TERMS OF ADDRESS BY MANDAILING COMMUNITY IN WEDDING CEREMONY VIDEO.
TERMS OF ADDRESS BY MANDAILING COMMUNITY IN
WEDDING CEREMONY VIDEO
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
SUSIYANTI SIREGAR
Registration Number: 2122220015
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Siregar, Susiyanti. 2016. Terms of Address by Mandailing Community in Wedding
Ceremony Video. A Thesis English and Literture Department, Facultyof Language and
Arts, State University of Medan.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and socio basically similar to social or related
to people in the society. Sociolinguistics is branch of linguistics and terms of address is one
of sociolinguistics major. This study deals with the Terms of Address by Mandailing
Community in Wedding Ceremony Video. This study aims to find out the kinds and factors
that influence the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video.
This study conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this research were
taken from the transcript of Mandailing wedding ceremony video. The data were collectedby
observation technique. After analyzed the data it was found that there were 203 kinds of
terms of address,315 factors that influnced the terms of address and also there were some the
terms of address used it’s not by Mandailing address terms.The most dominant kindthe terms of
address are used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony isKT (147 times) 72,41%.
And The most dominant rarely used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video is
T (13 times) 6,40%. The most frequent factor that influenced the terms of address by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video is FR (146 data) 46,35%. Andthe less
factor that influenced of the term of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video is TS (1 data) 0,31%.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Terms of Address, Mandailing Community
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises is to Allah the lord of the universe. Due to his blessing, eventually, the
writer could finish this graduating paper without anyobstacle. Our blessing and praises to our
prophet Muhammad who has brought us from the darkness to the lightness.
This thesis was written in order to fulfill one of the requirments to obtain the S1
deggree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.Therefore, the writer would like to thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M. Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr, Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd.,the Head of English and Literature Department, Dra,
Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department and as her
Reviewer, Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Program And as her Academic Advisor, Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd.,S.S.,M.Hum., the
Head of English Educational Program,
Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. and Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., as her
Thesis Advisor their invaluable advices, giving some corrections as well as giving
encouragement to the researcher during the process of writing thesis.
Citra Anggia Putri, S.S., M.Hum., as her Thesis Reviewers
All Lectures in English and Literature Department who advised and guided the
resercher during academic years.
ii
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd., as the Administration Staff of English and Literature
Department for helping the researcher in preparing all the fulfillment in conducting
this thesis.
Beloved parents, Ependi Siregar and Sarbani Rambe, for their prayer and also
thanks for the love and great care all the time from her brother and sister; Henni,
Mara Adam, Satuan, Budiman, Rizki Wahyudi and Bakti Rifaldi.
Her friends and her boyfriend, Hesti, Rina, Sadariah,Datoek Muda Benny who
always share their info and always support. And also thanks to all ELIT A and B
2012.
Finally, the writer wants this graduating paper can give benefit and useful thing to the
readers.
Medan,
August 2016
The Writer
Susiyanti Siregar
Reg. Num. 2122220015
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................
v
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A. Background Of The Study ..........................................................................
1
B. The Problem Of The Study .........................................................................
4
C. The Scope Of The Study ............................................................................
5
D. The Objective Of The Study .......................................................................
5
E. The Significance Of The Study .................................................................
5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................
7
A. Terms Of Address .......................................................................................
7
1. Definitionof Address Of Terms ...................................................................
7
2. Kinds The Terms Of Address ......................................................................
9
a. First Name (FN) ...............................................................................
10
b. Title Last Nmae (TLN) ....................................................................
10
c. Title Only (T) ...............................................................................................
11
d. Last Name (LN) ...........................................................................................
11
e. Pet Name (PN)..............................................................................................
12
f. Kinship Terms (KT)......................................................................................
12
3. Factor Influencing The Use Of Address Terms ..........................................
13
iv
B. Kinship Term ..............................................................................................
17
C. Mandailing Community...............................................................................
19
D. Review Of Previous Of The Study ..............................................................
20
CHAPTER III: THE RESEARCH METHOD ...........................................
