2. Source of data The sources of data in this research are the teacher, the students and the
writer. Teacher gives information and suggestion to the writer about the result of his observation during learning process, such as; giving the lesson, class
organizing, and teaching method which was used by researcher in every cycle. The source of data which is collected from students is students activity, score of
cycle final test, and questionnaire result.
H. The Techniques of Collecting Data
Techniques of collecting data are done by using questionnaire to the students, and tests in every cycle, doing observation during teaching learning
process. The result of observation is discussed by the writer and teacher observer. So, both writer and teacher could plan the next action for the next
cycle.
I. The Technique of Data Analysis
The analysis qualitative data is used to measure data from observation, while the analysis quantitative data is used to measure data from questionnaire
and tests. In analyzing numerical data, the writer fin
ds out the average of students’ writing score per action within one cycle. It uses the formula:
5
_ ∑x
X = ──
n _
X : Mean
x : Individual
5
Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistika Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008, p.81
n : Number of students
Then, to know the class percentage which pass KKM 70, the writer uses the formula:
6
F P =
── X 100 N
P : The class percentage F : Total percentage
N : Number of students
F inally, after mean of students’ score per action is gained, the writer
analyzes whether there is or no improvement scores on writing from pre-test up to post test score in cycle 1, cycle 2, and cycle 3. The writer uses this formula:
7
P = �1−�
� x 100
P : percentage of students’ improvement Y : pre-test result
y1 : post-test 1
P = �2−�
� x 100
P : percentage of students’ improvement Y : pre-test result
y2 : post-test 2
P = �3−�
� x 100
P : percentage of students’ improvement Y : pre-test result
y3 : post-test 3
6
Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistika Pendidikan..., p.43
7
David E. Meltzer, The Relationship Between Mathematics Preparation and Conceptual Learning Gains in Physics: A Possible Hidden Variable in Diagnostic Pretest Scores, Iowa:
Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2008, p.3
Meanwhile, in analyzing data to get the percentage of questionnaire result, the writer uses the formula:
n =
── X 100 N
n : number of students N : number of students in the class
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS
