Verb and Verb Phrase Definition and Types of the Errors

erroneousness will not be repeated anymore.

2.2.5 Verb and Verb Phrase Definition and Types of the Errors

Analysing errors have been conducted by several researchers and they provide some classifications of error, such as errors occurred in articles, nouns, numbers, verbs verb phrase, etc. Verb is the most important and complex part in making a sentence because a sentence cannot be completed without predicate or verb. “A verb in English is a word which occurs as part of the predicate of a sentence carries markers of grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, person, number and mood, and refers to an action or sta te” Richard and Schmidt, 2002: 577-578. Frank 1972 also adds the types of verb. They are linking verbs be, become, appear, etc., transitive verbs read, buy, drink, etc. and intransitive verbs walk, run, arrive, etc., reflexive verbs express oneself, washed himself, dressed himself, etc., auxiliary and lexical verbs may open, should bring, etc., and finite verbs teach, learn, eat, etc. and non-finite verbs is talking, to find, appeared, etc.. The verb every now and then is followed or preceded by some other materials closely linked to that verb, it is usually called verb phrase. Based on traditional grammar, “verb phrase means the auxiliary and main verbs in a sentence that function together” Richards and Schmidt 2002: 578. Eastwood also proposes ”a verb phrase has an ordinary verb come, thought, left, climbing and may also have an auxiliary had, was, will” 1994:3. Auxiliaries which appear together with verb in a verb phrase assist verb that enhance structural meaning Frank, 1972 . Thomson and Martinet also said, “Auxiliaries help to form a tense or an expression” 1986: 77. They add that auxiliaries have three types: principal auxiliaries be, have, do, ought, shall, will, modal auxiliaries can, may, must, should, would, could, might, had to, and semi- modals to need, to dare, used. Verb phrase has the same function with the verb as information provider about the subject of the sentence, but it is more complex because it is more than a word sometimes. Due to the difficulties and complexity of making verb and verb phrase, the possibility of verb and verb phrase deviations appeared in a second language learner’s work is wider. Several researchers have researched errors occurred on verb and verb phrase. Three of them are Dulay, Burt, and Krashen 1982. They did not only focus on verb and verb phrase errors classifications but also other elements. For this research necessary, only verb and verb phrase classification is taken from those researchers’ classification. Their classification is called surface strategy taxonomy. “Surface strategy taxonomy highlights the ways surface structure are altered” Dulay et al., 1982: 150. There are four classifications or types of error in surface strategy taxonomy which are committed by second language learners as Dulay et al . said “ learners may omit necessary items or add unnecessary ones; they may misform items or misorder them” 1982:150. The types that are applied on this research are explained below. 1 Omission “Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance ” Dulay et al, 1982: 154. If one of basic elements in producing an utterance or a sentence is omitted, the sentence cannot be called a complete sentence. Frank states that “a sentence is a full of predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite verb” 1972: 220. Those points cannot be reduced to produce perfect sentence especially the predicate. Error form: - Some of them___ still alive. That sentence should be: - Some of them are still alive. 2 Addition In this type, unnecessary element emerges in a well-formed utterance. It is the opposite of omission. There are three types of addition namely double markings, regularization and simple addition. a Double Markings Double marking means “two items rather than one are marked for the same feature tense, in these examples” Dulay et al,. 1982: 156. Error : I did n’t knew it was you, Jack. Correct : I didn’t know it was you, Jack. Error : She didn’t believed what happened. Correct : She didn’t believe what happened. b Regularization “Regularization is a rule that typically applies to a class of linguistic items, such as the class of main verbs or the class of nouns” Dulay et al,. 1982: 157. However, some members of the class are exception to the rule, that are called irregular form. For example, the verb leave does not become leaved in past tense form, but left. c Simple Addition “If an addition error is not a double marking nor a regularization, it is called a simple addition. No particular features characterize simple additions other than those that characterize all addition errors” Dulay et al ,. 1982: 158. For example, addition –s in making simple past tense: she tooks a cup of tea yesterday. 3 Misformation Misformation error is characterized by the misuse of the morpheme or syntactic structure. “While in omission errors the item is not supplied at all, in misformation errors the learner supplies something, although it is incorrect” Dulay et al,. 1982: 158. Misformation has three types of error: regularization, archi-forms, and alternating forms. However, this research just applies regularization and alternating forms because they categorize errors occurred in verb and verb phrase. a Regularization Regularization in this type is similar to regularization in addition error. Regularization error is marked by the use of a regular marker in place of an irregular one, such as runned for ran. b Alternating Forms In alternating forms, the production of verbs when the participle form en, as in taken is being acquired may be alternated with past irregular, as in: I seen her yesterday. He would have saw them. 4 Misordering “Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme or a group of morphemes in an utterance ” Dulay et al,. 1982: 162. This kind of errors usually occurs systematically during the constructions of both L2 and L1 learners. For examples: she asked where was the pen, while the correct one is she asked where the pen was.

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD