TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN THE FAIRY TALES BY STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT SPECIALIZING ON TRANSLATION IN UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses background of study, statements of problem, purposes of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of Study

The significance of language is incomparable. As a human being, it becomes one of essential things in this life. Language is not just restricted as a means of communication of particular society, but it also becomes an identity. Language is a phenomenon and a factor that links different cultures and a way of expressing feelings and ideas that people try to convey. We all live in wide range of countries which cause an emergence of various languages. It makes us hard to communicate with people from different countries. However, the internationally accepted language used worldwide is English. According to Crystal (cited in Rohma 2005, p.3) “thirty regions use English as their first language, including USA, CANADA, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and several carribean countries”. It is a proof that English is one of the languages which is most used in the world.

Realizing the big role that the language has, mastering English is important because that is one of the tools to communicate with people all around the world. In our country, English stands in position as a foreign language, so that is why there are still many people who cannot use English effectively. There are

information and benefits that we will receive if we are able to speak English. Here, the activity of translation and also the translator’s role are needed to minimize the difficulty that might be faced by the people.

In linguistic, many fields of disciplines may involve and are related to each other. Abassi et al. (2012) claim that “the variety of languages with different cultures and necessity of communications in human life caused translation to be a very effective factor in communicating, exchanging cultures, and knowledge”. It can be seen that in learning language, several aspects may involve, such as culture and translation: they are closely related and it is essential to consider both in the process of translation. Beypi and Biswas (2012) argue that the study of language, culture and translation is essential, and the process of translation will reach the connection among them. In addition, translation covers both linguistic and cultural activity which bridges those two disciplines to be learnt at the same time.

Translation can be categorized as an activity where the process of finding the equivalent meaning of source text into target text takes place. Translation occurs very often in our daily life in order to communicate meanings from another language. Hatim and Munday (2004) define translation as “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)”. In this definition, they only emphasize on translation as a process, without expressing that the object being transferred is meaning ormessage. Catford (1995) explains the definition of translation more completely, translation is the replacement of source language (SL) into an equivalent target language (TL) in a form of written text. Moreover, Nord (2005) concludes that since translation

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appears to be the way to make sure that the source text has been understood entirely and properly, the translator should understand the context before starting any translation. Thus, translation is a process of transferring language of SL into TL which requires the translator to know the background of both the source language and the target language in order to avoid misunderstanding.

Another matter which should be concerned in language is culture, and it takes a big role in translation. In translating a text, the translator must know the background culture of both source and target language. Abassi et al. (2012) explain that “Difficulties arising out of differences of cultures constitute the most serious problems for translators and have produced the most far-reaching misunderstanding among readers. Culture itself has its own limitation in transferring the source text into the target text”. In addition, it is important for the translator to give a big consideration towards culture as the guideline in translating the text so that the closest meaning will be earned while the activity of translation is going on. Moreover, Akbari (2013) argues that culture gives big influence to people in expressing the language.

Generally, language is an expression of culture and individuality of its speakers. It influences the way the speakers perceive the world. So focusing on the issue of translation from one language to another, the culture of both languages in the process of translation is influential. Of course one should consider that to what extent the culture is in the text and to what extent the language is in culture. (p. 1)

In conclusion, to be a good translator, we should be familiar with culture and the social context such as custom and norms. This awareness will improve not only the capability but also the quality of translator in translating the text. Furthermore, Goodenough (cited in Abbasi et al., 2012, p. 85) states that the difference of

cultural norms between SL and TL can be a factor that arises problem in translation. Besides the culture itself, considering the cultural norms also becomes an essential thing for the translator. Here, the translator's responsibility is to choose the appropriate words in TL which are not taboo and still fit with the cultural norms.

One of problems that might be faced by translator with regards to the culture side is idiom. Hornby (1987) defines idiom as a fixed expression which has particular forms and meanings, and it cannot be literally translated as individual words. In other words, we have to see it as whole component which has one meaning. Since the idioms are developed by the culture of the language, it is necessary to know the background culture both the SL and TL. Translating idioms is considered as one of barriers in translation because idioms cannot be translated without understanding the meaning behind the expressions. Berman (2000) states that, “in translating idiomatic expression, we cannot normally change the words, their order, or the grammatical forms in the same way as changing non-idiomatic expression”. Thus, idioms are basically fixed expressions. If we find idioms, we cannot change the structure or translate it each word, as idioms tied to each other. For instance, in a sentence “it is raining cats and dog”. Those who are not familiar with this idiom will think about a situation in which cats and dog are falling from the sky. In fact, the cats and dog means a very heavy rain.