22
A. The Design Of Research .............................................................................
22
B. The Source Of Data .....................................................................................
22
C. Technique Of Collecting Data .....................................................................
22
D. Technique Of Analyzing Data ....................................................................
23
CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ...........................................
26
A. Data ..............................................................................................................................
26
B. Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................
26
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................
38
A. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................
38
B. Suggestions ...............................................................................................................
39
REFERENCES. ..............................................................................................
41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
43
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1.Kinds of Terms of Address by Mandailing Community ...............
27
Table 4.2.Factors that Influenced the Term of Address by Mandailing
Community......................................................................................
vi
31
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the Study
Sociolinguistics is interdisciplinary science which is derived from two
basic elements: socio and linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of
language and socio basically similar to social or related to people in the society
(Siburian, 2014: 1). Language as a meaning has a very important function in daily
life. Language cannot develop in a vacuum and there is no society alive without
language. Language helps people to know each other and especially to get an
information. This is the reason for people use language, because language is a
network of relationship.
In communication process, there isa time where people should greet their
speaker. The way of greeting is called as the terms of address. Addressing is how
someone addressee another one, therefore, address is the general use of these
form, in the sense of „the manner of referring to someone in direct linguistics
interaction‟, has provided sociolinguistics with a major field of study (Kurt:2011).
With the development of globalization and the expansion of the
intercultural communication, the contact between people from different countries
or regional, cultures and ethnics are becoming more and more frequent
(Yang:2010). It is inevitable to use terms of address which differ because of the
diversity of culture.
1
2
Terms of address are culture dependent and change in the course of time
as old criteria become obsolete and come to be replace by new criteria, and other
criteria may be added to create a new system (Taavitsainen and Jucker, 2003) in
Yang journal.
Every country has two or more languages spoken by the people and also
has regional language used throughout the country. In English or American people
can be addressed by his name, his title his name plus his name, or by nothing at
all, that is, no-naming form or when someone has in doubt as to how to address
another they can actually avoid the difficulty by not using any address term at all.
they can say Good morning as well as Good morning, Sir/Mr Smith/Susie. In other
languages such avoidance may be either impolite or deficient.
Brown and Ford (1961:378) in Fasold (2000) state that speaker may use
more than one form of theproper name for the same addressee, sometimes saying
title last name (TLN), sometimes first name (FN) or last name (LN) or anickname,
sometimes creating phonetic variants of either first name (FN) or the nickname.
However,the choice is not arbitrary.
English never has one characteristic to address someone. For example,
people will call mom to address their mother, but it will be different from formal
situation, such as their mother as a speaker in seminar they will call “mrs” to their
mother.In Indonesia which has many different customs, someone will call him/her
older sister as “kakak” and younger sister as “adek”. From the example above, it
can be seen that the value of respect of someone will different when he/she
address another one.
3
Wardhaugh (2006:268) has his own types of address terms. He states that
the types of address terms are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title
alone (T), last name (LN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT).
Indonesia has national language that is used in formal situation and
regional languages is used in informal situation which function has a symbol of
the people‟s regional identity. For example, in North Sumatra‟s society have some
regional languages, these are Karo language, Pakpak language, Mandailing
language, Toba language, and many more.
Mandailing language is one of the regional languages spoken by
mandailing ethnic community and also it is part of bataknese. Mandailing
language or Mandailing community is different from other language. It is such in
communication process, Mandailing community use special address terms.
Nasution (2005) says that in Mandailing community to create a harmonious
relationship should be based on ethics to address
someone. Addressing in
Mandailing community is influenced by culture. Culture means the characteristics
one society with many aspects; such as age, sex, status, level of position, and level
of education that they used to address someone.
Mandailingcommunity do not arbitrary to address someone. Theydo not
allowto call someone by her name especially to the older addresee. It is impolite
to address someone by her name and also the address someone with personal
pronoun such as “you” , “kamu” in bahasa or “ ho” in Mandailing.
