TRANSLATION SHIFT IN THE TRANSLATED NOVEL OF “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY FEMMY SYAHRIANI.
TRANSLATION SHIFT IN THE TRANSLATED NOVEL OF
“TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY FEMMY SYAHRIANI
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
DIAN SUKMA LESTARI
NIM 2123220010
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ABSTRACT
Lestari, Dian Sukma. 2123220010. Translation Shift in the Translated Novel
of “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Femmy Syahrianni. A Thesis. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2017.
The aim of this study were to find out category shift types used in the translation
of novel To Kill A Bird and to describe of how category shift is translated in the
novel from English into Indonesian. This study were conducted by using
descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were words, phrases, and
clauses in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian by
Femmy Syahrianni. It was found that there were 280 data in the novel from
English into Indonesian. The data analysis were taken by listing and bolding.
Documentary sheets used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were
analyzed based on Miles and Huberman (2014) by condensation which consists of
selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data
display by using table in order to get easy analyzing the data. The result of this
study were (1) there were four types of category shifts found in the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird namely; structure shifts (36.78%), class shift (27.14%), unit shift
(32.5%) and intra-system shift (3.27%). (2) The process of category shifts in the
translation novel by having modifier-head in source language changed into headmodifier in target language, adverb in source language changed into verb in target
language, one unit in source language changed into some units in target language.
and plural in source language changed into singular in target language.
Keyword: Translation shift, structure, class, unit, intra-system shift,novel.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thanks to Allah SWT and the prophet
Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and
Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of
Medan in completing the thesis. The writer is also very grateful to the following
people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan, who has sincerely given advice
and guidance during her study.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department as well as the examiner of the writer and Dra. Meisuri,
M.A., the secretary of English and Literature Department, who have
always helped and guided her during the completion of the study.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Program as well as the consultant and Academic Advisor of writer and
Nora Ronita, S.Pd., S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education
Program for their advices and encouragement to complete the thesis.
Dr. Zainuddin, DIP.,TEFL.,M.Hum., her consultant, who has patienly
given advice, motivation, suggestion, and correction during the
completion of her thesis.
Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa, M.Hum., her examiner, who have kindly given
correction and suggestion for the betterment of her thesis.
All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department who have
taught and guided her during the academic year.
Eis Sri Wahyunigsih, M.Pd., the Administration staff of English
Department, who has given advice and helped her during the fulfillment
of her thesis.
ii
Her beloved parent, Aiptu Muliono and Emy Mariati and her beloved
brothers and sister, Tri Teguh Wibowo, S.ST, Budi Hermawan, and
Wulandari,
S.Pd
who
have
sincerely
given
great
affection,
encouragement, advices, praying, a biggest financial support and have
become her main motivation to complete her study.
Her beloved groups, Homograph that consist of Dina Wahyuni
Tanjung, S.S., Yeni Novita Sari, S.S, Basyariah, S.S., Cindy Putri,
S.S., Dina Febriana, S.S., and Yumi Saniah Lubis, S.S., for a great
companionship and wonderfull experiences that have been through
together for almost 4 years up to present.
Her beloved friend, Rekha Khairunnisa, S.S, her first mate at her first
academic year, for the best solidarity and the best experience that have
been through together.
Her beloved group, ENCEL’S since 2009, Nova Mariani Siahaan,
Nindy Ika Putri, S.Pd., Siti Annisa, S.Pd, who have become great
friends and never stop to give support to fulfill her thesis.
Her beloved workmates SMK BIMA UTOMO BS who have kindly
given a support and praying to complete her study.
Her beloved friends, Popy Fachrunisa, S.Pd and Rahma Widyanita,
A.Md who have kindly stayed to give their time whenever she needs.
Her beloved classmates in English Literature A 2012 for the
extraordinary four years during the academic year.
