LANGUAGE STYLES IN SPEECH EVENT OF MANGUPA OF ANGKOLA-MANDAILING WEDDING CEREMONY.
ABSTRAET
Arianto. 2010. Language Styles in Speech Events of Mangupa of Angkofa-Mandailing
Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post
Graduate School. State University ofMedan. 2010.
This study addresses the existence of language styles in speech event of Mangupa
of Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony. The objectives of the study are to describe
styles and speech events of the Mangupa ceremony and to derive the pattern use. The
data were obtained from texts of the Mangupa wedding ceremony. In addition, in-depth
interview were held to gather more and specific data.
The findings indicate that there were 416 occurrences of style. It wa found that
the proportions of the various styles used are as 390 (93 .75 %) occurrences of Formal
style, 11 times or (2.64 %) occurrences of Casual style, Con sultative Style appeared I 0
times or equals to 2.40 %, Frozen Style 5 times (0,96 %) and Intimate style 0 %. The
style dominantly used is Formal Style (93.75 %).
Mangupa covers prayers or requests to the Almighty, Allah Swt, in the sense that,
the new couple will have physical and mental strength, they will have the soundness and
continuance marriage, modest and sociable and they will get safety and prosperity in life.
The reasons for using the formal style is since Mangupa is one the important
process in the wedding, every single of the stage is ruled based on to the customary law
of the culture, including the use of language within the event. In Angkola-Mandai1ing
culture, wedding ceremony, especially Mangupa event should be conducted by using
formal language. Therefore, most of the participants who had opportunity to give a
speech (hata-hata) tended to employ formal style.
LANGUAGE STYLES IN SPEECH EVENT OF' MANGUPA
OF ANGKOLA-MANDAILING WEDDING CEREMONY
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
ARIANTO
Registration Number: 082188330088
z
?
m
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRA U TEPROGRAM
2010
A Thesis
LANGUAGE STYLES IN SPEECH EVENTS OF' MANGUPA
OF ANGKOLA-MANDAILING WEDDING CEREMONY
Arranged by:
Approved by:
Advisers Commission
Adviser I,
Adviser II,
APPROVAL
This Thesis was examined on August 3n1, 2010 by Board of Examiners
Board Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih,M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19550113 198201 1 001
Prof. ina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19440302 196902 2 001
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Dr. Eddy Sctia, M.Ed., T ESP.
11
Ci.
>'-
l
-,
l1
JL
r.
]
_
':,
-~
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express her greatest gratitude to Allah
SWT, the Almighty that has given him the ability, health, and safety until at last this
thesis can be com letea.
In completing this thesis, he has to confe-ss his profound thankfulness for the
ge erous guidance and assistance which has been rell{lered to his by many people. It
would be impossible to list all names but in particular he wishes to mention the fo lowing
people.
His first sincerest gratitude goes to his parents; Zainal Abidin Siregar a
Nurdiana Lubis and his beloved brothers and sister; Anwar, Puteri Dona,
his life, and may God, Allah SWT protect them always.
He would like to record his gratefully acknowledge to Prof. D.P. Tampubolon,
Ph.D. and Prof. Amrin Saragih. M.A .. Ph.D. his advisors. for their supcrvi sio , advice,
and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as giving him
extraordinary experiences through out the work.
His sincere thankfulness is also extended to Prof. Tina Marian
M.A., Ph.D.,
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Eddy Setia. M.Ed., TESP, members of the
Examination Committee for helping him improves the quality of the thesis and broadens
rof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., both as
always kindly grant him their time even for answering some of his unintelligent questions
about the horizon of research.
Many thanks go in particular to Prof. Dr. Djanius Djamin, SH., MS. He is much
indebted for her valuable advice in science discussion and furthermore, using her
precious helps that he can finish his master.
His special thanks are also directed to all lecturers in Applied Linguistics
Department, UNIMED, for their constructive comments on this tHesis. To Dr. Hj. Siti
Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., and Dr. Hj. Meisuri, MA., thanks for the'r helps w'th their
particular skills in suggesting and giving comments in the process of completing this
thesis . He would also acknowledge all of his kind classmates for their advice and their
willingness to share their bright thoughts with him, which was very fruitful for shf.9Jing
up his ideas and research.
