AN ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR REALIA IN TRANSLATING ABSTRACTS APPLIED BY STUDENTSÂ’ TRANSLATION BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR REALIA
IN TRANSLATING ABSTRACTS APPLIED BY STUDENTS’
TRANSLATION BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH
MALANG
THESIS
By:
DEWI KHOIRUN NISA HARTONO
201210100311218
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2016
AN ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR REALIA
IN TRANSLATING ABSTRACTS APPLIED BY STUDENTS’
TRANSLATION BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH
MALANG
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DEWI KHOIRUN NISA HARTONO
201210100311218
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2016
MOTTOS
If you are not strong, it’s simple the answer is be strong! :D
-Someone outside there-
If you want a rainbow, you need to deal with the rain and storm first, that’s life.
-Anonymous-
Nobody has it is easy. Everybody is fighting their own unique war. All is different
kind of path. But we cannot expect everyone to understand our journey. Be kind.
Always.
-Alyssa Soebandono-
I believe that everything happens for a reason. People change so that you can learn
to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when they’re right, you
believe lies so you eventually learn to trust no one but yourself, and sometimes
good things fall apart so better things can fall together.
-Marilyn Monroe-
DEDICATIONS
This thesis is keenly dedicated to:
My lovely mom, Ibu Siti Kholidah
My adorable dad, Bapak Suhartono
My beloved sisters, Nur Fauziah H and Hardini Lailatul R
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praises be upon Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and
Most Merciful, due to His blessing, this thesis can be accomplished properly.
Peace and blessing also be upon Muhammad SAW who has revealed the way to
touch brightness. In its final accomplishment, I am realized that this thesis is still
inadequate. Thus, to make this thesis better, I openly welcome all criticism and
suggestions from all parties.
Obviously, I would like to witness my gratitude to my first advisor, Puji
Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd. and my second advisor, Dr. Hartono, M.Pd. for their
patience, advices and supports during guiding me in finishing this thesis.
Furthermore, my great gratitude addressed to my thesis examiners.
Hereafter, I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude to Mister
Riski Lestiono, M.A. and also all of the lecturers who help me in conducting this
thesis.
Additionally, my gratitude is dedicated for both of my parents, Siti
Kholidah and Suhartono, who eternally offer me with peace-loving affections.
Moreover, my ceaseless appreciation goes to my beloved sisters, Nur Fauziah
Hartono and Hardini Lailatul R for her supports and nice regard.
Lastly, I would like to express my thankfulness for all of my collegial
friends: Sri Wahyuni Ningsih, Dwi Sari Kurniawati, Mustaghfiroh, Dita Fitriana,
Raditya Eka O, Erischa Nurnindya, Renindya Rachmatika Y, Mukholidiyah,
Nafila Zain, Rawika Ardila, Tedy Bahtiar K, Bunga Navyani, Lailatus S, Siti Nur
Cholila, all of my friends in D class and all of good people for their endless help
during I accomplish this thesis.