Medan, Maret 2017
The writer
Dian Sukma Lestari
Reg. No. 2123220010
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Pages
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
The Problems of the Study ............................................................................. 5
The Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 5
The Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 5
The Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoritical Framework ................................................................................... 7
1. Translation. ................................................................................................ 7
2. Function of Translation. ............................................................................ 8
3. Process of Translation. .............................................................................. 10
4. Translation Shift ........................................................................................ 11
a) Level Shift ........................................................................................... 13
b) Category Shift ..................................................................................... 14
1) Structure Shift. ................................................................................. 14
2) Class Shift ........................................................................................ 15
3) Unit Shift.......................................................................................... 17
4) Intra System Shift ............................................................................ 18
5. Harper Lee ................................................................................................. 20
6. To Kill A Mockingbird ............................................................................. 21
B. Relevant Studies ........................................................................................... 23
C. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A.
B.
C.
D.
Research Method ........................................................................................... 27
The Data and Source Data ............................................................................. 27
Technique of Collecting the data ................................................................... 28
Instrument of Collecting the Data. ................................................................. 28
i
iv
E. Technique of Analyzing the data ................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Data. ........................................................................................................ 31
B. The Data Analysis. ......................................................................................... 31
1. The Types of Category shift . ................................................................ 31
2. The Process of Category Shift .............................................................. 33
a. Structure Shift. ................................................................................. 33
b. Class Shift. ....................................................................................... 34
c. Unit Shift. ........................................................................................ 37
d. Intra-system Shift............................................................................. 41
C. Research Findings. .................................................................................... 43
D. Discussion. ................................................................................................ 42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions. ................................................................................................... 47
B. Suggestions. ................................................................................................... 48
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX. ......................................................................................................... 53
iiv
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1. The Distribution of the Types of Category Shift
found in Translation novel of To Kill a Mockingbird.................32
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the study
The variety of languages in the world undeniably has obstructed people in
doing communication. It happens because every language in this world has its
own characteristics in terms of grammatical structure and cultural background.
Although the communication problems caused by the difference of grammatical
structure and cultural background sometimes can be overcome by doing verbal
communication, such as showing gestures, facial expressions, and body
languages, it can’t be denied that not all utterances can be revealed and
understood through this kind of communication. Therefore, the role of translation
is required
to solve the communication problem of two or more different
languages effectively and effeciently.
Translation generally means of transfering meaning of two or more
different languages. Larson (1984) says that translation is basically change of
form. When it is concerned with speaking a language, it refers to the actual words,
phrase, clauses, sentences, and paragraph which are spoken or witten. These form
are reffered to the structure of language in SL into TL. Therefore, as stated by
Larson, besides focusing on the process of transfering the meaning from source
language to the target language, it needs to be paid attention that the process of
translation has to make sure that the structure of the text in the source language is
adjusted to the structure on the target language in order that the message in the
source language can be understood when translated into the target language.
1
2
Nowadays, the progress of translation has been developed to a better
stage, although it still needs to get more developed. Some of translation works
come from various desciplines such as science, technology, politic, economy and
many more. Literary work which is also one of translation products has been
develoved rapidly. In Indonesia, there are so many literary work such as English
novel that have been translated into Indonesian and it’s always succesfully
accepted by the readers. The translation quality of the foreign novels is absolutely
one of the important things that makes the novels appropriate to be published.
However, to create a good translation product is not easy. It needs a long
process to understand two languages which have different structure and cultural
background. Therefore, some procedures in translation are needed to find the
equivalent form in the target language. One of the procedures is making the shift.
Generally, shift is a translation procedure that involves replacing the source
language elements into
the target language element without changing the
meaning. Translation shift helps the translator to gets the natural translation.
According to Catford (1965), there are two types of shift namely level shift and
category shifts. A level shift focuses on the changing of the level from grammar to
lexis. It means that the grammar in source language will be changed into lexis
when translated in the target language. While category shift focuses on all kinds
of grammatical changes. The kinds of grammatical changes in category shifts
namely; structure shift, which focuses on the change of grammatical structure in
source language has different structure in target language for example from
modifier + head in source language is changed into head + modifier in target
3
language , class shift which focuses on the change of class in source language has
different class in target language for example adverb in source language changed
into adjective in target language , unit shift which focuses on the change of unit
rank in source language has different unit rank in target language, for example
rank phrase in source language changed into word in target language, and intrasystem shift which deals with the systematically number from singular in source
language is changed into plural in target language. .