In mandailing community, there is some aspect which influence the way of
them use terms of address, such as kinship. It also depends on the situational
4
context. Kinship term are terms for blood relations and for affine (Braun, 1988) in
Yang journal (2010), indicating the relationship between one person and his
relatives.
The researcher has made a survey or questionnaire for Mandailing people
about the use terms of address byMandailing community.From the answers of
respondent, the researcher has found some issues. The first,the result shows that
by thirteen respondents, just one respondent use addressing terms correctly, it is
7,69%. And twelve respondent use addressing terms incorrectly, it is 92,31%.
Second, there is the most dominant incorrect where they use addressing terms to
their mother. There are ten respondent (76,92%) use addressing terms to their
mother incorrectly, so it means only three respondent (23,07%) use addressing
terms to their mother correctly. Based on result of survey, many Mandailing
community do not know how use the terms of address anymore.
The researcher has also found in wedding ceremony that Mandailing
address terms are not fully used anymore. Based on survey and all explanations
above became the reason why researcher choose this topic. By considering what is
written above this study analyzed about terms of address by Mandailing comunity
in wedding ceremony video. This study usesWardhaugh‟s theory.
B.
The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study are formulated as the following:
1.
What kinds of the terms of address are
community in wedding ceremony video ?
used by Mandailing
5
2.
What factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video?
C.
The Scope of the Study
This study describes one of thesociolinguistics aspects or general topics in
sociolinguistics.The researcher is focused on finding the terms of address by
Mandailingcommunity in wedding ceremony video. By explaining, terms of
address in sociolinguistics that it focuseson the finding kinds and factors that
influence the terms of address.
D.
The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1. To find out what kinds of the terms of address are used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video.
2. To find out what factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video.
E.
The Significance of the Study
The significance of this study are:
1. For younger who wants to enrich and to improving their knowledge or
their ability in Mandailing language
2. For Students, to obtain more about the terms of address by Mandailing
community.
6
3. For keeping the Indonesian linguistic document as well as for the
documentation of regional government of Mandailing, especially in
wedding ceremony video.
4. For the next researcher who are interested in conducting the research
of the same fields of the study.
38
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Based on data and data analysis in chapter IVabout terms of address by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video. The first conclusion is
concerned with kinds of the terms of address by Mandailing community in
wedding ceremony video. The second conclusion is related to factors that
influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video. As follows:
1.
There are sixkindsof the terms of address by Wardhaugh’s theory.
They are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title (T), last name
(LN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT). From six kinds, there were
only five kinds used in Mandailing wedding ceremony video. They were
FN, TLN, T, PN, KT with the total kinds of address termsused by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony videoare 203 data. The
most dominant kindthe terms of address are used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony isKT (147 times) 72,41%. The most
dominant rarely used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video is T (13 times) 6,40%. And LN is never used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video. So, it means that Mandailing
38
39
community are usually use the terms of address by their relatives/family
relationship or kinship terms.
2.
In this research,factors that influenced the terms of address by
Wardhaugh’s theory are divided into seven. They are gender (G), age
(A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional
status (TS), race (R) and degree of intimacy (DI). The total data factors
thatinfluenced the kinds of address terms by Mandailing community in
wedding ceremony video are 315 data. The most frequent factor that
influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding
ceremony video is FR (146 data) 46,35%. Andthe less factor that
influenced of the term of address by Mandailing community in wedding
ceremony video is TS (1 data) 0,31%. it means that all factors were used
by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video. And then based
on the data, factor that influnced of mandailing address terms is usually
FR or by their relatives.
B. Suggestions
After collected and analyzed the data, some suggestion are
given as follows:
1.
It suggested that the reader of this thesis is important to know what
kindsof the terms of address are used by Mandailing community and
what factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community,
especiallyin wedding ceremony video.