Malang, November 2016
Dewi Khoirun Nisa Hartono
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ………………………………………………………………… iii
MOTTOS AND DEDICATIONS ………………………………………….. v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………. vi
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… ix
APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………. xii
LIST OF THE TABLES ……………………………………………………. xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study....................................................................... 1
1.2 Statements of the Problem ................................................................... 4
1.3 Purposes of the Study ........................................................................... 4
1.4 Significances of the Study .................................................................... 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ........................................................................... 5
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation............................................................................................ 8
2.2 The Principles of Translation .............................................................. 9
2.3 Definition of Realia ............................................................................. 11
2.4 Translation Strategies for Realia .......................................................... 12
2.4.1 Maintenance ............................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Loan Translation/Calque ............................................................ 13
2.4.3 Approximation ........................................................................... 13
2.4.4 Description ................................................................................. 14
2.4.5 Generalization ............................................................................ 14
2.4.6 Adaptation .................................................................................. 14
2.4.7 Omission .................................................................................... 15
2.5 The Reasons behind Using the Translation Strategies ........................ 16
2.6 Abstract Text ....................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................. 18
3.2 Source of Data ...................................................................................... 19
3.3 Research Instrument ............................................................................ 19
3.3.1 Interview .................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 Document Analysis .................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Collection .................................................................................... 21
3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Research Finding ................................................................................. 23
4.1.1 Kinds of Translation Strategies for Realia Found in
Abstract Texts Employed by the Students’ Translation
Bureau ........................................................................................ 23
4.1.1.1 Maintenance .................................................................... 24
4.1.1.2 Loan Translation/Calque ................................................ 27
4.1.1.3 Description ..................................................................... 30
4.1.1.4 Generalization ................................................................ 30
4.1.1.5 Adaptation ...................................................................... 31
4.1.1.6 Combination of Translation Strategies .......................... 34
4.1.2 The Underlying Reasons behind the Choice of the Most
Dominant Strategy in Translating Abstract texts Employed
by the Students’ Translation Bureau .......................................... 36
4.2 Discussion ........................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 43
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................... 44
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX
……………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 A table of kinds of translation strategies for realia found in Abstract
text.
Appendix 2 Interview Script
LIST OF THE TABLES
Table 4.1.1.1 Maintenance Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 24
Table 4.1.1.2 Loan Translation Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 27
Table 4.1.1.3 Description Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 30
Table 4.1.1.4 Generalization Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 31
Table 4.1.1.5 Adaptation Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 31
Table 4.1.1.6 Combination of Translation Strategies for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 34
Table 4.1.2
Kinds of Translation Strategies for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 37
REFERENCES
Andrade, Chittaranjan. 2011. How to write a good abstract for a scientific paper
or conference presentation. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 53 (2),
April-June 2011, pp. 172-175.
Ary, Donald et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (8th Edition).
Belmont: Wadsworth.
Bassnett, Susan. 2002. Translation Studies. NY: Methuen & Co.Ltd.
Creswell, John W. 2008. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing
among five approaches (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publication.
Freimuth, Hilda. 2006. Language and Culture. Volume 2, Spring 2006. UGRU
Journal.
Leppihalme, Rivta. 2011. Handbook of Translation Studies. Volume 2. Chapter
Realia. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Gebraad, Jonneke. 2012. La traduction des realia, noms et irrealia dans la
literature pour enfants, Une recherché a l’aide du roman ‘Le Pacte des
Marchombres – Ellana’ de Pierre Bottero. Utrecht University.
Grigor’eva, A. 2011. Different Approaches to the Reproduction of the National
Singularity in the Russian-Italian Translation.
Grit, Dienderik 1997, ‘De vertaling van Realia.’ In: Filter, 4/4. 42-48. Edited and
updated version in: Naajikens e.a (2004), 279-286.
Hancock, Beverley et al. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. The
NIHR Research Design Service for the East Midlands.
Jones, Elka. 2002. Intepreters and translators-Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Occupational Outlook Quarterly: Summer 2002.
Mauranen, Anna and Kujumaki, Pekka. 2004. Translation Universals: Do they
exist? Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and
Application (3rd Edition). United State of America & Canada: Routledge.
Nurlaily. 2014. Types of Realia in Heather Webber’s Novel “Truly, Madly” and
Their Translation Strategies Into Bahasa Indonesia. Thesis. English
Departement: Faculty of Teaching Training and Education University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pierson, David J. 2004. How to Write an Abstract That Will Be Accepted.
Respiratory Care. Vol. 49 (10) October 2004, pp. 1206-1212.
Rasyidie, Faldy et al. 2013. Translation Shifts In The Novel “Mansfield Park” By
Jane Austen Translated By Berliani Mantili Nugrahani. Volume 1. Journal
of Science and Culture. National University of Jakarta.
Salehi, Mohammmad. 2012. Reflections on Culture, Language and Translation.