To his beloved grand parents; Sutan Mara Porang Lubis and Nayung Batubara,
his aunt Dahlia Lubis, and his special friend Dian Syahfitri , S.S, thanks for the prayer and
joys they have brought in his li fe. Let us pray to God. Allah SWT. that
w'~
\\'ill always be
together for better and worse.
Last but not least, the writer is greatly thankful to all his friends and colleagues
belonging to 8 l INTAKE XIV who have always been available for long distance
communication whenever he calls them in searching of information from fa
way. 'Phose
are K' Yati , K' Norma, K' lin, Rasima, Nur Rismayani, Lili, Fifit, P' Aslin, P' Alben, P'
Nazar, P' Kirno, P' Syafar, P' Arpan, Ifal, Ijah Pane and the rest who are not too many to
mentioned, but who have never felt bored ofre inding him to comQlete this thesis.
ii
Especially, to Bang BS and K' Ina! , thanks a lot for borrowing me the beautiful
wedding photos. To all of them he can only hope that they will look upon the results of
their influence and endeavors with pleasure. Finally, the writer has lost his wise words to
pray to God, Allah SWT, to give them proper reward.
Medan,
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................. ...... ... ........... ................................. .
ABSTRACT .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . ..
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .. .......... ...... ............ ................ .... .. ........ .... .. ........ .
vi
LIST OF TABLES ........................ .... .......................... ................ .... ....... ....
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................... .......... ...... .........
X
xi
CHAPTER I
1.1 The Background of the Study ............................ ....... .
1.2 The Problems of the Study ................................. ....... ..
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ..................................... ..
-z
?
1.4 The Scope ofthe Study ............................................ ..
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study .................................... .
6
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....... ..... ..... ..
8
2.1 Language and Society .............. .................................. .
8
2. l. 1 The Relation between Language and Society .. .
8
2.2 Language in Context ..... ... .......... .............. .... ......... .. .
9
2.2.1 Language Style ...................................... .
9
2.2.1.1 Description of Five Language Styles ... .
10
2.2.1.1.1 Frozen Style ................ .......... ..
10
m
2.2.1.1.2 Formal Style .......................... ..
2.2.1.1.3 Consultative Style ................. ..
2.2.1.1.4 Casual Style ... ........................ .
13
14
15
15
2.2.2.1.1 Setting and Scene .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
16
2.2.2.1.2 Participants .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . ...
17
2.2.2.1.3 Ends .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17
2.2.2.1.4 Act Sequence .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .
17
vi
2.2.2.1.5 Key .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. ..
17
2.2.2.1.6 Instrumentalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
2.2.2.1. 7 Norm oflnteraction .. .. .. ...........
18
2.2.2.1.8 Genre .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
18
2.3 The Relationship between Language and Culture .. ....
18
2.4 Angkola-Mandailing Society .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .... ...
19
2.4.1 POliteness inAngkola-Mandailing Society....
21
2.5 Gender and Angkola-Mandailing Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.6 Religion and Beliefs in Augkola-Mandailing .. ...... ...
24
2.7 Language of Angkola-Mandailing .. ...... .....................
24
27
27
-z
?
m
2. 7.3 Consultative Style ................ ......................... .
29
2.7.4 Casual Style ..... ............. ... ..... .. .... .. .......... .... .. .
31
2.7.5 Intimate Style .. .... .. .... .... ...................... ... ...... .
32
2.8 Family and Marriage in Angkola-Mandailing .. .... .. .
32
2.8.1 Marriage (Patobang anak/boru) .. ............ .. ....... .
33
2.8.1.1 Pre-wedding ...... .. .......................... .
37
2.8.1.1.1 Mangaresek Boru .. .... ...... .... ..
37
2.8.1.1.2 Marpokat Kahanggi ...... .. .... .
38
2.8.1.1.3 Patobang Hohar .. ... .. ..... .... ..
38
2.8 .1.1.4 Marpokat Sahuta .... .... .. .... . .