40
2.
The researcher suggest to reader who want to know about Mandailing
language, especially Mandailing community who doesn’t know
Mandailing language anymore. It is better to learn throughMandailing
wedding ceremony video because in wedding ceremony it’s almost use
the terms of address.
3. For futher researchers, who wants to use of address terms usage as the
object of the research or for researcher who wants to analyze of address
terms from different perspective. Terms of address can be found in
every language, it’s not just mandailing language but also the other
language .
41
REFERENCES
Ary, D, Jacobs, L.C., & Razavieh, A. 2002. Introduction to Research In
Education. Usa: Wadsworth.
Bogdan and Biklen In Arikunto . 2013. Procedur Penelitian. Jakata: Pt Rineka
Cipta.
Braun In Yang. 2010. Transalation of English and Chinese Addressing Terms
From The Cultural Aspect. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,
5(1): 723-745.
Brown And Ford In Fasold. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Cambridge
Massachusesetts: Blackwell.
Chaika, Ellen.2001. Language: The Social Mirror. Newburry House Publisher:
Usa.
Fasold. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Cambridge Massachusesetts:
Blackwell.
Gramley, Stephan And Km. Patzold. 2004. A Survey of Modern English. Usa:
Routledge.
Holmes, Janet. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. England: Pearson
Education Limited.
Kurt, Danziger. 2011. Interpersonal communication. Australia: Pergamon Press
Leckie-Tarry In Saragih. 2014. Discourse Analysis: Sytematic Functional
Linguistics. Medan: Unimed Press.
Lincoln And Guba In Ary. 2002. Introduction to Research In Education.Usa:
Tandra Jorgense
Liu, Xuan . Zhang, Lanqin And Zhang, Ying. 2010. Study on Addressing Terms
And Relevant Culture In Amerika and China. Journal Of Language
Teaching And Research, 5(1):753-756.
Nasution, Pandapotan. 2005. Adat Budaya Mandailing Dalam Tantangan Zaman.
Medan: Forkala.
Parkin In Wardhaugh. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguitics. United Kindom:
Blackwell.
41
42
Parkinson In Qin. 2008. Choices In Terms Of Address:A Sociolinguistic Study Of
Chinese and American English Practices. The Ohio State University,
20(1):409-421.
Salzmann, Zdenek. 1998. Language,Culture, and Society. United States Of
Amerika: Westview Press.
Siburian, H.A. 2014. Sociolinguistics. Medan: Unimed Press
Taavitsainen And Jucker In Yang. 2010. Transalation of English and Chinese
Addressing Terms From The Cultural Aspect. Journal of Language
Teaching And Research, 5(1):738-742.
Thomas And Wareing. 2001. Language, Society, and Power. Usa: Tj International
Ltd.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguitics. United Kindom:
Blackwell.
Yacub In Nasution. 2005. Adat Budaya Mandialing Dalam Tantangan Zaman.
Medan: Forkala.
Yang,Chunli. 2010. Transalation of English and Chinese Addressing Terms From
The Cultural Aspect. Journal of Language Teaching and Research,
5(1):738-742.
http://youtube.be/nAGTna2Lh7G. Accessed on July 8, 2016.
WEDDING CEREMONY VIDEO
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
SUSIYANTI SIREGAR
Registration Number: 2122220015
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Siregar, Susiyanti. 2016. Terms of Address by Mandailing Community in Wedding
Ceremony Video. A Thesis English and Literture Department, Facultyof Language and
Arts, State University of Medan.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and socio basically similar to social or related
to people in the society. Sociolinguistics is branch of linguistics and terms of address is one
of sociolinguistics major. This study deals with the Terms of Address by Mandailing
Community in Wedding Ceremony Video. This study aims to find out the kinds and factors
that influence the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video.
