v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication iv
Table of contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Abbreviations xi
List of Symbols xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Scopes of Research 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.0 Overview
6 2.1
Introduction of Automotive Fender 6
2.2 Existing Material Used For Automotive Fender
7 2.2.1 Steel
8 2.2.2 Plastic
8 2.2.3 Noryl GTX resin
8 2.2.4 High modulus ductile HMD resin
10 2.2.5 Carbon fiber
10 2.2.6 Aluminium-Blech
11
2.3 Automotive Fender Material Selection Criteria
12 2.3.1 Density
12 2.3.2 Cost
12 2.3.3 Painting capability
13
vi
2.3.4 Design freedom 14
2.3.5 Performance requirements 14
2.4 Lightweight Materials Used in Automotive Industry 14
2.4.1 Steel 14
2.4.2 Aluminium Alloys 16
2.4.3 Magnesium Alloys 19
2.4.4 Titanium Alloys 20
2.4.5 Stainless Steels 20
2.4.6 Cast Iron 21
2.4.7 Polymer Matrix Composites 22
2.4.7.1 Thermoplastics and Thermoplastics 22
Matrix Composites 2.4.7.2 Thermoset–Matrix Composites
23 2.5
Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP 25
2.5.1 Application of AHP in multi-criteria decision making 25
MCDM process 2.6
Technique For Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution 27
TOPSIS 2.6.1 Application of TOPSIS in multi-criteria decision making
28 MCDM process
2.7 Integration of AHP-TOPSIS Method 28
2.7.1 Implementation of Integrated AHP-TOPSIS method 29
2.8 Other Material Selection Method 29
2.9 Summary and Research Gap
30
CHAPTER 3: METHDODOLOGY 32
3.0 Overview
32 3.1
Project Flow Chart 33
3.2 AHP Method
35 3.3
TOPSIS Method 39
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS USING INTEGRATED AHP-TOPSIS METHOD 44 4.0
Overview 44
vii
4.1 Data Collection
45 4.2
Weighting of Criteria Using AHP Method 47
4.2.1 Hierarchy Framework 47
4.2.2 Main Criteria With Respect To Goal 49
4.2.2.1 Pair-Wise Comparison 49
4.2.2.2 Consistency Analysis 50
4.2.2.2.1 Eigenvalue ƛmax 50
4.2.2.2.2 Consistency Index CI 51
4.2.2.2.3 Consistency Ratio CR 52
4.2.3 Sub-Criteria With Respect To Main Criteria 52
4.2.4 Sub-Criteria With Respect To Goal 53
4.3 Ranking of Alternatives Using TOPSIS Method
54 4.3.1 Overall TOPSIS Decision Matrix
54 4.3.2 Normalized Decision Matrix
54 4.3.3 Weighted Normalized Decision Matrix
55 4.3.4 Positive Ideal Solution PIS and Negative Ideal Solution NIS 58
4.3.5 Separation Measures 58
4.3.6 Relative Closeness 59
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
61
5.0 Overview
61 5.1
AHP Results 62
5.1.1 Expert Choice TM Software 62
5.1.1.1 Main Criteria With Respect To Goal 62
5.1.1.2 Sub-Criteria With Respect To Main Criteria 64
5.1.1.3 Sub-Criteria With Respect To Goal 65
5.2 TOPSIS Results
66
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 68