This study is intended to examine the strategies used in translating idiomatic expression, especially idiomatic expression in fairy tale. As we know, nowadays, many people are expected to have a translation skill in order to get

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information from overseas. Moreover, not only information which makes people interested in, but also literary work. One of literary works which catches people’s attention is fairy tale. Fairy tale is a simple children's story about magical creatures. By reading fairy tale, the readers do not only get entertainment, but also knowledge. As in other literary works, there are social values. A fairy tale also contains messages from the author, which can be learnt by the readers. However, in translating fairy tale, the translator may face some problems. One of the problems in translating fairy tale is concerning on idioms. Considering the difficulty, it needs an appropriate strategy to overcome the problem. Baker (1992) states that in translating idioms: “The translator has two main concerns: the ability to recognize and interpret idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the various aspects of meaning that an idiom or a fixed expression conveys into the target language”. Baker offers several strategies to translate idiom; those are: a). Using similar meaning and similar form, b). Using similar meaning but disimilar form, c). Paraphrasing, d). Omission.

One of previous studies related to this research was conducted by Saputro (2012) entitled “Idioms and Strategies of Translation in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows”. In this study, the researcher used the theory of translation strategy in terms of translating idiom by Mona Baker. The study showed that several translation strategies were applied in the novel, which included idioms of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission. It is discovered that translation by paraphrase is the most commonly applied strategy for translating

idioms expression. This study concluded that paraphrasing enables the translator to produce an equivalent result in Indonesian as TL. A similar study was also conducted by Ngestiningtyas (2013) with the title “An Analysis on Idiom Translation Strategies in the Rainbow Troops”. This study is aimed at examining the translation strategies used in the translation of idioms in the novel Laskar Pelangi from Indonesian into English. The result showed that there were only three strategies found that is used by the translator in translating Indonesian idioms into English. He found that the most frequent translation strategy used by the translator is translation by using similar meaning and form. This result is different from what Baker proposed in, which the most common strategy in translating idiom is paraphrasing. The next most frequent translation strategies used based on the analysis are translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, and the last is translation by paraphrasing. He did not find the last strategy that is translation by omission. Both studies make the cultural difference as the main concern in keeping the original meaning, especially when dealing with idiomatic expressions. When translating idioms, the translator might use some adjustment in the certain context to keep the correct meaning, so the translated text is still legible and clear. In conclusion, translating idioms could be a serious matter regarding the target language. In this case the problems are doubled since the stylistic meaning should be kept without reducing the beauty of the text. However, both of those studies did not investigate the reason of choosing the most dominant strategy in translating idiomatic expression, so we can

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understand which strategy that is really appropriate to translate idiomatic expression.

Concerning on the various kinds of translation strategies in translating idiom and its influence in the meaning for the text, the researcher was interested in conducting a research with the title “Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Idiomatic Expressions in the Fairy Tales by Students of English Department Specializing on Translation In University of Muhammadiyah Malang”. The selection of research subject is not without a reason. Those seventh semester students have learnt about idiomatic expression and also idiomatic translation strategy. Based on the result of those studies explained above, there is a difference between the most dominant strategies used in translating idiomatic expression. The first research conducted by Saputro (2012) concluded that using paraphrase as the strategy in translating idiom will enable the translator to reach the closest meaning in TL. The second research conducted by Ngestiningtyas (2013) served different result that the most frequent strategy used is translation by using similar meaning and form. This difference makes the researcher interested in digging out a deep overview about the reason of choosing the most dominant translation strategy by the translator. This study aims to know the translation strategies applied in translating idiomatic expression in the fairy tales and to investigate the underlying reasons behind the choice of the most dominant translation strategy. It also differentiates this study from others, since the other studies only focus on the strategy used and the dominant strategy without concerning on the reason behind choosing it. It is important to investigate the reason of choosing the most

dominant strategy in translating idiom since to gain the closest meaning and to avoid misunderstanding become the priority in translation.

1.2Statements of Problem

To obtain significant result, research questions as guidance to the study is needed. The researcher formulates the statement problem of this study as follows:

1.2.1 What are the translation strategies applied in translating idiomatic expression in the fairy tales by seventh semester students of English Department specializing on translation in University of Muhammadiyah Malang?