This study conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this research were
taken from the transcript of Mandailing wedding ceremony video. The data were collectedby
observation technique. After analyzed the data it was found that there were 203 kinds of
terms of address,315 factors that influnced the terms of address and also there were some the
terms of address used it’s not by Mandailing address terms.The most dominant kindthe terms of
address are used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony isKT (147 times) 72,41%.
And The most dominant rarely used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video is
T (13 times) 6,40%. The most frequent factor that influenced the terms of address by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video is FR (146 data) 46,35%. Andthe less
factor that influenced of the term of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video is TS (1 data) 0,31%.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Terms of Address, Mandailing Community
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises is to Allah the lord of the universe. Due to his blessing, eventually, the
writer could finish this graduating paper without anyobstacle. Our blessing and praises to our
prophet Muhammad who has brought us from the darkness to the lightness.
This thesis was written in order to fulfill one of the requirments to obtain the S1
deggree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.Therefore, the writer would like to thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M. Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr, Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd.,the Head of English and Literature Department, Dra,
Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English and Literature Department and as her
Reviewer, Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Program And as her Academic Advisor, Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd.,S.S.,M.Hum., the
Head of English Educational Program,
Faculty of Language and Arts, State
University of Medan.
Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. and Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., as her
Thesis Advisor their invaluable advices, giving some corrections as well as giving
encouragement to the researcher during the process of writing thesis.
Citra Anggia Putri, S.S., M.Hum., as her Thesis Reviewers
All Lectures in English and Literature Department who advised and guided the
resercher during academic years.
ii
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd., as the Administration Staff of English and Literature
Department for helping the researcher in preparing all the fulfillment in conducting
this thesis.
Beloved parents, Ependi Siregar and Sarbani Rambe, for their prayer and also
thanks for the love and great care all the time from her brother and sister; Henni,
Mara Adam, Satuan, Budiman, Rizki Wahyudi and Bakti Rifaldi.
Her friends and her boyfriend, Hesti, Rina, Sadariah,Datoek Muda Benny who
always share their info and always support. And also thanks to all ELIT A and B
2012.
Finally, the writer wants this graduating paper can give benefit and useful thing to the
readers.
Medan,
August 2016
The Writer
Susiyanti Siregar
Reg. Num. 2122220015
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................
v
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A. Background Of The Study ..........................................................................
1
B. The Problem Of The Study .........................................................................
4
C. The Scope Of The Study ............................................................................
5
D. The Objective Of The Study .......................................................................
5
E. The Significance Of The Study .................................................................
5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................
7
A. Terms Of Address .......................................................................................
7
1. Definitionof Address Of Terms ...................................................................
7
2. Kinds The Terms Of Address ......................................................................
9
a. First Name (FN) ...............................................................................
10
b. Title Last Nmae (TLN) ....................................................................
10
c. Title Only (T) ...............................................................................................
11
d. Last Name (LN) ...........................................................................................
11
e. Pet Name (PN)..............................................................................................
12
f. Kinship Terms (KT)......................................................................................
12
3. Factor Influencing The Use Of Address Terms ..........................................
13
iv
B. Kinship Term ..............................................................................................
17
C. Mandailing Community...............................................................................
19
D. Review Of Previous Of The Study ..............................................................
20
CHAPTER III: THE RESEARCH METHOD ...........................................
22
A. The Design Of Research .............................................................................
22
B. The Source Of Data .....................................................................................
22
C. Technique Of Collecting Data .....................................................................
22
D. Technique Of Analyzing Data ....................................................................
23
CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ...........................................
26
A. Data ..............................................................................................................................
26
B. Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................
26
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................................
38
A. Conclusions ...............................................................................................................
38
B. Suggestions ...............................................................................................................
39
REFERENCES. ..............................................................................................
41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
43
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1.Kinds of Terms of Address by Mandailing Community ...............
