DIAGNOSING LANGUAGE STYLES IN MANDAILING BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY.

A Thesis

DIAGNOSING LANGUAGE STYLES IN MANDAILING

BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY

Proposed by:

DERLIANA HASIBUAN Registration Number: 8136112007

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

ABSTRACT

Hasibuan, Derliana. Registration Number: 8136112007. Diagnosing Language Styles in Mandailing Batak Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State University of Medan.2015.

The aims of this study were to describe the language style used in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony and to find out the realization of language style is used in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony. The research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The data of this study was utterances and paragraphs in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony as the source of data. The data was analyzed by using Joo’s theory (1967) to find the types of language style. The result of this study were (1) there were four types of language style in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony namely, frozen style, formal style, consultative style and casual style. (2) language style realized in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony in formal form namely long and complex sentences, a polite tone, and the subject matter is substantial.(3) the reason of language style realized in formal form because Mangupa is one the important process in the wedding, every single of the stage is ruled based on the customary law of culture, including the use of language within the event.

ABSTRAK

Hasibuan, Derliana. NIM: 8136112007. Mendiagnosa Gaya Bahasa di dalam Upacara Pernikahan Suku Batak Mandailing. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan.2015.

Tujuan dari Penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan gaya bahasa yang digunakan di dalam upacara pernikahan Batak Mandailing dan untuk mengetahui realisasi gaya bahasa bahasa yang digunakan di dalam upacara pernikahan Batak Mandailing. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain deskriptif kualitatif. Data dari penelitian ini adalah ucapan-ucapan dan paragrap-paragrap di dalam upacara pernikahan Batak Mandailing sebagai sumber data. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori si Joos (1967) untuk menemukan jenis-jenis gaya bahasa. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ada 4 jenis gaya bahasa di dalam upacara pernikahan Batak Mandailing yaitu gaya frozen, gaya formal, gaya konsultatif dan gaya kasual. Gaya bahasa direalisasikan di dalam upacara pernikahan Batak Mandailing dalam bentuk formal yang berkarakteristik kalimat-kalimat kompleks. Alas an gaya bahasa direalisasikan didalam bentuk formal karena Mangupa adalah salah satu dari proses yang penting didalam pernikahan, setiap tahapan diatur berdasarkan hukum budaya adat, termasuk penggunaan bahasa didalam acara.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Writing thesis is not as easy as it seems because of a few of factors. First, it requires serious thinking about choosing the topic to be discussed. Second, there should be a deeper understanding of the research procedures. Third, there should enough motivation to complete the academic assignment to earn a degree. In this case, the writer realizes that completing such as a task is difficult as she is still lack of the knowledge to conduct a scientific research which can contribute to the development of knowledge. Despite of many difficulties she was convinced that she would be able to accomplish it by the assistance of her professional lecturers and advisors. This thesis of course would not have been completed as it is without their assistance.

On this particular occasion, the writer would like to thank her first advisor, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, who has given her valuable time to check the contents of this thesis as well as guided her to accomplish it in due time. She has always provided information and advice dealing with the procedures of doing the research. A very special appreciation and appraisal is especially directed to her for being such a wise lecturer and great care to her students.

Also, she feels obliged to thank her second advisor, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, for his invaluable the criticism and contribution to make the thesis scientifically worthwhile as required by the state university of Medan. His sincere attention to her is highly appreciated. Similarly, she wishes to express her thanks to Prof. Dr. Busmin, M.Pd and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Head and Secretary of

the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for his professional guidance and support in settling the administrative procedures.

She is also indebted to Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S. and Dr.I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M. Hum., her reviewers and examiners for their valuable knowledge and inputs.

Next, she should express her gratitude to her beloved Parents Pontas Hasibuan and Marlina Siregar, S.Pd who have given her the best education to be more mature and responsible for the future life. Their never-ending love is the inspiration that has led her to realize her power in solving any problem in her life. Furthermore, her thanks also go to Drs. Syarifuddin Nst, the head of Marindal I Village Medan, for his cooperative attitude in allowing her to conduct the research in his village. All the writer’s friends and whose names are not mentioned she should also give appreciation for their encouragement that has made her achieve the success.