1.2.2 What are the underlying reasons behind the choice of the most dominant translation strategy?

1.3Purposes of the Study

With reference to the problems above, the purposes of the study are :

1.3.1 To find out the the translation strategies applied in translating idiomatic expression in the fairy tales by seventh semester students of English Department specializing on translation in University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

1.3.2 To investigate the underlying reasons behind the choice of the most dominant translation strategy

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1.4Significance of the Study

The result of this study is expected to support the students to learn about translation aspect, especially translation strategies in translating idiomatic expression. The writer also wishes that the result of this study will be useful for the students who want to conduct research which deals with translation. In addition to reading this study, the writer hopes that these research findings will contribute in clarifying the translation strategy of translating idiomatic expression.

1.5Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research is the idiomatic expressions which are found in the fairy tales. To limit this research, the researcher only analyzes the translation strategy in translating idiomatic expression in some fairy tales such as Cinderella, Snow White, Aladdin, Sleeping Beauty, and The Princess and Frog. In addition, its limitation is on identifying the translation strategies applied by students of English Department specializing on translation in translating the idiomatic expression in those fairy tales and the underlying reasons of choosing the most dominant strategy in translating idiomatic expression.

1.6Definition of the Key Terms

The researcher provides the classification of the key term in order to avoid misinterpretation in understanding the terms related to the study:

 Translation is the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) and to target language (TL) (Hatim and Munday, 2004).

 Translation strategy is the technique which is used to render source text into target text. In this case, there are four translation strategies in translating idiomatic expression a). Using an Idioms of Similar Meaning and Form b). Using an Idiom of Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form c). Translation by Paraphrase and d).Translation by Omission (Baker, 1992).

 Idioms is a group of words joining together to assume a specific meaning different from the meaning of each individual word (Tan, 2002).

 Fairy tale is a simple story about magical beings such as fairies, dragons, and wizard. It is originally intended for children, the fairy tale has in certain instances involved into longer and more sophisticated narratives of supernatural events (Flanagan, M, 2015).

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN THE FAIRY TALES BY STUDENTS

OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT SPECIALIZING ON TRANSLATION IN UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THESIS

by:

NYDHA AJENG PANGESTUTI 201110100311306

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

by:

NYDHA AJENG PANGESTUTI 2011101003111306

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

“Miracle is Another Name of an Effort”

“ is impossible in this world. The word itself says im-possible.”

Never give up of what you fight for. You never know when the

miracle comes to meet you.” Nydha Ajeng Pangestuti

DEDICATION

This thesis is especially dedicated to: My dearest Mother Ngesti Harini

My beloved Father Sutikno My gorgeous Brother Nyno Fella .S

to me. After being in a tough time in finishing my thesis, this is the right time for me to present my best and huge gratitude for those who are engaged in my challenging time. For the very first, all best praises belong to Allah SWT for giving me strength and blessing in completing this thesis. Not forgotten, praises are also offered to the beloved Prophet, Muhammad SAW as the best role model ever for me and all Muslims around the world.

Secondly, I would like to deliver my deepest gratitude and appreciation to the first advisor Mr. Riski Lestiono, M.A. who patiently guides and supports me to finish this thesis. Then, I also would like to convey my best gratitude to the second advisor Ms. Nina Inayati, M.Ed. who kindly gives me supports, suggestions and also an invaluable help to reach a better writing, especially in constructing this thesis.

Thirdly, the best and uncountable thanks are delivered to my family. For my patient father Bpk Sutikno, beloved mother Ibu Ngesti Harini, and my coolest brother Nyno Fella .S. There is no word that could describe my gratitude for all the endless love, support and prayer.

To all of my dearest friends Ninik, Maulany, Ira, Endah, Dana, Fannanah, Aisyah, Berlian, Ajeng Mutiara and Ina who are also in the same challenging journey, keep being strong and istiqomah, we are always one step closer to reach our dreams. Thanks for the support, help and prayer. Thanks for the friendship and memories. You are all more than a friend for me.

Last but not least, I also would like to dedicate my best gratitude to those who contributed in this thesis. For all my friends in translation class, thanks for the priceless help and support, it would never be done without all of you. For all my friends in F class, thank you very much for the togetherness and the unforgettable memories along these four years. May all the knowledge that we get could reveal the best version of us.