38
2.8.1.1.5 ManulakSere .. .. .... .. .. ........ .
38
2.8.1.2 The wedding .................. .. ............ ..
39
2.8.1.2.1 Mangalap Boru .. .. ............ .
39
2.8.1.2.2 Haroan Boru .................... .
40
2.8.1.2.3 Marhorja .. ...... .. .. ...... .. ...... .
40
40
2.8.1.2.5 Mangupa .. .... .. .... .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .
40
45
45
2.8.1.3.2 Manyoda Gondang...... .........
45
2.8.1.3.3 Paulak Anak Boru .. .. .. .. .......
45
2.8.1.3.4 Paulak Indahan .... .. .. .. .. ......
45
VII
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
· ·· ····· · · · · · ···o·o·o · · · ··· o · o ·
. .. ... .
0 .
.. .. .
0 .
47
3.1 The Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ..
47
3.2 The Data Resources ..................... ......
47
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection ....
00 00 00 . . . 00 00 00 00 00 . . 00 00
oo oo o o o o · o o o o o o . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ...............
00.............
48
48
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis.. ... ..... ..... ......... .........
49
306 The Trustworthiness of the Study................................
50
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS .. 0.............
52
52
4.1.1
Data from Mangupa event ....... ...................... ... .
53
4.1.1.1 Language Styles in Mangupa
53
4010102
401.2
402
00 00
o ~ · o
... .
The Speech Event in Mangupa . 00. 00000..
Data from the Interview .............................. ...... .
Analysis
.ooooo•ooooo.oo,ooooooooo . . . . . oo . . . . . o.ooooooooooo•····oo•··· . . o•·o . . .
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................... ..
-
5.1 Conclusions ....................................... ........................ ..
502 Suggestions
o ooooo o•oo . . . . . . . o . . . . . o.ooo . . . . o.o . . oo·o•·oo . . . . . o •• • o · o · · · · · · o ·
REFERENCES .................................... .... ............. ........... .. . ·o ·· ..
Appendixes .. 000. 0•• 00......... 00. 00.. 0..
o ....
... . ..... . .. .. . .
0.... 0.. 000.. 00.... 0. 00... 0000... 0........ 00.•0•• 00...... 0.. 0•.
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
2.1
Angkola Mandai ling Language Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
28
4.1
The Classification of Types of Language Styles in Mangupa Event . . . ....
53
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figures
2.4
Figure of Dalihan na Tofu (Triangle Relationship)........... ..... .. ..... .
21
2. 7
The Map of North Sumatera Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
X
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
Page
The Speeches' Tapescripts
o oooooooo oo ooooooooooo o oooo ooooo oooo ooooooo oo oo o oooo oo ooooooooooooo
2
List of Interview Questions ........
3
Interview Transcri ts ..
0 .................................................... 0 .. ..
o . . . . . . . o . . ooo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . oooooo ooo o ooo oo Oo oo ooo o ooooooo o oo ooo 0000 0
4
5
6
-z
?
m
xi
93
104
105
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is one of the vital factors that differentiate human beings from
other creatures (Lado, 2001: 126).
interactions, language functions as an instrument to share ideas, feelings, desires,
and most of human's knowledge and culture stored and transmitted through
languages. In addition, language being used becomes soGial instrument and shows
the language users identity in a society (Gleason and Ratner, 1998:78). The use of
language allows one to maintain relationship with other people m an interaction.
However, language is a complex phenomenon. In other words, it is ot
enough just to know the meaning of the sentences uttered, but ttie context of
situation and the context of the culture must be understood, such as it is P.Ublic or
z
?
sentences. Sal zman ( 1998: 167) states that the way indi v iduals speak varies no
only according to their original and social dialects but also accoroin
to the
context of use. The distinctive manner in which people express the1
particular situation is referred to as style.
Brown ( 1980:191) points that people use different langua e styles based
on the context, in terms of subject matter, audiences, the style of speaking and the
y their cultur and
can be analyzed from the perspective of the style within the language.
In sociolinguistics, style is typically defined in terms of the formality of
the speech situation. Black (2006) prefers to use stylistics rather than style. She
claims that stylistics has different meanings for different people. Moreover,
stylistics characteristically deals with the interpretation of texts by focusing in
detail on relevant distinctive linguistic features, patterns, structures or levels and
on their significance and effects on readers' perception.