Finally, the thesis is dedicated to those who wish to learn more about Sociolinguistics. All the errors in this thesis are her sole responsibility.

Medan, Juli 2015 The writer,

Derliana Hasibuan Reg-No :8136112007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 4

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 5

1.5 The Significance of The Study ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7

2.1. Theoretical Framework ... 7

2.1.1 Language and Society ... 7

2.1.2 Language and Culture ... 8

2.1.2.1 Language Style ... 9

2.1.2.2 Description of Five Language Styles ... 10

2.1.2.3 Frozen Style ... 10

2.1.2.4 Formal Style ... 11

2.1.2.5 Consultative Style ... 13

2.1.2.6 Casual Style ... 14

2.1.2 The Factors Affecting of Language Styles ... 15

2.1.3 Philosophy of Mandailing Batak in Wedding Ceremony ... 17

2.1.4 Mandailing Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 18

2.1.4.1 Mangalap Boru ... 19

2.1.4.2 Haroan Boru ... 19

2.1.4.3 Marhorja ... 20

2.1.4.4 Tapian Raya Bangunan ... 20

2.1.4.5 Mangupa ... 20

2.2 Relevant Studies ... 25

2.3 Conceptual Framework ... 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29

3.1 The Research Method ... 29

3.2 Source of Data and Data ... 30

3.3 Technique of Data Collection ... 30

3.4 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 31

3.4.1 Credibility ... 31

3.4.2 Transferability ... 31

3.4.3 Dependability ... 31

3.4.4 Confirmability ... 31

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 32

CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION . 33 4.1 Data Analysis ... 33

4.1.2 Language style realized in MBWC ... 38

4.1.3 The reason language styles are realized in MBWC ... 41

4.2. The Findings ... 41

4.3.1 Language Styles in Mangupa Event ... 42

4.4 Discussion ... 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 5.1 Conclusions ... 50

5.2 Suggestions ... 50

REFERENCES ... 52

LIST OF TABLES Table

i

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix

1. The Speeches’ Tapescripts ……….. 55

2. List of Interview Questions ……… 71

3. Interview Transcripts ……….. 72

4. Informants ……….. 78

5 . Participants ………. 79

6 . The Terms Glossary of Mangupa event ……… 81

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. The Background of the Study

In Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony, there is Mangupa event. it is the core of Mandailing wedding ceremony. It is attended by the elements of Dalihan Na Tolu ( Kahanggi, Mora, and Anak Boru), and other people such as King and Head or certain family name ( Harajaon and Hatobangon) as well. Those people are invited to give speeches ( Hata-hata), which is usually contained with advises, expectation, or even prayer that pointed to the new couple. Furthermore, this event is conducted by using verbal communication and employ many kinds of things which symbolize expectation and prayer of the attendants.

Mangupa event is the most unique and interesting event within the weddings ceremony in Mandailing culture. Beside that, this event is usually crowded by many people who are invited to celebrate the ceremony, including those who are asked to give the speech (Hata-hata) in the event. There will be long speeches and many cultural verses and expressions.

According to Joos (1967:153-155) that there are five categories of language styles, they are: frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style. Joos (1967: 153-155) defines that frozen style is used for a very formal setting such as in palace, church, speech of state ceremony and some other occasions. Example expressions of frozen style as below:

Paragraph 1

“Harajaon Na Mulia” (“Kingdom which Great” or “The Honorable Kingdom”) Paragraph 2

“Allah Swt. Na Uli Basa i” (Allah Swt. The Almighty and Merciful) Paragraph 2

“Tuhanta Na Gumorgo Langit and Na Tumompa Tano(God, The Ruler of heaven and earth)

Verse 1

“Adat mi ompunta na Robian” (The customs of our Ancestor) Paragraph 32

“Mangidao maf ma hami ima tu Harajaon Na Mulia” (I would like to apologize to my Honorable Kings)

The second style is formal style. It is used for important situation. It is also used in addreesing spectator, especially when the spectator is in large number. Example special expression from the groom side to the bride‟s side:

1. “Parjolo au marsantabi tu barisan ni dalihan na tolu, kahanggi, anak boru, mora songoni tu barisan ni harajaon, sumurung lobi tu raja panusunan bulung nadung juguk di juluan ni bagas godang on”. (Paragraph 1)

