawakanmu 43. I/22 Look how tall he stands!

Who can beat him?”

Lihat bagaimana tingginya dia bediri! Siapa yang dapat mengalahkannya? 44. I/24 I took off running while

Rufus trotted back to his camp laughing

Aku berlari menjauhi sementara Rufus berjalan kembali ke perkemahannya sambil tertawa 45. I/24 Inside, I found David Didalamnya aku menemukan David 46. I/24 So he took the armor off Jadi ia melepaskan baju perang itu 47. I/24 David would fight Goliath

his way

Daud akan berperang dengan caranya sendiri

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49. I/24 “Just watch!” I replied confidently, “Now he’s ready!”

“Lihat saja!” aku menjawab dengan yakin. “Sekarang ia sudah siap?”

50. I/26 David went alone into the valley and stood on one side

Daud berangkat sendiri ke lembah dan berdiri disatu sisi

51. I/26 Goliath waited on the other Goliath menunggu disisi lainnya 52. I/26 Goliath mocked David in

front everyone

Goliath mengejek Daud didepan semua orang

53. I/26 But David was confident and quick to correct Goliath

Tetapi Daud merasa yakin dan membantah Goliat

54. I/26 This battle belonged to the lord!

Peperangan ini milik Tuhan!

55. I/28 David ran over and killed Goliath

David berlari mendekat dan mebunuh Goliat

56. I/28 Now the Philistines were scared! And Rufus too

Sekarang orang Filistin ketakutan! Rufus juga

57. I/28 Frontier followed the Israelite soldiers

Frontier mengikuti tentara Israel

58. I/30 Can you guess what if found under my pillow? Four smooth stones!

Bisa kalian terka apa yang ada di bawah bantalku? Empat batu licin!

4.2.2.1 Transposition

These following table shows the data which is classified into Transposition where involves replacing one word class with another class without changing the message.

Table 4.3 : Transposition No. No.

Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/2 One lazy afternoon I as frolicking in the meadow with my brother and

Di suatu sore aku sedang bersenang-senang dengan

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sisters. saudara-saudaraku.

2. I/2 No worries,no fears Tidak ada kekhawatiran, tidak ada ketakutan.

3. I/6 “I caught me a cuddly little lamb “Aku menangkap seekor domba kecil yang lucu

4. I/6 Lionus crept out of the shadows and chuckled.

Lionus keluar dari semak dan tertawa.

5. I/8 My little hoofprints led my shepherd straight down your route

Jejak kaki kecilku memberitahu arahku kesini

6. I/8 They leaped at my shepherd, and then… well, let’s just say no more worries, no more fears.

Kelihatannya mereka berpikir akan menang kali ini! Mereka menerkam gembalaku, dan kemudian…yah, katakan saja tidak ada lagi kekhawatiran, tidak ada lagi ketakutan. 7. I/8 No more lions and bears! When the

dust settled only one hero was left standing-my brave shepherd, David.

Tidak ada lagi singa dan

beruang! Saat debu tidak ada lagi berterbangan, hanya ada satu pahlawan yang masih ada-gembalaku yang berani, David. 8. I/10 David’s job was to take care corn,

bread, and chese to his brothers and their commander, then return with an update about the battle.

Tugas Daud adalah membawa jagung, roti dan keju kepada kakak-kakaknya dan komandan mereka, kemudian kembali dengan berita terbaru tentang perang itu.

9. I/12 All right!” I shouted to my brothers and sisters.

“baiklah!” aku berteriak kepada saudara-saudaraku

10. I/12 As fast as my little legs could move, I zoomed out of there. And nobody even noticed

Secepat kaki kecilku melangkah, aku segera berlari keluar tanpa ada yang tahu.

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11. I/18 Frontier fearfully scurried behind the tents

Frontier berlari ketakutan ke belakang perkemahan 12. I/20 He would take the challenge and

fight this noisy giant

Ia akan menjawab tatangan itu dan melawan raksasa yang banyak bicara ini

13. I/20 He had defeated lions and bears when they took lambs from his flock

Ia telah mengalahkan singa dan beruang saat mereka mengambil domba dari kawanan miliknya 14. I/22 I saw you rootin for the scrawny

shepherd boy

Aku melihat kamu mendukung anak gembala yang kurus itu 15. I/24 Thankfully, I could follow my

hoofprints back to King Saul’s tent

Untunglah aku bisa mengikuti jejak kakiku kembali ke tenda Raja Saul

16. I/24 He had raced to a nearby stream and collected his weapons-five smooth stones!

Ia berlari ke sungai di dekat sana dan mengumpulkan senjatanya-lima batu yang licin!

17. I/26 He would feed David to the birds Daud akan dibuatnya menjadi umpan burung

18. I/30 But with the Lord on his side lions, bears, and even giants stood no chance

Tetapi dengan Tuhan

disampingnya, singa, beruang, dan bahkan raksasatidak bisa menang

19. I/30 No worries, no fears, no problem! Tidak ada kekhawatiran, tidak ada ketakutan, tidak ada masalah 20. I/14 I turned to see a strange-looking

horse covered with stripes and shining armor

Aku menoleh dan melihat kuda yang aneh penuh dengan garis-garis dan senjata yang bersinar 21. I/14 “Are you gonna lead the fight and

squash those nasty Philistines?”

“Apakah kamu akan memimpin pertempuran dan mengalahkan Filistin yang jahat itu?”

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4.2.2.2 Modulation

These folowing table shows the data which concluded into Modulation where the varying of the langauge, obtained by a change in the point of view.

Table 4.4 : Modulation

No. No. Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. I/2 All right! I get to be your Tale Teller today.

Baiklah! Hari ini aku yang akan bercerita.

2. I/2 This is the story of the greatest showdown ever-my shepherd in one corner against a big wise-crackin’ giant in the other.

Ini adalah kisah dari pertunjukkan terbesar yang pernah ada-gembalaku melawan raksasa.

3. I/2 Ya see…well,I’d better start from the beginning.

Kurasa lebih baik aku mulai dari awal.

4. I/2 Ya see, that lion and bear had each tried to catch us in the past.

Mereka adalah singa dan beruang yang masing-masing pernah berusaha menangkap kami dulu.

5. I/4 On that day, though, those two were working

together.

Namun pada hari itu, kedua penjahat itu bekerja sama.

6. I/4 Lionus had come up with a special plan to catch a lamb!

Lionus punyasebuah rencana untuk menangkap seekor domba!

7 I/4 Lionus snarled and chased us between the clumps of clover, through the tall meadow grass,

Lionus mengaum dan mengejar kami diantara semak, sepanjang rumput tinggi di padang itu, dan melintasi sungai kecil.

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and across our trickling stream.

8 I/4 We had only one chance for escape-Promise Point.

Kami hanya memiliki satu kesempatan untuk menyelamatkan diri-Titik Pejanjian.

9. I/4 Lionus was closing in as I raced down a quicker route.

Lionus mendekat saat aku berlari di jalan pintas.

10. I/4 Problem as, I got lost. Masalahnya adalah aku tersesat. 11. I/4 Then something suddenly

fell all around me!

Kemudian ada sesuatu yang jatuh mengelilingi aku!

12. I/6 Your plan worked just like ya said it would. Is this one a keeper?

Rencana itu berhasil seperti katamu. Apa ini cukup?”

13. I/6 “Well,well, what have we here? Why, it is a little lost lamb who’s tangled up in a mess.

“Wah,wah,liat ini. Ada seekor domba kecil yang tersesat dan terperangkap.

14. I/6 Why Bearootus, of course we’ll keep poor thing…for our lunch!”

Dan Bearootus, tentu saja kita akan menyimpannya…untuk makan siang kita!”

15. I/6 Suddenly something hit Lionus on his head

Tiba-tiba kepala Lionus terkena sesuatu.

16. I/6 Then something thumped Bearootus on his head! All right! Help had arrived.

Kemudian ada yang memukul kepala Bearootus. Hore! Bantuan telah datang.

17. I/6 Those critters turned to find my shepherd zinging rocks straight at them.

Para penjahat itu menoleh dan melihat gembalaku melemparkan batu kepada mereka.

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again,”moaned Lionus mengeluh

19. I/8 We’ve known for weeks Kami telah lama mengetahuinya. 20. I/8 Bearootus looked away

sheepishly

Bearootus menoleh malu

21. I/8 My shepherd raced closer, fighting rocks with his mighty sling.

Gembalaku lari mendekat, sambil mengayunkan batu dengan pelantarnya.

22. I/10 And with the Lord at his side, he could do

anything!

Aku tahu bahwa didalam hatinya ia percaya pada Tuhan.

23. I/10 Near the valley of Elah a battle was brewing.

Di dekat Lembah Tarbantin sedang terjadi perang.

24. I/10 The Israelite army, who were the good guys, were battling the evil Philistine army.

Tentara Israel, yang adalah orang-orang yang baik melawan tentara Filistin yang jahat.

25. I/12 “We’re gonna see a fight. Pack your bags. We leave tonight!”

“kita akan melihat peperangan.

Bersiaplah. Kita berangkat malam ini!”