Brown (1980: 192) clarifies that style ranges from
depending on social context, relationship of participants, social class, sex, age,
physical environment, and topic of the event. Wareing and rho as (1999: 10)
support that language use varies according to situation whether i is public or
private, formal or informal, who is being addressed and who migh be able to
overhear. Simply, it is clear the use of language depends on the conte t where we
are and with whom we are speaking. Joos (1967: 153-155) concludes five st le of
language as frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate style.
Hymes (1974:5 3) develops a valuable model to assist th e identification
and labelling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven b
iew
that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to
vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used . We can
conclude that speech event is the context within the speaking occurs that involves
a speake and a hearer, including the message transmitted between them. Hymes
(1974:53-61) constructs the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-1-N-G, which each letter stands
i strumentalities,
Many languages exist in the world. Those languages do not only vary
between countries, but also vary within a country (Wareing and Thomas,
2
1999:56). The statement above indicates that there is more than one language in a
country. In our country, Indonesian language functions as a national language and
integrates many ethnic groups in the country. Indonesia has around 300 ethnic
groups, which spread out in 33 provinces. Ethnic group is unique, that is why
every ethnic group has its own language
vernaculars.
North Sumatra is one of province tha
original citizen of this province, there are a lot of other et
always live together. At the least, there are 13 ethnic groups
are original
tribes and four tribes as stranger tribes. This variety of tribes doe not include
Java, China and India yet who live together with them. The developme t of social
culture is relative good and the level of people' s awareness and measurement to
understand the pluralism, variety of culture, mosaic of culture and manners and
also the harmony of inter-religion follower is high enough.
Angkola-Mandailing is one of the ethnic groups existing in this pro-vince.
The area of Angkola-Mandailing society is found mainly in the northern sectio
of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, or it is famous to be called South Tapanuli.
ey came under the influence of the Kaum Padri who ruled the Minangkabau of
Tanah Datar. As a result, the Mandailing were influenced by Muslim culture and
converted to Islam. The etymology of Angkola is aken from the name of a river
(batang) which eros es the area of South l'apanuli; Batang_A nglwla. While,
and hilang, meaning 'lost'. Thus, the name is said to mean "lost mother".
3
One of the specific cultural aspects of Angkola-Mandailing is wedding
ceremony. This traditional wedding ceremony is constituted by the stages of (1)
pre-wedding,
which
consists
of
Mangaresek
Boru,
Marpokat
Kahanggi/Sapanggadongan, Patobang Hobar, Marpokat Sahuta, and Manulak
Sere, (2) the wedding which divides into Mangalap Boru, Haroan Boru,
Marhorja,
atuaekkon tu Tapian Raya Bangunan, Mangupa, and (3) post
wedding, which consists of ek-aek ni horja, Manyoda gondang, Paulak anak
boru, and Paula/c..indahan (Nasution, 2005:279 .
Mangupa event is the core of Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony. It
is attended by the elements of Dalihan Na Tofu (Kahanggi, Mora, and A ak
and Hatobangon) as well. Those people are invited to give speeches (Hata-hata),
-z
?
to the new couple. In addition, this event is conducted by using verbal
communication and employs many kinds of things v\hich symbolize xpectation
and prayer of the attendants.
unique and interesting event within the weddings ceremony in AngkolaMandailing culture. Beside that, this event is usually crowded y man:x people
who are invited to celebrate the ceremony, including those who are asked to give
formal style, frozen style, casual style, or even intimate style
4
In line with the language styles to be analyzed as mentioned above, the
speech events are also analyzed in this thesis. The speech events consist of setting
and scene, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norm of
interaction and interpretation, and genre. Each of the language styles above will
be differently used in the wedding ceremony. Similarly, speech events will be
particularly conducted in particular one, too. That is why, the writer is interested to
analyze the existences of language styles including with the appearances of
speecn event in Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony, specifica ly in Mangupa
1.2 The Problems of Study
are formulated as the following
1. What types of language styles are used m
z
?
Mandailing wedding ceremony?
2. What speech events are involved
wedding ceremony?