Malang, August 27, 2015 The Writer,

LEGALIZATION ... iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... v

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF TABLES ... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Statements of Problem ... 8

1.3 Purpose of Study ... 8

1.4 Significance of Study ... 9

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 9

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Translation ... 11

2.1.1 Types of Translation ... 13

2.1.2 The Process of Translation ... 17

2.2Idiom ... 21

2.2.1 The Difficulties in Translating Idioms ... 23

2.3Fairy Tale ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design... 30

3.2Subject of Study ... 31

3.3Research Instrument... 32

3.3.1 Document Analysis ... 32

3.3.2 Interview Guide ... 33

3.4Data Collection ... 34

3.5Data Analysis ... 34

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Research Findings ... 36

4.1.1Translation Strategies ... 37

4.1.2Types of Translation Strategies ... 38

4.1.2.1 Using an Idiom with a Similar Meaning and Form... 38

1.1.2.2Using an Idiom with a Similar Meaning but Dissimilar Form ... 40

1.1.2.3Translation by Paraphrase ... 43

4.1.2.4 Translation by Omission ... 46

4.1.3 Description of the Underlying Reasons Behind the Choice of the Most Dominant Strategy ... 48

4.2 Discussion ... 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusion ... 53

5.2Suggestions ... 54

REFERENCES ... 56

APPENDICES APPENDIX I Data Coding ... 59

LIST OF FIGURES

Picture 1: Translation Process by Nida and Taber ... 18 Picture 2: Translation Process by Larson ... 19 Picture 3: Translation Process by Nababan ... 20

REFERENCES

Abassi, G., Zadeh, S., Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., Dehghan, S. (2012). Language, Translation and Culture. International Conference on Language, Medias

and Culture IPEDR, 33, 83-87.

Akbari, Monireh. (2013). The Role of Culture in Translation. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies (Special Issues on Applied Linguistic), 3(8), 13-21. Retrieved from www.academians.org

Akbari, Monireh. (2013). Strategies for Translating Idioms. Journal of Academic

and Applied Studies (Special Issues on Applied Linguistic), 3(8), 32-41.

Retrieved from www.academians.org

Ary, Donald et al. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (8th edition). Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Ary, Donald et al. (2006). Introduction to Research in Education (7th edition). Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Badudu, J. (1984). Kamus Ungkapan Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: Pustaka Prima.

Baker, Mona. (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translating. New York: Routledge.

Berman, M. (2000). Teaching Idiom: The Weekly Coloumn. Retrieved from

http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/Junr2000/art152000.shtml

Beypi, S., & Biswas, S. (2012). Language, Culture, and Translation of the Karbi: A Brief Study. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6), 562-564.

Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods (5th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education.

Burns, N and Grove, S. K. (2003). Understanding Nursing Research 3th Edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.

Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.

Creswell, John W. (2012). Educational Research (4th edition). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Davies, M. G. (2004). Multiple voices in the translation classroom: Activities,

Tasks and Projects. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Flanagan, M. (2015). Contemporary Literature Categories. Retrieved from

http://contemporarylit.about.com

Gay, L. R. (1987). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis &

Application (3rd Edition). Columbus, OH: Merril Publishing Company.

Goodenough, W.H. (1954). Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. In: D. Hymes

(Ed.), Language in Culture and Society. New York: Harper & Row.

Hatim, B., & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.

Hornby. AS. (1987). Oxford Advaced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London: Oxford University Press.

Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross

Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.

Lou, R. (2007). The Handbook of English Idiom. Jakarta: V-Print.

McArthur, T. (1992). The Oxford Companion to English Language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

McMillan, J., & Schumacher, S. (1992). Educational Research: Fundamentals for

the Consumer. New York: Harper Collins College Publisher.

Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge.

Mustonen, S. (2010) Translating Idioms: A case study on Donna Tartt's The

Secret History and its Finnish translation. University of Jyväskylä:

Unpublished Thesis.

Nababan, M.R. (1999). Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).

Nida, Eugene. A. and Taber, Charles, R. (1974). The Theory and Practice of

Translation. Netherland : E J. Brill, Leiden Netherland.

Ngestininintyas, F. (2013). An Analysis on Idiom Translation Strategies In the

Rainbow Troops. (Sarjana Thesis, Satya Wacana Christian University

Salatiga).

Rohmah, Z. (2005. English as a Global Language: Its Historical Past and

Future. Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: IAIN Sunan Ampel.