(First of all, I would like to apologize to Dalihan Na Tolu, Kahanggi, Anak Boru, Mora as well as Harajaon particularly to

Raja Panusunan who are all now sitting on the uluan of this Bagas Godang). Below are the descriptions of the first paragraph:

a. Parjolo au marsantabi tu tu Dalihan Na Tolu

S P O

b. Au marsantabi tu tu Kahanggi

S P O

c. Au marsantabi tu tu Anak Boru

S P O

d. Au marsantabi tu tu Mora

S P O

e. Au marsantabi tu tu Harajaon

S P O

f. Au marsantabi ima tu tu Raja Panusunan

S P O

g. Sudena nadung juguk di juluan ni Bagas Godang On. S P Complement Adverb of Time

The third is consultative style. It is used for semiformal situation. It is kind of language which is required from everyday speaker. It is common from of speech in a tiny group. Example Special expression in asking something uttered in Bataknese ceremony :

1. Orang Kaya : “Maidia nakkin anak boruna….?” Anak Boru : “Olo….” (paragraph 6)

In this case, Orang Kaya (Mc) asks Anak Boru to open the cover of the rice, which is served in front of the couple. The clause “Maidia nakkin anak boruna?”. In English becomes “Where is his anak boru?” it means that, firstly, the Mc consults the presence and readiness of anak boru to lift up the rice cover, and at the same time anak boru responded by saying „yes‟.

The fourth is casual style. It is used for conversation in our relaxed or normal condition that is proper to the conversation with our friends or some, such as outside the classroom, when the students have a chat. Positively, casual style is characterized by the use of the first name or even nickname rather than a little name and the last name in addressing one another. Example Special expression in – group friends uttered in Bataknese ceremony :

1. “Buka hamu bo pacopat anak boruna…!” (paragraph 6) (open it fastly, anak boru….)

The fifth is intimate style. It is used for a completely private language developed within families, lovers and the closest friends. After identifying all the clauses, intimate style was not found in the participants‟ transcripts speeches. It was due to the fact that all the speakers of the event employed custom (formal), consultative, casual, and frozen styles while delivering the speeches and it was not allowed using such intimate words since Mangupa event is a cultural occasion.

Based on the above explanations, the writer of this study is interested in analyzing this topic because there are some changes of language styles uttered by

the Bataknese and the process of Mandailing Batak that takes much more time in managing a marriage ceremony starting from Mangalap Boru until Mangupa event as the final session of the wedding ceremony.

1.2 The Problems of Study

1. What language styles are used in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony? 2. How are language styles realized in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony? 3. Why are language styles realized in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony

the way they are?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

In connection with the problems of the study, the objectives are to:

1) Describe the language styles used in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

2) Explain the language styles realized in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

3) Discover the reasons of the language styles realized in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

This study covers the analysis on the language styles used by Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony. This study intended to find the existence of language styles proposed by Joos namely frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony particularly in Mangupa event.

1. - Theoretically, the findings are expected to be a guidance for those who are interested in enlarging their horizon on Mandailing Batak culture, particularly Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony (parhata) in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

2. - Practically, to keep using the language styles of wedding ceremony the way it is.

- Findings are expected to be useful for other researchers who are interested in analyzing language styles in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony. And the last for academically, findings can be helpful way for developing and increasing the world science especially in sociolinguistics subject. Furthermore, it is the specific contribution to the language itself.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

The study focused on language styles used by the participants of Dalihan

Na Tolu in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are started as the following:

1. Not all language styles are found in this Mandailing Batak wedding

ceremony however, there are four language styles namely: formal style, frozen style, consultative style and casual style.

2. The participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Mandailing Batak wedding

ceremony is mostly realized in formal style

3. Language style in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony is realized in

formal form because the event of Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony is in important situation where the extended family of bride and bridegroom gather together and in order to honour every side of bride and bridegroom this formal style is used.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are as the following:

1. The lecturers who play an important role in teaching sociolinguistics to

give attention, not only for foreign language and Indonesian but also to the cultures of vernacular. If they know more about culture of vernacular, especially Mandailing culture, the teachers can compare Mandailing with

other regional cultures. In turn it can enrich not only lecturers’ horizon but also the students as well.

2. The students of Linguistics Study program are expected to use these

research findings as a guidance for enlarging their horizon on Mandailing

Batak culture, particularly Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony (parhata)

in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

3. To other researchers, it is expected to do more research about Mandailing

wedding ceremony from different emphasis. So, more information about Mandailing language and its wedding ceremony can be presented not only as a kind of information to the non-native of Mandailing people but also to be practiced by the native of Mandailing people.

REFERENCES

Akdiah, Sabakti.1992.Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Depdikbud

Archer, C.M.1986. Culture Bump and Beyond. In J.M. Valdes (ed). CulturalBound: Bridging the Cultural Gap in Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Argyle, M.1968. Cross-Cultural Variations in Relationship Rules. New York: Basic

Books.Brislin, R. and R. Peterson.

Argyle, M. 1969. Social Interaction: London: Tavistock/Methuen.

Arianto.2010. Language Styles in Speech Event of Mangupa of Angkola

Mandailing Wedding Ceremony. Unpublished Thesis:

PostgraduteProgram, State University of Medan.

Arifin, T.M. 2013. Cross-Cultural Understanding. Medan: FBS UNIMED.

Ary, D.J. & Razarviech, H. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Ayometzi, C.C. 2009. Language, Culture and Identity (Advances in Sociolinguistics by Philip Riley). Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 13 (2), 275-278.

Best, J.W. 1982. Research in Educational. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall.

Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education (2nd Ed).Boston: Allan and Bacon.

Brown, H.D. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Mariston, New Jersey Prentice-Hall.

Carter, B.& Sealey, A. 2000. Language, Structure and Agency: What Can Realist Social Theory Offer to Sociolinguistics?. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 4 (1), 3-20

Chaer, Abdul.1995.Sociolinguistic.Jakarta.Rineka Cipta.

Coupland, N. 2007. Style, Language Variation and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Creswell, J.W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Thousands Oaks: Sage publications, Inc.

Damen.1987. Language in Society. Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.

De Beaugrande, R. 1999. Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, and Corpus Linguistics: Ideal Language Versus Real Language. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol.3, 128-139.

Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Garrett, P. 2001. Language Attitudes and Sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 5, 626-631.

Gleason, J.B. 1961. An Introduction to Descriptive (Revised Ed). London, New York, Sidney, Toronto,Holt, Anehart and Winston, Inc.

Gleason, J.B. & Ratner, N.B. 1998. Psycholinguistics. Harcourt Brace College Publisher, USA

Gumperz, J.J. & Gumperz JC. 2008. Studying Language, Culture and Society: Sociolinguistics or Linguistics Antrophology?. Journal of Sociolinguistics

Vol. 12 (4), 532-545.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hamidy, H. & Partners. 1993. Horja: Adat Istiadat Dalihan Na Tolu. Parsadaan Marga Harahap Dohot Anakboruna di Jakarta. Grafitri, Bandung.

Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundation of Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.

Joos, Martin. 1967. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. http://languagestyles.org.html.Accessed on Thursday, 12th March 2015. Keller & Calhoun.1997. Sociology. New York: The Mc. Graw-Hill Company. Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Marjohan, A. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud Miles, M.B. & Huberman, M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of

New Method. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Missikova, G. 2003. Linguistics Stylistics. Filozoficka Fakulta: Nitra

Panjaitan, E. 2013. Speech Acts in Wedding Ceremony of the Angkola Culture. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan. Pennington, M.C. 2002. Real Language Phonology: Optimality Theory Meets

Sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 6(3), 418-448. Quina, K, et al. 1987. Language Style and Gender Stereotype in Person

Perspection. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 11(1), 111-122. Salman, R. 2012. Speech Acts in Pepongoten at Gayo Wedding Ceremony.

Salzaman, Z. 1998. Language, Culture and Society. Atlanta, Georgia: Westview Press

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

The study focused on language styles used by the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are started as the following:

1. Not all language styles are found in this Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony however, there are four language styles namely: formal style, frozen style, consultative style and casual style.

