According to Association for Education and Communication Technology AECT “Media adalah segala bentuk yang dipergunakan untuk suatu proses penyaluran infomasi.”
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Media are of many forms which are used for information transfer process.
Suleiman stated that instructional media is a media which deliver information or message from a source teacher to receiver student
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. He added that instructional media are intended to improve the result of study.
According to Gagne and Briggs 1975 that “Media pembelajaran meliputi alat yang secara fisik digunakan untuk menyampaikan isi materi pelajaran, yang terdiri dari antara lain buku, tape
recorder, kaset, video kamera, video recorder, film, foto, gambar dan computer
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. Instructional media consists of aids which are used physically to convey the content of the material that includes
books, tape recorder, cassette, video, recorder, film, photo, pictures, and computer. In other words, media is a component source of study or idea physically which consists of instructional material in
students environment in order to stimulate the students to study.
The role of media in teaching situation, according to Heinich, as supporting aid for teaching in a class. While, Rijavec stated that a message delivered through the linguistic channel, although subject to some of the same ambiguities, tends to be more
precise.
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From the statements above, it can be concluded that instructional media is aids which are used to support teaching learning process. Media plays an important role in improving student’s ability. The using of media creatively will probably make the
students improve their performance in study that suitable with the objectives of the teaching learning process.
2. Function of Instructional Media
Teaching aids instructional media are useful in teaching learning process. Finnochiaro said that the class could be more active if the media can attract student’s attention. Material aids can help
9
Prof. Dr H. Asnawir dan Drs. M. Basyiruddin Usman, M. Pd, Media Pembelajaran, Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2002, p. 11. Translated by the writer.
10
Amir Hamzah Suleiman,. Media Audio Visual untuk Pengajaran Penerangan dan Penyuluhan, Jakarta: PT Gramedia, 1985, p. 2. Translated by the writer.
11
Prof. Dr. Azhar Asyad, M. A, op. cit., p. 4. Translated by the writer.
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Maja Rijavec
,
Using Visual Aids Appropriately, English Teaching Forum, Vol. XXIX. No. 1
January 1991, Washington DC. p. 50
the student to communicate-that is to understand, to speak, to read, and to write English.
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Therefore, the student will give a response to an attractive thing.
The student can get their learning result better when the media integrated in learning process, and the media can facilitate learning process commonly and it’s more attractive than traditional
teaching. Media can improve student’s interest, understanding and memory. Prof. Dr. Azhar Arsyad, M. A stated that “Media berfungsi untuk tujuan instruksi di mana
informasi yang terdapat dalam media itu harus melibatkan siswa baik dalam benak atau mental apapun dalam bentuk aktifitas yang nyata sehingga pembelajaran dapat terjadi.”
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Media is used for instructional objectives in which information in media should involve students’ participation both in
mind or other mental aspects and in real activities form, so that, the learning process can be carried.
According to Prof. Dr H. Asnawir, intructional media has several functions: 1.
To help students study easily 2.
To give real experience abstract to be more concrete 3.
To stimulate student’s interest 4.
All of the student’s sense can be activated 5.
To attract student interest’ s in study 6.
To give theory with reality
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According to Davies, the functions of media are as follows: 1
Aids to instruction Media serves to help the teachers and instructors to manage instruction more efficiently.
Media assist teachers to communicate more effectively and take over the creating role of instruction from teacher and instructors.
2 Aids to learning
Media serves to help students learn more efficiently. Media promote understanding, assist in the transfer of training, and assist in assessment. Media can be used in assessing
mastering performance.
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13
Mary Finnochiaro, op. cit. p. 263
14
Prof. Dr. Azhar Asyad, M. A, Media Pembelajaran, op. cit., p. 21. Translated by the writer.
15
Prof. Dr H. Asnawir dan Drs. M. Basyiruddin Usman, op. cit, p. 24.
16
Davies, Ivor K, Instructional Techniques, New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1980, p.193
Levie and Lentz 1982 stated that there are four functions of instructional media: 1
Fungsi Atensi Yaitu menarik dan mengarahkan perhatian siswa untuk berkonsentrasi kepada isi pelajaran
yang ditampilkan atau menyertai teks materi pelajaran. 2
Fungsi Afektif Yaitu media visual dapat terlihat dari tingkat kenikmatan siswa ketika belajar atau
membaca teks yang bergambar. 3
Fungsi Kognitif Yaitu media visual terlihat dari temuan-temuan penelitian yang mengungkapkan bahwa
lambang visual atau gambar memperlancar pencapaian tujuan untuk memahami dan mengingat informasi atau pesan yang terkandung dalam gambar.
4 Fungsi Kompentaris
Yaitu media pembelajaran terlihat dari hasil penelitian bahwa media visual yang memberikan konteks untuk memahami teks membantu siswa yang lemah dalam membaca
untuk mengorganisasikan informasi dalam teks dan mengingatnya kembali.
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1 Attention
It means that media should attractive and intend students’ attention to focus their concentration in understanding the presented lesson.
2 Affective
Visual media can be seen from their enjoyment in learning or reading some pictures texts. 3
Cognitive Visual media as found from some research findings which stated that visual symbols or
pictures can ease instruction achievements for understanding and memorizing some information or messages that is contained in the pictures.
4 Compensatory As found from some research findings that visual media which give some contexts in
understanding text, help students who have weakness in reading and to organize information in text and recall it. In other word, instructional media is used to accommodate weak students
in receiving the lesson.
Furthermore, Lubis mentions some functions of visual media are to: Support understanding when the students are listening,
Put across the meaning of vocabulary, Prompt and support reading,
Provide a topic or visual focus to prompt speaking or writing, Provide a visual link between first language and second language,
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Prof. Dr. Azhar Asyad, M. A, op. cit.,p. 16
Provide support and motivation for early reading and writing English, Provide ways around communication barriers.
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According to the functions above, it can be concluded that instructional media are very important in teaching and learning process. English teacher is supposed to use instructional media to achieve instructional objective. Therefore, the uses of
instructional media are supposed to be designed and developed well. Teacher is supposed to consider some factors in using and developing instructional media to avoid any mistakes or difficulties in using it.
3. Kinds of Instructional Media