27
Table 4.2.Factors that Influenced the Term of Address by Mandailing
Community......................................................................................
vi
31
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of the Study
Sociolinguistics is interdisciplinary science which is derived from two
basic elements: socio and linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of
language and socio basically similar to social or related to people in the society
(Siburian, 2014: 1). Language as a meaning has a very important function in daily
life. Language cannot develop in a vacuum and there is no society alive without
language. Language helps people to know each other and especially to get an
information. This is the reason for people use language, because language is a
network of relationship.
In communication process, there isa time where people should greet their
speaker. The way of greeting is called as the terms of address. Addressing is how
someone addressee another one, therefore, address is the general use of these
form, in the sense of „the manner of referring to someone in direct linguistics
interaction‟, has provided sociolinguistics with a major field of study (Kurt:2011).
With the development of globalization and the expansion of the
intercultural communication, the contact between people from different countries
or regional, cultures and ethnics are becoming more and more frequent
(Yang:2010). It is inevitable to use terms of address which differ because of the
diversity of culture.
1
2
Terms of address are culture dependent and change in the course of time
as old criteria become obsolete and come to be replace by new criteria, and other
criteria may be added to create a new system (Taavitsainen and Jucker, 2003) in
Yang journal.
Every country has two or more languages spoken by the people and also
has regional language used throughout the country. In English or American people
can be addressed by his name, his title his name plus his name, or by nothing at
all, that is, no-naming form or when someone has in doubt as to how to address
another they can actually avoid the difficulty by not using any address term at all.
they can say Good morning as well as Good morning, Sir/Mr Smith/Susie. In other
languages such avoidance may be either impolite or deficient.
Brown and Ford (1961:378) in Fasold (2000) state that speaker may use
more than one form of theproper name for the same addressee, sometimes saying
title last name (TLN), sometimes first name (FN) or last name (LN) or anickname,
sometimes creating phonetic variants of either first name (FN) or the nickname.
However,the choice is not arbitrary.
English never has one characteristic to address someone. For example,
people will call mom to address their mother, but it will be different from formal
situation, such as their mother as a speaker in seminar they will call “mrs” to their
mother.In Indonesia which has many different customs, someone will call him/her
older sister as “kakak” and younger sister as “adek”. From the example above, it
can be seen that the value of respect of someone will different when he/she
address another one.
3
Wardhaugh (2006:268) has his own types of address terms. He states that
the types of address terms are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title
alone (T), last name (LN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT).
Indonesia has national language that is used in formal situation and
regional languages is used in informal situation which function has a symbol of
the people‟s regional identity. For example, in North Sumatra‟s society have some
regional languages, these are Karo language, Pakpak language, Mandailing
language, Toba language, and many more.
Mandailing language is one of the regional languages spoken by
mandailing ethnic community and also it is part of bataknese. Mandailing
language or Mandailing community is different from other language. It is such in
communication process, Mandailing community use special address terms.
Nasution (2005) says that in Mandailing community to create a harmonious
relationship should be based on ethics to address
someone. Addressing in
Mandailing community is influenced by culture. Culture means the characteristics
one society with many aspects; such as age, sex, status, level of position, and level
of education that they used to address someone.
Mandailingcommunity do not arbitrary to address someone. Theydo not
allowto call someone by her name especially to the older addresee. It is impolite
to address someone by her name and also the address someone with personal
pronoun such as “you” , “kamu” in bahasa or “ ho” in Mandailing.
In mandailing community, there is some aspect which influence the way of
them use terms of address, such as kinship. It also depends on the situational
4
context. Kinship term are terms for blood relations and for affine (Braun, 1988) in
Yang journal (2010), indicating the relationship between one person and his
relatives.
The researcher has made a survey or questionnaire for Mandailing people
about the use terms of address byMandailing community.From the answers of
respondent, the researcher has found some issues. The first,the result shows that
by thirteen respondents, just one respondent use addressing terms correctly, it is
7,69%. And twelve respondent use addressing terms incorrectly, it is 92,31%.