3. What type of language style is dominantly used in Mangupa of the AngkolaMandailing wedding ceremony?
the language styles used in Mangupa event of the AngkolaMandailing wedding ceremony,
5
2.
to elaborate the speech events in Mangupa event of the Angkola-Mandailing
wedding ceremony, and
3. to derive the dominant language style employed in Mangupa events of
Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study covers discussions on M
Arianto. 2010. Language Styles in Speech Events of Mangupa of Angkofa-Mandailing
Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post
Graduate School. State University ofMedan. 2010.
This study addresses the existence of language styles in speech event of Mangupa
of Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony. The objectives of the study are to describe
styles and speech events of the Mangupa ceremony and to derive the pattern use. The
data were obtained from texts of the Mangupa wedding ceremony. In addition, in-depth
interview were held to gather more and specific data.
The findings indicate that there were 416 occurrences of style. It wa found that
the proportions of the various styles used are as 390 (93 .75 %) occurrences of Formal
style, 11 times or (2.64 %) occurrences of Casual style, Con sultative Style appeared I 0
times or equals to 2.40 %, Frozen Style 5 times (0,96 %) and Intimate style 0 %. The
style dominantly used is Formal Style (93.75 %).
Mangupa covers prayers or requests to the Almighty, Allah Swt, in the sense that,
the new couple will have physical and mental strength, they will have the soundness and
continuance marriage, modest and sociable and they will get safety and prosperity in life.
The reasons for using the formal style is since Mangupa is one the important
process in the wedding, every single of the stage is ruled based on to the customary law
of the culture, including the use of language within the event. In Angkola-Mandai1ing
culture, wedding ceremony, especially Mangupa event should be conducted by using
formal language. Therefore, most of the participants who had opportunity to give a
speech (hata-hata) tended to employ formal style.
LANGUAGE STYLES IN SPEECH EVENT OF' MANGUPA
OF ANGKOLA-MANDAILING WEDDING CEREMONY
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
ARIANTO
Registration Number: 082188330088
z
?
m
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRA U TEPROGRAM
2010
A Thesis
LANGUAGE STYLES IN SPEECH EVENTS OF' MANGUPA
OF ANGKOLA-MANDAILING WEDDING CEREMONY
Arranged by:
Approved by:
Advisers Commission
Adviser I,
Adviser II,
APPROVAL
This Thesis was examined on August 3n1, 2010 by Board of Examiners
Board Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih,M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19550113 198201 1 001
Prof. ina Mariany Arifin, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19440302 196902 2 001
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Dr. Eddy Sctia, M.Ed., T ESP.
11
Ci.
>'-
l
-,
l1
JL
r.
]
_
':,
-~
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express her greatest gratitude to Allah
SWT, the Almighty that has given him the ability, health, and safety until at last this
thesis can be com letea.
In completing this thesis, he has to confe-ss his profound thankfulness for the
ge erous guidance and assistance which has been rell{lered to his by many people. It
would be impossible to list all names but in particular he wishes to mention the fo lowing
people.
His first sincerest gratitude goes to his parents; Zainal Abidin Siregar a
Nurdiana Lubis and his beloved brothers and sister; Anwar, Puteri Dona,
his life, and may God, Allah SWT protect them always.
He would like to record his gratefully acknowledge to Prof. D.P. Tampubolon,
Ph.D. and Prof. Amrin Saragih. M.A .. Ph.D. his advisors. for their supcrvi sio , advice,
and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as giving him
extraordinary experiences through out the work.
His sincere thankfulness is also extended to Prof. Tina Marian
M.A., Ph.D.,
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Eddy Setia. M.Ed., TESP, members of the
Examination Committee for helping him improves the quality of the thesis and broadens
rof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., both as
always kindly grant him their time even for answering some of his unintelligent questions
about the horizon of research.
Many thanks go in particular to Prof. Dr. Djanius Djamin, SH., MS. He is much
indebted for her valuable advice in science discussion and furthermore, using her
precious helps that he can finish his master.