2. The participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony is mostly realized in formal style

3. Language style in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony is realized in formal form because the event of Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony is in important situation where the extended family of bride and bridegroom gather together and in order to honour every side of bride and bridegroom this formal style is used.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are as the following:

1. The lecturers who play an important role in teaching sociolinguistics to give attention, not only for foreign language and Indonesian but also to the cultures of vernacular. If they know more about culture of vernacular, especially Mandailing culture, the teachers can compare Mandailing with

other regional cultures. In turn it can enrich not only lecturers’ horizon but also the students as well.

2. The students of Linguistics Study program are expected to use these research findings as a guidance for enlarging their horizon on Mandailing Batak culture, particularly Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony (parhata) in Mandailing Batak wedding ceremony.

3. To other researchers, it is expected to do more research about Mandailing wedding ceremony from different emphasis. So, more information about Mandailing language and its wedding ceremony can be presented not only as a kind of information to the non-native of Mandailing people but also to be practiced by the native of Mandailing people.

REFERENCES

Akdiah, Sabakti.1992.Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Depdikbud

Archer, C.M.1986. Culture Bump and Beyond. In J.M. Valdes (ed). CulturalBound: Bridging the Cultural Gap in Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Argyle, M.1968. Cross-Cultural Variations in Relationship Rules. New York: Basic

Books.Brislin, R. and R. Peterson.

Argyle, M. 1969. Social Interaction: London: Tavistock/Methuen.

Arianto.2010. Language Styles in Speech Event of Mangupa of Angkola

Mandailing Wedding Ceremony. Unpublished Thesis: PostgraduteProgram, State University of Medan.

Arifin, T.M. 2013. Cross-Cultural Understanding. Medan: FBS UNIMED.

Ary, D.J. & Razarviech, H. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Ayometzi, C.C. 2009. Language, Culture and Identity (Advances in

Sociolinguistics by Philip Riley). Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 13 (2),

275-278.

Best, J.W. 1982. Research in Educational. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall.

Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education (2nd Ed).Boston: Allan and Bacon.

Brown, H.D. 1980. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Mariston, New Jersey Prentice-Hall.

Carter, B.& Sealey, A. 2000. Language, Structure and Agency: What Can Realist

Social Theory Offer to Sociolinguistics?. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 4 (1), 3-20

Chaer, Abdul.1995.Sociolinguistic.Jakarta.Rineka Cipta.

Coupland, N. 2007. Style, Language Variation and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Creswell, J.W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Thousands Oaks: Sage publications, Inc.

Damen.1987. Language in Society. Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.

De Beaugrande, R. 1999. Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, and Corpus Linguistics:

Ideal Language Versus Real Language. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol.3, 128-139.

Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Garrett, P. 2001. Language Attitudes and Sociolinguistics. Journal of

Sociolinguistics Vol. 5, 626-631.

Gleason, J.B. 1961. An Introduction to Descriptive (Revised Ed). London, New York, Sidney, Toronto,Holt, Anehart and Winston, Inc.

Gleason, J.B. & Ratner, N.B. 1998. Psycholinguistics. Harcourt Brace College Publisher, USA

Gumperz, J.J. & Gumperz JC. 2008. Studying Language, Culture and Society:

Vol. 12 (4), 532-545.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hamidy, H. & Partners. 1993. Horja: Adat Istiadat Dalihan Na Tolu. Parsadaan Marga Harahap Dohot Anakboruna di Jakarta. Grafitri, Bandung.

Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundation of Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.

Joos, Martin. 1967. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

http://languagestyles.org.html.Accessed on Thursday, 12th March 2015.

Keller & Calhoun.1997. Sociology. New York: The Mc. Graw-Hill Company. Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Marjohan, A. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud Miles, M.B. & Huberman, M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of

New Method. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Missikova, G. 2003. Linguistics Stylistics. Filozoficka Fakulta: Nitra

Panjaitan, E. 2013. Speech Acts in Wedding Ceremony of the Angkola Culture. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan. Pennington, M.C. 2002. Real Language Phonology: Optimality Theory Meets

Sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 6(3), 418-448.

Quina, K, et al. 1987. Language Style and Gender Stereotype in Person

Perspection. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 11(1), 111-122.

Salman, R. 2012. Speech Acts in Pepongoten at Gayo Wedding Ceremony. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan.

Salzaman, Z. 1998. Language, Culture and Society. Atlanta, Georgia: Westview Press