26. I/12 But my excitement was soon dashed to the ground.

Tapi kegembiraanku segera terhenti.

27. I/12 Why, we were all being rounded up and placed back in our pens.

Jadi kami semua dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke kandang kami.

28. I/12 “I’ve got ringside seats. Quick, everybody, make a break for the gate

“Aku harus melihatnya. Ayo semua, kita menerobos gerbang!”

29. I/12 “I’ve got ringside seats. Quick, everybody, make

“Aku harus melihatnya. Ayo semua, kita menerobos gerbang!”

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147. I/26 David went alone into the valley and stood on one side

Daud berangkat sendiri ke lembah dan berdiri disatu sisi

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

148. I/26 Goliath waited on the other Goliath menunggu disisi lainnya LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

149. I/26 Goliath mocked David in front everyone Goliath mengejek Daud didepan semua orang LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

150. I/26 He would feed David to the birds

Daud akan

dibuatnya menjadi umpan burung

T There is a

changing of word class from plural becomes singular 151. I/26 Today the Philistine

would rule over the Israelites!

Hari ini Filistin akan menguasai Israel!

M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to stress the meaning in the TL

152. I/26 But David was confident and quick to correct

Tetapi Daud merasa yakin dan membantah Goliat

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL

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Goliath and it is

appropriate in the TL

153. I/26 It wasn’t Goliath but David who would win this day!

Daudlah yang menang hari ini bukan Goliat

M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to stress the meaning in the TL

154. I/26 This battle belonged to the lord!

Peperangan ini milik Tuhan!

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

155. I/28 David ran over and killed Goliath

David berlari mendekat dan mebunuh Goliat

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

156. I/28 The Israelites began to marvel at David

Orang Israel mulai kagum pada Daud

M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to stress the meaning in the TL

157. I/28 Now the

Philistines were scared! And Rufus too

Sekarang orang Filistin ketakutan! Rufus juga

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

(3)

appropriate in the TL

158. I/28 They began to run away as David an the Israelites chased them

Mereka mulai melarikan diri saat Daud dan tentara Israel mengejar mereka

M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to find out natural form in the TL 159. I/28 Frontier followed

the Israelite soldiers

Frontier mengikuti tentara Israel

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

160. I/30 On the outside, David looked small and weak

Dari luar, Daud terlihat kecil dan lemah

M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to find out natural form in the TL 161. I/30 But with the Lord

on his side lions, bears, and even giants stood no chance

Tetapi dengan Tuhan

disampingnya, singa, beruang, dan bahkan raksasatidak bisa menang

T There is a changing word class from plural becomes singular

162. I/30 No worries, no fears, no problem!

Tidak ada kekhawatiran,

tidak ada

ketakutan, tidak ada masalah

T There is a changing word class from plural becomes singular

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without David knowing anything about my escape

pulang tanpa ketahuan Daud

SL to TL

happened in order to find out natural form in the TL 164. I/30 Strange thing,

though

Tapi aneh M The translating of SL to TL

happened in order to find out natural form in the TL. So, the translator doesn’t tanslates the word

“though” in the TL

165. I/30 Can you guess what if found under my pillow? Four smooth stones!

Bisa kalian terka apa yang ada di bawah bantalku? Empat batu licin!

LT (direct ion)

The SL transfer directly word per word to the TL and it is

appropriate in the TL

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1.8 REFERENCES

Marsh, T. F. 2000. The Grouchy Giant. England : Kingsway Communications. Arikunto. 1991. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Bailey, Kenneth D. 1987. Methods of Social Research, New York. Free Press.

Catford, J.C. 1996. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Mochali, Rochayah 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, Jakarta : Grasino.

Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London : Rountledge. Newmark , Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pargaman Press.

Newmark, Peter 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).

Widya Martayo, A 1989. Seni Menerjemahkan. Yogyakarta : Kanisius.

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Summary of the story

The Israelite army is battling the evil Philistine army. David’s father, Jesse, sends him to take food to his brothers who are fighting on the Israelite side. But trouble’s brewing- that big brute Goliath is challenging the Israelites to a fight. No one will take the challenge-he’s nine feet tall!

Cassie, a spunky little lamb, is determined to watch the battle. When she realizes that her shepherd, David, is going to fight Goliath, she’s proud. She’s seen him fight lions and bears, and she knows how brave David is. But those Philistines have something to learn about appearances. Even though David isn’t as big and bad as Goliath, with God’s help he claims victory for the Israelite army.

Translation Procedures In The Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CHAPTER I

1.1

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.2

PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.4

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

1.8 REFERENCES

Summary of the story

Parts

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