His special thanks are also directed to all lecturers in Applied Linguistics
Department, UNIMED, for their constructive comments on this tHesis. To Dr. Hj. Siti
Aisyah Ginting, M. Pd., and Dr. Hj. Meisuri, MA., thanks for the'r helps w'th their
particular skills in suggesting and giving comments in the process of completing this
thesis . He would also acknowledge all of his kind classmates for their advice and their
willingness to share their bright thoughts with him, which was very fruitful for shf.9Jing
up his ideas and research.
To his beloved grand parents; Sutan Mara Porang Lubis and Nayung Batubara,
his aunt Dahlia Lubis, and his special friend Dian Syahfitri , S.S, thanks for the prayer and
joys they have brought in his li fe. Let us pray to God. Allah SWT. that
w'~
\\'ill always be
together for better and worse.
Last but not least, the writer is greatly thankful to all his friends and colleagues
belonging to 8 l INTAKE XIV who have always been available for long distance
communication whenever he calls them in searching of information from fa
way. 'Phose
are K' Yati , K' Norma, K' lin, Rasima, Nur Rismayani, Lili, Fifit, P' Aslin, P' Alben, P'
Nazar, P' Kirno, P' Syafar, P' Arpan, Ifal, Ijah Pane and the rest who are not too many to
mentioned, but who have never felt bored ofre inding him to comQlete this thesis.
ii
Especially, to Bang BS and K' Ina! , thanks a lot for borrowing me the beautiful
wedding photos. To all of them he can only hope that they will look upon the results of
their influence and endeavors with pleasure. Finally, the writer has lost his wise words to
pray to God, Allah SWT, to give them proper reward.
Medan,
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................. ...... ... ........... ................................. .
ABSTRACT .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . ..
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .. .......... ...... ............ ................ .... .. ........ .... .. ........ .
vi
LIST OF TABLES ........................ .... .......................... ................ .... ....... ....
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................... .......... ...... .........
X
xi
CHAPTER I
1.1 The Background of the Study ............................ ....... .
1.2 The Problems of the Study ................................. ....... ..
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ..................................... ..
-z
?
1.4 The Scope ofthe Study ............................................ ..
6
1.5 The Significance of the Study .................................... .
6
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....... ..... ..... ..
8
2.1 Language and Society .............. .................................. .
8
2. l. 1 The Relation between Language and Society .. .
8
2.2 Language in Context ..... ... .......... .............. .... ......... .. .
9
2.2.1 Language Style ...................................... .
9
2.2.1.1 Description of Five Language Styles ... .
10
2.2.1.1.1 Frozen Style ................ .......... ..
10
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2.2.1.1.2 Formal Style .......................... ..
2.2.1.1.3 Consultative Style ................. ..
2.2.1.1.4 Casual Style ... ........................ .
13
14
15
15
2.2.2.1.1 Setting and Scene .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
16
2.2.2.1.2 Participants .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . ...
17
2.2.2.1.3 Ends .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
17
2.2.2.1.4 Act Sequence .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .
17
vi
2.2.2.1.5 Key .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. ..
17
2.2.2.1.6 Instrumentalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
2.2.2.1. 7 Norm oflnteraction .. .. .. ...........
18
2.2.2.1.8 Genre .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
18
2.3 The Relationship between Language and Culture .. ....
18
2.4 Angkola-Mandailing Society .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .... ...
19
2.4.1 POliteness inAngkola-Mandailing Society....
21
2.5 Gender and Angkola-Mandailing Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
2.6 Religion and Beliefs in Augkola-Mandailing .. ...... ...
24
2.7 Language of Angkola-Mandailing .. ...... .....................
24
27
27
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2. 7.3 Consultative Style ................ ......................... .
29
2.7.4 Casual Style ..... ............. ... ..... .. .... .. .......... .... .. .
31
2.7.5 Intimate Style .. .... .. .... .... ...................... ... ...... .
32
2.8 Family and Marriage in Angkola-Mandailing .. .... .. .
32
2.8.1 Marriage (Patobang anak/boru) .. ............ .. ....... .
33
2.8.1.1 Pre-wedding ...... .. .......................... .
37
2.8.1.1.1 Mangaresek Boru .. .... ...... .... ..
37
2.8.1.1.2 Marpokat Kahanggi ...... .. .... .
38
2.8.1.1.3 Patobang Hohar .. ... .. ..... .... ..
38
2.8 .1.1.4 Marpokat Sahuta .... .... .. .... . .