As one of the phenomenon in translation, the writer is interested in making a
further study about translation shift found in the English novel which is translated
into Indonesian. Catford classified shift into two types; level shift and category
shift. In this research, the researcher will only focus on one of the types of shift,
namely category shift which is found in the original novel of To Kill a
Mockingbird written by Harper Lee and translated by Femmy Sayahriani. In the
translation process of the novel, it can be found that the novel contains some of
the kinds category shifts such as structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intrasystem shift. The following are some examples of category shifts found in the
novel:
1. SL: She given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to
when we grew up.
TL: Dia memberi kami ramalan melankolis tentang apa jadinya kami
setelah dewasa.
From the data (1) above, it could be seen that the source language “a
melancholly prediction” was translated into Indonesian as target language to be
“ramalan melankolis”. Here there was a shift in structural rank. It means that the
phrase of “a melancholy prediction” in source language had the structure M-H
4
(Modifier + Head) changed into Indonesia language which had different pattern
namely H-M (Head + Modifier).
2. SL : The Radley place jutted into a sharp curve beyond our house.
TL : Kediaman Radley menjorok ke tikungan tak jauh dari rumah kami
From the data (2) above, it was clear that the source language “a sharp
curve” was translated into Indonesian language as target language to be
“tikungan”. Here there was an occurance in unit form which is three units in
source language changed into one unit in target language.
3. SL : He was sitting behind his table
TL : Dia sedang duduk dibelakang mejanya
From data (3) above, The word “his table” in source language is constructed
of his + table in which “his” comes as the premodifier before the headword
“table”. When the form is translated into target language, it become mejanya in
which
“nya” comes as postmodifier after the headword “meja”. If the
grammatical system of the source language is maintained in transfering the
expression “his table” is translated literally, it will be “nya meja” . That
expression is not acceptable in the target language. Therefore, the translator use
shifts in transfering “his table” becomes “mejanya”. And the shift here is kind of
structure shift.
Overall, the study will focus on finding types of category shift in novel of
To Kill A Mocking bird and describing how category shift is translated in novels
from English into Indonesian. This kind of study is expected to improve the
quality of the translated novel published in Indonesia.
5
B.
The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the Problems of the Study are
formulated as the follows.
1.
What are the category shift used in the translation of novel To Kill a
Mockingbird?
2.
How the category shifts are used in translating the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird ?
C.
The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are as the
following.
1.
To find out the types of category shift used in the translation of novel To Kill
a Mockingbird from English into Indonesian.
2.
To describe how category shift are used in translating the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird from English into Indonesian.
D.
The Scope of the Study
The scope of this research would be limited to kind of translation procedure
based the Catford’s theory (1965) which were consisted of level shift and category
shift. In this study, the researcher would be focused on the category shift namely:
structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift.
6
E.
The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study were expected to be relevant and significant
theoretically and practically. The findings would give some contributions to all
the readers for those who were concerned with this field. In the following
significances of the study were stated theoretically and practically.
As theoritically, the study is expected to contribute on the development of
translation study, especially on how catgeory shift is applied in translating the text
of English into Indonesian novels.
Practically, the usefulness of the findings is described as the following:
1.
The translators may use this study as a reference to them in translating the
English novel into the Indonesian version, so that they can produce the
better quality of Indonesian literary works.
2.
The students and readers can use the study as a guidance to learn about the
use of category shifts in translating literary works, especially English into
Indonesian novel.
3.
The translation lecturers can use the study as one of the learning subject to
improve the knowledge of the students about translation.
4.
The other researchers can use the study as one of the relevant studies and
guide them in making the study about category shift in literary works,
especially novel.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the data that have been done, the follorwings
were the conclusions that could be drawn:
1. From 280 data that consist of word, phrases, and clauses it was found
that there were four types of category shifts in the English novel of To
Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian by Femmy
Syahrianny namely; Structure Shift, Unit Shift, Class Shift, and intrasystem shift. All these category shifts types has percentage as
following; structure shift was about 36.78% as the highest percentage
of shift type used intranslating of that novel. While the second type as
the highest percentage was Unit shift about 32.5% which used in
translating of novel entittled “To Kill a Mockingbird”. Then, It
followed by class shift which covered about 27.14% and the last was
intra-system shift as the lowest percentage in translating that novel
namely about 3.57%.
2. The process of Category shift used in translating of novel To Kill A
Mockingbird from English into Indonesian by having modifier + Head
from source language changed into Head + Modifier in target
language, adverb in source language changed into adjective in target
language, preposistion in source language changed into verb in target
46
47
48 47
language, one unit in source language changed into some units in target
language, from several unit changed into one unit, and then one laxem
in source language was not translated into target langauge so that the
translation was readable. And then, the plural form in source language
changed into singular in target language.
B. Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following:
1. The student of English departments are deeply expected to probe and
learn more about the translation shift in translation studies to enlarge
their insight.
2. The translator that focus on literary works are expected to learn more
about translation shift, especially category shifts as one of types of
shift and also the procedure of translation in order that they can
produce the better quality of translated literary works.
49
REFERENCE
Ary, D, Jacobs, L.C, Razavieh, A. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education.
New York : Belmont, CA Wadsworth.
Bodgan and Biklen. 1982. Qualitative Research For Education. Toroto: Alyn and
Bacon.
Borg,WR and Gall, M.G. 1989. Educational Research: An Introduction [5th
Edition]. Newyork: Longman.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory on Translation. London: Oxford
University Press.
Hatim,Basil.2001.Teaching and Researching Translation. England: Pearson
Education
Hatim, B. and Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. USA
and Canada: Routledge.
Herman.2014. Category shift in the English Translation of Harry Potter and
Philosoper’s Stone Movie Subtitle into Indonesia. Journal of Humanities
and Social Science.19 (12). 31-38. Retrieved December 2nd 2015
Herdani.2014. An Analysis of Category shifts in the English-Indonesian Breaking
Dawn Movie Texts. Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta State University.
Hosseini-Maasom, Mohammad, Sayed. 2013. Translation Shifts in the Persian
Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Academis Journal
of Interdisciplinary Studie, 2(1) 391-398. Retrieved December 2nd, 2015.
Larson, M.L.1984. Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language
Equivalence. New York: University Press of America and Summer Institute
of Linguistics.
McGuire, S. 1980.Translation Studies. London and New York: Methuen
Moloeng,Lexy,J. 2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitative. Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya.
Newmark,P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London Prentice Hall.
Nida,E.A. and Taber,C.R,1982.The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden:
E.J.Brill.
Machali, Rochayah.1991. Essentials of Theory and Practice of Translation.
United State of America. Longman.
50
49
50
51
Http://www.biography.com/people/harper-lee-9377021#later-years.Retrieved:
February 3rd, 2015.
43
59
“TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY FEMMY SYAHRIANI
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
DIAN SUKMA LESTARI
NIM 2123220010
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ABSTRACT
Lestari, Dian Sukma. 2123220010. Translation Shift in the Translated Novel
of “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Femmy Syahrianni. A Thesis. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2017.
The aim of this study were to find out category shift types used in the translation
of novel To Kill A Bird and to describe of how category shift is translated in the
novel from English into Indonesian. This study were conducted by using
descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were words, phrases, and
clauses in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian by
Femmy Syahrianni. It was found that there were 280 data in the novel from
English into Indonesian. The data analysis were taken by listing and bolding.
Documentary sheets used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were
analyzed based on Miles and Huberman (2014) by condensation which consists of
selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data
display by using table in order to get easy analyzing the data. The result of this
study were (1) there were four types of category shifts found in the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird namely; structure shifts (36.78%), class shift (27.14%), unit shift
(32.5%) and intra-system shift (3.27%). (2) The process of category shifts in the
translation novel by having modifier-head in source language changed into headmodifier in target language, adverb in source language changed into verb in target
language, one unit in source language changed into some units in target language.
and plural in source language changed into singular in target language.
Keyword: Translation shift, structure, class, unit, intra-system shift,novel.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thanks to Allah SWT and the prophet
Muhammad SAW for the blessings during her academic year at English and
Literature Department Faculty of Languages and Arts (FBS) State University of
Medan in completing the thesis. The writer is also very grateful to the following
people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan, who has sincerely given advice
and guidance during her study.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department as well as the examiner of the writer and Dra. Meisuri,
M.A., the secretary of English and Literature Department, who have
always helped and guided her during the completion of the study.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Program as well as the consultant and Academic Advisor of writer and
Nora Ronita, S.Pd., S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education
Program for their advices and encouragement to complete the thesis.
Dr. Zainuddin, DIP.,TEFL.,M.Hum., her consultant, who has patienly
given advice, motivation, suggestion, and correction during the
completion of her thesis.
Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa, M.Hum., her examiner, who have kindly given
correction and suggestion for the betterment of her thesis.
All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department who have
taught and guided her during the academic year.
Eis Sri Wahyunigsih, M.Pd., the Administration staff of English
Department, who has given advice and helped her during the fulfillment
of her thesis.
ii
Her beloved parent, Aiptu Muliono and Emy Mariati and her beloved
brothers and sister, Tri Teguh Wibowo, S.ST, Budi Hermawan, and
Wulandari,
S.Pd
who
have
sincerely
given
great
affection,
encouragement, advices, praying, a biggest financial support and have
become her main motivation to complete her study.
Her beloved groups, Homograph that consist of Dina Wahyuni
Tanjung, S.S., Yeni Novita Sari, S.S, Basyariah, S.S., Cindy Putri,
S.S., Dina Febriana, S.S., and Yumi Saniah Lubis, S.S., for a great
companionship and wonderfull experiences that have been through
together for almost 4 years up to present.
Her beloved friend, Rekha Khairunnisa, S.S, her first mate at her first
academic year, for the best solidarity and the best experience that have
been through together.
Her beloved group, ENCEL’S since 2009, Nova Mariani Siahaan,
Nindy Ika Putri, S.Pd., Siti Annisa, S.Pd, who have become great
friends and never stop to give support to fulfill her thesis.
Her beloved workmates SMK BIMA UTOMO BS who have kindly
given a support and praying to complete her study.
Her beloved friends, Popy Fachrunisa, S.Pd and Rahma Widyanita,
A.Md who have kindly stayed to give their time whenever she needs.
Her beloved classmates in English Literature A 2012 for the
extraordinary four years during the academic year.
Medan, Maret 2017
The writer
Dian Sukma Lestari
Reg. No. 2123220010
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Pages
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
The Problems of the Study ............................................................................. 5
The Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 5
The Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 5
The Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoritical Framework ................................................................................... 7
1. Translation. ................................................................................................ 7
2. Function of Translation. ............................................................................ 8
3. Process of Translation. .............................................................................. 10
4. Translation Shift ........................................................................................ 11
a) Level Shift ........................................................................................... 13
b) Category Shift ..................................................................................... 14
1) Structure Shift. ................................................................................. 14
2) Class Shift ........................................................................................ 15
3) Unit Shift.......................................................................................... 17
4) Intra System Shift ............................................................................ 18
5. Harper Lee ................................................................................................. 20
6. To Kill A Mockingbird ............................................................................. 21
B. Relevant Studies ........................................................................................... 23
C. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A.
B.
C.
D.
Research Method ........................................................................................... 27
The Data and Source Data ............................................................................. 27
Technique of Collecting the data ................................................................... 28
Instrument of Collecting the Data. ................................................................. 28
i
iv
E. Technique of Analyzing the data ................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Data. ........................................................................................................ 31
B. The Data Analysis. ......................................................................................... 31
1. The Types of Category shift . ................................................................ 31
2. The Process of Category Shift .............................................................. 33
a. Structure Shift. ................................................................................. 33
b. Class Shift. ....................................................................................... 34
c. Unit Shift. ........................................................................................ 37
d. Intra-system Shift............................................................................. 41
C. Research Findings. .................................................................................... 43
D. Discussion. ................................................................................................ 42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions. ................................................................................................... 47
B. Suggestions. ................................................................................................... 48
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX. ......................................................................................................... 53
iiv
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1. The Distribution of the Types of Category Shift
found in Translation novel of To Kill a Mockingbird.................32
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the study
The variety of languages in the world undeniably has obstructed people in
doing communication. It happens because every language in this world has its
own characteristics in terms of grammatical structure and cultural background.
Although the communication problems caused by the difference of grammatical
structure and cultural background sometimes can be overcome by doing verbal
communication, such as showing gestures, facial expressions, and body
languages, it can’t be denied that not all utterances can be revealed and
understood through this kind of communication. Therefore, the role of translation
is required
to solve the communication problem of two or more different
languages effectively and effeciently.
Translation generally means of transfering meaning of two or more
different languages. Larson (1984) says that translation is basically change of
form. When it is concerned with speaking a language, it refers to the actual words,
phrase, clauses, sentences, and paragraph which are spoken or witten. These form
are reffered to the structure of language in SL into TL. Therefore, as stated by
Larson, besides focusing on the process of transfering the meaning from source
language to the target language, it needs to be paid attention that the process of
translation has to make sure that the structure of the text in the source language is
adjusted to the structure on the target language in order that the message in the
source language can be understood when translated into the target language.
1
2
Nowadays, the progress of translation has been developed to a better
stage, although it still needs to get more developed. Some of translation works
come from various desciplines such as science, technology, politic, economy and
many more. Literary work which is also one of translation products has been
develoved rapidly. In Indonesia, there are so many literary work such as English
novel that have been translated into Indonesian and it’s always succesfully
accepted by the readers. The translation quality of the foreign novels is absolutely
one of the important things that makes the novels appropriate to be published.
However, to create a good translation product is not easy. It needs a long
process to understand two languages which have different structure and cultural
background. Therefore, some procedures in translation are needed to find the
equivalent form in the target language. One of the procedures is making the shift.
Generally, shift is a translation procedure that involves replacing the source
language elements into
the target language element without changing the
meaning. Translation shift helps the translator to gets the natural translation.
According to Catford (1965), there are two types of shift namely level shift and
category shifts. A level shift focuses on the changing of the level from grammar to
lexis. It means that the grammar in source language will be changed into lexis
when translated in the target language. While category shift focuses on all kinds
of grammatical changes. The kinds of grammatical changes in category shifts
namely; structure shift, which focuses on the change of grammatical structure in
source language has different structure in target language for example from
modifier + head in source language is changed into head + modifier in target
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language , class shift which focuses on the change of class in source language has
different class in target language for example adverb in source language changed
into adjective in target language , unit shift which focuses on the change of unit
rank in source language has different unit rank in target language, for example
rank phrase in source language changed into word in target language, and intrasystem shift which deals with the systematically number from singular in source
language is changed into plural in target language. .
As one of the phenomenon in translation, the writer is interested in making a
further study about translation shift found in the English novel which is translated
into Indonesian. Catford classified shift into two types; level shift and category
shift. In this research, the researcher will only focus on one of the types of shift,
namely category shift which is found in the original novel of To Kill a
Mockingbird written by Harper Lee and translated by Femmy Sayahriani. In the
translation process of the novel, it can be found that the novel contains some of
the kinds category shifts such as structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intrasystem shift. The following are some examples of category shifts found in the
novel:
1. SL: She given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to
when we grew up.
TL: Dia memberi kami ramalan melankolis tentang apa jadinya kami
setelah dewasa.
From the data (1) above, it could be seen that the source language “a
melancholly prediction” was translated into Indonesian as target language to be
“ramalan melankolis”. Here there was a shift in structural rank. It means that the
phrase of “a melancholy prediction” in source language had the structure M-H
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(Modifier + Head) changed into Indonesia language which had different pattern
namely H-M (Head + Modifier).
2. SL : The Radley place jutted into a sharp curve beyond our house.
TL : Kediaman Radley menjorok ke tikungan tak jauh dari rumah kami
From the data (2) above, it was clear that the source language “a sharp
curve” was translated into Indonesian language as target language to be
“tikungan”. Here there was an occurance in unit form which is three units in
source language changed into one unit in target language.
3. SL : He was sitting behind his table
TL : Dia sedang duduk dibelakang mejanya
From data (3) above, The word “his table” in source language is constructed
of his + table in which “his” comes as the premodifier before the headword
“table”. When the form is translated into target language, it become mejanya in
which
“nya” comes as postmodifier after the headword “meja”. If the
grammatical system of the source language is maintained in transfering the
expression “his table” is translated literally, it will be “nya meja” . That
expression is not acceptable in the target language. Therefore, the translator use
shifts in transfering “his table” becomes “mejanya”. And the shift here is kind of
structure shift.
Overall, the study will focus on finding types of category shift in novel of
To Kill A Mocking bird and describing how category shift is translated in novels
from English into Indonesian. This kind of study is expected to improve the
quality of the translated novel published in Indonesia.
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B.
The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the Problems of the Study are
formulated as the follows.
1.
What are the category shift used in the translation of novel To Kill a
Mockingbird?
2.
How the category shifts are used in translating the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird ?
C.
The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are as the
following.
1.
To find out the types of category shift used in the translation of novel To Kill
a Mockingbird from English into Indonesian.
2.
To describe how category shift are used in translating the novel To Kill a
Mockingbird from English into Indonesian.
D.
The Scope of the Study
The scope of this research would be limited to kind of translation procedure
based the Catford’s theory (1965) which were consisted of level shift and category
shift. In this study, the researcher would be focused on the category shift namely:
structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift.
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E.
The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study were expected to be relevant and significant
theoretically and practically. The findings would give some contributions to all
the readers for those who were concerned with this field. In the following
significances of the study were stated theoretically and practically.
As theoritically, the study is expected to contribute on the development of
translation study, especially on how catgeory shift is applied in translating the text
of English into Indonesian novels.
Practically, the usefulness of the findings is described as the following:
1.
The translators may use this study as a reference to them in translating the
English novel into the Indonesian version, so that they can produce the
better quality of Indonesian literary works.
2.
The students and readers can use the study as a guidance to learn about the
use of category shifts in translating literary works, especially English into
Indonesian novel.
3.
The translation lecturers can use the study as one of the learning subject to
improve the knowledge of the students about translation.
4.
The other researchers can use the study as one of the relevant studies and
guide them in making the study about category shift in literary works,
especially novel.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the data that have been done, the follorwings
were the conclusions that could be drawn:
1. From 280 data that consist of word, phrases, and clauses it was found
that there were four types of category shifts in the English novel of To
Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian by Femmy
Syahrianny namely; Structure Shift, Unit Shift, Class Shift, and intrasystem shift. All these category shifts types has percentage as
following; structure shift was about 36.78% as the highest percentage
of shift type used intranslating of that novel. While the second type as
the highest percentage was Unit shift about 32.5% which used in
translating of novel entittled “To Kill a Mockingbird”. Then, It
followed by class shift which covered about 27.14% and the last was
intra-system shift as the lowest percentage in translating that novel
namely about 3.57%.
2. The process of Category shift used in translating of novel To Kill A
Mockingbird from English into Indonesian by having modifier + Head
from source language changed into Head + Modifier in target
language, adverb in source language changed into adjective in target
language, preposistion in source language changed into verb in target
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language, one unit in source language changed into some units in target
language, from several unit changed into one unit, and then one laxem
in source language was not translated into target langauge so that the
translation was readable. And then, the plural form in source language
changed into singular in target language.
B. Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following:
1. The student of English departments are deeply expected to probe and
learn more about the translation shift in translation studies to enlarge
their insight.
2. The translator that focus on literary works are expected to learn more
about translation shift, especially category shifts as one of types of
shift and also the procedure of translation in order that they can
produce the better quality of translated literary works.
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