Second, there is the most dominant incorrect where they use addressing terms to
their mother. There are ten respondent (76,92%) use addressing terms to their
mother incorrectly, so it means only three respondent (23,07%) use addressing
terms to their mother correctly. Based on result of survey, many Mandailing
community do not know how use the terms of address anymore.
The researcher has also found in wedding ceremony that Mandailing
address terms are not fully used anymore. Based on survey and all explanations
above became the reason why researcher choose this topic. By considering what is
written above this study analyzed about terms of address by Mandailing comunity
in wedding ceremony video. This study usesWardhaugh‟s theory.
B.
The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study are formulated as the following:
1.
What kinds of the terms of address are
community in wedding ceremony video ?
used by Mandailing
5
2.
What factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video?
C.
The Scope of the Study
This study describes one of thesociolinguistics aspects or general topics in
sociolinguistics.The researcher is focused on finding the terms of address by
Mandailingcommunity in wedding ceremony video. By explaining, terms of
address in sociolinguistics that it focuseson the finding kinds and factors that
influence the terms of address.
D.
The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are:
1. To find out what kinds of the terms of address are used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video.
2. To find out what factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video.
E.
The Significance of the Study
The significance of this study are:
1. For younger who wants to enrich and to improving their knowledge or
their ability in Mandailing language
2. For Students, to obtain more about the terms of address by Mandailing
community.
6
3. For keeping the Indonesian linguistic document as well as for the
documentation of regional government of Mandailing, especially in
wedding ceremony video.
4. For the next researcher who are interested in conducting the research
of the same fields of the study.
38
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
Based on data and data analysis in chapter IVabout terms of address by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video. The first conclusion is
concerned with kinds of the terms of address by Mandailing community in
wedding ceremony video. The second conclusion is related to factors that
influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video. As follows:
1.
There are sixkindsof the terms of address by Wardhaugh’s theory.
They are first name (FN), title plus last name (TLN), title (T), last name
(LN), pet name (PN), and kinship term (KT). From six kinds, there were
only five kinds used in Mandailing wedding ceremony video. They were
FN, TLN, T, PN, KT with the total kinds of address termsused by
Mandailing community in wedding ceremony videoare 203 data. The
most dominant kindthe terms of address are used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony isKT (147 times) 72,41%. The most
dominant rarely used by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony
video is T (13 times) 6,40%. And LN is never used by Mandailing
community in wedding ceremony video. So, it means that Mandailing
38
39
community are usually use the terms of address by their relatives/family
relationship or kinship terms.
2.
In this research,factors that influenced the terms of address by
Wardhaugh’s theory are divided into seven. They are gender (G), age
(A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH), transactional
status (TS), race (R) and degree of intimacy (DI). The total data factors
thatinfluenced the kinds of address terms by Mandailing community in
wedding ceremony video are 315 data. The most frequent factor that
influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community in wedding
ceremony video is FR (146 data) 46,35%. Andthe less factor that
influenced of the term of address by Mandailing community in wedding
ceremony video is TS (1 data) 0,31%. it means that all factors were used
by Mandailing community in wedding ceremony video. And then based
on the data, factor that influnced of mandailing address terms is usually
FR or by their relatives.
B. Suggestions
After collected and analyzed the data, some suggestion are
given as follows:
1.
It suggested that the reader of this thesis is important to know what
kindsof the terms of address are used by Mandailing community and
what factors influenced the terms of address by Mandailing community,
especiallyin wedding ceremony video.
40
2.
The researcher suggest to reader who want to know about Mandailing
language, especially Mandailing community who doesn’t know
Mandailing language anymore. It is better to learn throughMandailing
wedding ceremony video because in wedding ceremony it’s almost use
the terms of address.
3. For futher researchers, who wants to use of address terms usage as the
object of the research or for researcher who wants to analyze of address
terms from different perspective. Terms of address can be found in
every language, it’s not just mandailing language but also the other
language .
41
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http://youtube.be/nAGTna2Lh7G. Accessed on July 8, 2016.