38
2.8.1.1.5 ManulakSere .. .. .... .. .. ........ .
38
2.8.1.2 The wedding .................. .. ............ ..
39
2.8.1.2.1 Mangalap Boru .. .. ............ .
39
2.8.1.2.2 Haroan Boru .................... .
40
2.8.1.2.3 Marhorja .. ...... .. .. ...... .. ...... .
40
40
2.8.1.2.5 Mangupa .. .... .. .... .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .
40
45
45
2.8.1.3.2 Manyoda Gondang...... .........
45
2.8.1.3.3 Paulak Anak Boru .. .. .. .. .......
45
2.8.1.3.4 Paulak Indahan .... .. .. .. .. ......
45
VII
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
· ·· ····· · · · · · ···o·o·o · · · ··· o · o ·
. .. ... .
0 .
.. .. .
0 .
47
3.1 The Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ..
47
3.2 The Data Resources ..................... ......
47
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection ....
00 00 00 . . . 00 00 00 00 00 . . 00 00
oo oo o o o o · o o o o o o . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ...............
00.............
48
48
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis.. ... ..... ..... ......... .........
49
306 The Trustworthiness of the Study................................
50
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS .. 0.............
52
52
4.1.1
Data from Mangupa event ....... ...................... ... .
53
4.1.1.1 Language Styles in Mangupa
53
4010102
401.2
402
00 00
o ~ · o
... .
The Speech Event in Mangupa . 00. 00000..
Data from the Interview .............................. ...... .
Analysis
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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .................... ..
-
5.1 Conclusions ....................................... ........................ ..
502 Suggestions
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REFERENCES .................................... .... ............. ........... .. . ·o ·· ..
Appendixes .. 000. 0•• 00......... 00. 00.. 0..
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... . ..... . .. .. . .
0.... 0.. 000.. 00.... 0. 00... 0000... 0........ 00.•0•• 00...... 0.. 0•.
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
2.1
Angkola Mandai ling Language Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
28
4.1
The Classification of Types of Language Styles in Mangupa Event . . . ....
53
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figures
2.4
Figure of Dalihan na Tofu (Triangle Relationship)........... ..... .. ..... .
21
2. 7
The Map of North Sumatera Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
X
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
Page
The Speeches' Tapescripts
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2
List of Interview Questions ........
3
Interview Transcri ts ..
0 .................................................... 0 .. ..
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4
5
6
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93
104
105
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is one of the vital factors that differentiate human beings from
other creatures (Lado, 2001: 126).
interactions, language functions as an instrument to share ideas, feelings, desires,
and most of human's knowledge and culture stored and transmitted through
languages. In addition, language being used becomes soGial instrument and shows
the language users identity in a society (Gleason and Ratner, 1998:78). The use of
language allows one to maintain relationship with other people m an interaction.
However, language is a complex phenomenon. In other words, it is ot
enough just to know the meaning of the sentences uttered, but ttie context of
situation and the context of the culture must be understood, such as it is P.Ublic or
z
?
sentences. Sal zman ( 1998: 167) states that the way indi v iduals speak varies no
only according to their original and social dialects but also accoroin
to the
context of use. The distinctive manner in which people express the1
particular situation is referred to as style.
Brown ( 1980:191) points that people use different langua e styles based
on the context, in terms of subject matter, audiences, the style of speaking and the
y their cultur and
can be analyzed from the perspective of the style within the language.
In sociolinguistics, style is typically defined in terms of the formality of
the speech situation. Black (2006) prefers to use stylistics rather than style. She
claims that stylistics has different meanings for different people. Moreover,
stylistics characteristically deals with the interpretation of texts by focusing in
detail on relevant distinctive linguistic features, patterns, structures or levels and
on their significance and effects on readers' perception.
Brown (1980: 192) clarifies that style ranges from
depending on social context, relationship of participants, social class, sex, age,
physical environment, and topic of the event. Wareing and rho as (1999: 10)
support that language use varies according to situation whether i is public or
private, formal or informal, who is being addressed and who migh be able to
overhear. Simply, it is clear the use of language depends on the conte t where we
are and with whom we are speaking. Joos (1967: 153-155) concludes five st le of
language as frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate style.
Hymes (1974:5 3) develops a valuable model to assist th e identification
and labelling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven b
iew
that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to
vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used . We can
conclude that speech event is the context within the speaking occurs that involves
a speake and a hearer, including the message transmitted between them. Hymes
(1974:53-61) constructs the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-1-N-G, which each letter stands
i strumentalities,
Many languages exist in the world. Those languages do not only vary
between countries, but also vary within a country (Wareing and Thomas,
2
1999:56). The statement above indicates that there is more than one language in a
country. In our country, Indonesian language functions as a national language and
integrates many ethnic groups in the country. Indonesia has around 300 ethnic
groups, which spread out in 33 provinces. Ethnic group is unique, that is why
every ethnic group has its own language
vernaculars.
North Sumatra is one of province tha
original citizen of this province, there are a lot of other et
always live together. At the least, there are 13 ethnic groups
are original
tribes and four tribes as stranger tribes. This variety of tribes doe not include
Java, China and India yet who live together with them. The developme t of social
culture is relative good and the level of people' s awareness and measurement to
understand the pluralism, variety of culture, mosaic of culture and manners and
also the harmony of inter-religion follower is high enough.
Angkola-Mandailing is one of the ethnic groups existing in this pro-vince.
The area of Angkola-Mandailing society is found mainly in the northern sectio
of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, or it is famous to be called South Tapanuli.
ey came under the influence of the Kaum Padri who ruled the Minangkabau of
Tanah Datar. As a result, the Mandailing were influenced by Muslim culture and
converted to Islam. The etymology of Angkola is aken from the name of a river
(batang) which eros es the area of South l'apanuli; Batang_A nglwla. While,
and hilang, meaning 'lost'. Thus, the name is said to mean "lost mother".
3
One of the specific cultural aspects of Angkola-Mandailing is wedding
ceremony. This traditional wedding ceremony is constituted by the stages of (1)
pre-wedding,
which
consists
of
Mangaresek
Boru,
Marpokat
Kahanggi/Sapanggadongan, Patobang Hobar, Marpokat Sahuta, and Manulak
Sere, (2) the wedding which divides into Mangalap Boru, Haroan Boru,
Marhorja,
atuaekkon tu Tapian Raya Bangunan, Mangupa, and (3) post
wedding, which consists of ek-aek ni horja, Manyoda gondang, Paulak anak
boru, and Paula/c..indahan (Nasution, 2005:279 .
Mangupa event is the core of Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony. It
is attended by the elements of Dalihan Na Tofu (Kahanggi, Mora, and A ak
and Hatobangon) as well. Those people are invited to give speeches (Hata-hata),
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to the new couple. In addition, this event is conducted by using verbal
communication and employs many kinds of things v\hich symbolize xpectation
and prayer of the attendants.
unique and interesting event within the weddings ceremony in AngkolaMandailing culture. Beside that, this event is usually crowded y man:x people
who are invited to celebrate the ceremony, including those who are asked to give
formal style, frozen style, casual style, or even intimate style
4
In line with the language styles to be analyzed as mentioned above, the
speech events are also analyzed in this thesis. The speech events consist of setting
and scene, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norm of
interaction and interpretation, and genre. Each of the language styles above will
be differently used in the wedding ceremony. Similarly, speech events will be
particularly conducted in particular one, too. That is why, the writer is interested to
analyze the existences of language styles including with the appearances of
speecn event in Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony, specifica ly in Mangupa
1.2 The Problems of Study
are formulated as the following
1. What types of language styles are used m
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?
Mandailing wedding ceremony?
2. What speech events are involved
wedding ceremony?
3. What type of language style is dominantly used in Mangupa of the AngkolaMandailing wedding ceremony?
the language styles used in Mangupa event of the AngkolaMandailing wedding ceremony,
5
2.
to elaborate the speech events in Mangupa event of the Angkola-Mandailing
wedding ceremony, and
3. to derive the dominant language style employed in Mangupa events of
Angkola-Mandailing wedding ceremony.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study covers discussions on M