Saputro, Rizki Febriawan. (2012). Idioms and Strategies of Translation in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Anglicist, 1(2), 23-28.

Suryawinata, Z., Hariyanto, S. (2003). Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun

Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogayakarta: Kanisius

Wills, W. (1982). The science of translation: problems and methods. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.

Yount, R. (2006). Population and Sampling 4th Edition. Retrieved online

APPENDIX II Analysis Table of Idiom Translation Strategies ... 69 APPENDIX III Samples of Transcript Interview ... 98

LIST OF FIGURES

Picture 1: Translation Process by Nida and Taber ... 18 Picture 2: Translation Process by Larson ... 19 Picture 3: Translation Process by Nababan ... 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Translation Strategies Used by the Students ... 34 Table 2. Frequency of Strategy Usage ... 37

REFERENCES

Abassi, G., Zadeh, S., Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., Dehghan, S. (2012). Language, Translation and Culture. International Conference on Language, Medias

and Culture IPEDR, 33, 83-87.

Akbari, Monireh. (2013). The Role of Culture in Translation. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies (Special Issues on Applied Linguistic), 3(8), 13-21. Retrieved from www.academians.org

Akbari, Monireh. (2013). Strategies for Translating Idioms. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies (Special Issues on Applied Linguistic), 3(8), 32-41. Retrieved from www.academians.org

Ary, Donald et al. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (8th edition). Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Ary, Donald et al. (2006). Introduction to Research in Education (7th edition). Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Badudu, J. (1984). Kamus Ungkapan Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: Pustaka Prima.

Baker, Mona. (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translating. New York: Routledge.

Berman, M. (2000). Teaching Idiom: The Weekly Coloumn. Retrieved from http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/Junr2000/art152000.shtml

Beypi, S., & Biswas, S. (2012). Language, Culture, and Translation of the Karbi: A Brief Study. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6), 562-564.

Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods (5th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education.

Burns, N and Grove, S. K. (2003). Understanding Nursing Research 3th Edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.

Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.

Chaliya, D. (2014). The Strategy of Translating Idioms In Recount Text From English into Indonesian Used By English Department Students of University

of Muhammadiyah Malang. (Unpublished Sarjana Thesis, University of

Muhammadiyah Malang).

Creswell, John W. (2012). Educational Research (4th edition). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Davies, M. G. (2004). Multiple voices in the translation classroom: Activities,

Tasks and Projects. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Flanagan, M. (2015). Contemporary Literature Categories. Retrieved from http://contemporarylit.about.com

Gay, L. R. (1987). Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis &

Application (3rd Edition). Columbus, OH: Merril Publishing Company.

Goodenough, W.H. (1954). Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. In: D. Hymes

(Ed.), Language in Culture and Society. New York: Harper & Row.

Hatim, B., & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. New York: Routledge.

Hornby. AS. (1987). Oxford Advaced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London: Oxford University Press.

Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross

Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.

Lou, R. (2007). The Handbook of English Idiom. Jakarta: V-Print.

McArthur, T. (1992). The Oxford Companion to English Language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

McMillan, J., & Schumacher, S. (1992). Educational Research: Fundamentals for

the Consumer. New York: Harper Collins College Publisher.

Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. New York: Routledge.

Mustonen, S. (2010) Translating Idioms: A case study on Donna Tartt's The Secret History and its Finnish translation. University of Jyväskylä: Unpublished Thesis.

Nababan, M.R. (1999). Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).

Nida, Eugene. A. and Taber, Charles, R. (1974). The Theory and Practice of

Translation. Netherland : E J. Brill, Leiden Netherland.

Ngestininintyas, F. (2013). An Analysis on Idiom Translation Strategies In the

Rainbow Troops. (Sarjana Thesis, Satya Wacana Christian University

Salatiga).

Rohmah, Z. (2005. English as a Global Language: Its Historical Past and

Future. Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: IAIN Sunan Ampel.

Saputro, Rizki Febriawan. (2012). Idioms and Strategies of Translation in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Anglicist, 1(2), 23-28.

Suryawinata, Z., Hariyanto, S. (2003). Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun

Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogayakarta: Kanisius

Wills, W. (1982). The science of translation: problems and methods. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.

Yount, R. (2006). Population and Sampling 4th Edition. Retrieved online www. napce.org/documents/research-design…/07_Sampling_4th.pdf