Journal of Academic and Applied Studie. Vol. 2 (5) May 2012, pp. 76-85.
Sassen, Hans. 2006. L’affrontement de tris cultures, Les realia dans la traduction
en neerlandais de L’Ecrivain de Yasmina Khadra. Utrecht University.
Smets, Lieselotte. 2011. Transferring British Culture in Dutch Subtitles: The
Translation of Realia in “Yes, Minister”. Lessius Hogeschool Antwerpen.
Wardaugh, Ronald. 2006. Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Malden, Oxford, &
Victoria: Blackwell.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter one comprises of the fundamental section which delivers an
explanation about how the researcher initiates this study. This chapter deals with
background of study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of
study, scope and limitation, and also definition of key terms. Each topic is
presented as below.
1.1 Background of Study
Language is a communication tool employed by human beings to express
their idea or opinion. Wardhaugh (2006:1) emphasized that “a language is what
the members of a particular society speak.” Nearly every society can take various
different forms of speech. It means that language has an essential role in human
life as a device to communicate each other whether in a spoken or written form.
Besides, Salehi (2012:76) considers that language captures the knowledge and
traditions concurrently to remain that it is not only available for the next
generations in the similar community but also for other nations and ethnicities as
well. By means of this explanation, he points that the language is a symbol of
cultural reality. In addition, Freimuth (2006:1) also believes that one or anything
in life affects each other. For example, language and culture are linked and have
intimate relationship because they cannot exist without each other. The intimate
relationship between language and culture then arouses some problems for many
people to communicate because they could not share the equal language and
culture. At this point, the intervention of translation and translators are necessary.
1
Vividly, the translator should be responsive to the cultural references that will be
explained to the readers (Jones, 2002:23). Furthermore, Munday (2001:4) said
that the word translation itself has many interpretations. It can refer to the product
(the text that has been translated) and also to the process (the act of producing the
translation). In short, translation is the activity to change or transfer the source
language (SL) into target language (TL), so that it is understood by the TL
readers.
One of the challenging issues in translation which is quite interesting is
translating realia. There are several terms proposed by some experts. According
to Lefevere (in Leppihalme, 2011:126), the term realia refers to Latin for ‘real
things’. It is because of their referential link with reality, words and phrases that
are bounding up closely in this world as the original culture of reference. Besides,
Grit (2004) stated that the term "realia" (singular: "real") referred to two forms in
the broad sense: the specific culture in a particular country or culture in which it
belongs to actual phenomena or categorical terms and which elsewhere have no or
only partial equivalence; the terms used for those phenomena/concepts. Grit
(2004) also provides some examples of realia, such us: historical realia, e.g.
Sumpah Pemuda (The Youth Pledge); Geographical realia, e.g. Tangkuban
Perahu (a mountain in West Java, Indonesia); Private-institutional realia, e.g.
FKIP (Faculty of Teacher Training and Education); Public-institutional realia, e.g.
RRI (the state radio network of Indonesia); Units, e.g. siung (measurement of
garlic) ; social-cultural realia, e.g. asinan (a traditional food from Bogor, West
Java, Indonesia). Furthermore, Lappihalme (2011:126) noted that the term realia
in translation studies refers to the concepts found in a given source culture not in a
2
given target culture. Discussing among language and culture are unlimited since
they have intricate relationship. Therefore, the researcher sum up that there is an
explicit word which portrays the culture and identity of someone’s community
named realia.
Conveying realia in translation is not easy because the translator needs to
express the historical and national color of the realia along with its objective
meaning (Grigor’eva, 2006). Unavoidably, the translator should notice that it was
not only focuses on how realia can be translated but also on how it should be
translated. Moreover, there is a reason why realia is important because there are
some possibilities which occur in the readers or target groups with the writer who
have dissimilar perspective if they could not understand the whole passage. In this
case, the translator customs some strategies to make cultural words or phrases
acceptable and intelligible by the readers even if they should change the original
words but still carrying the equivalent messages. In short, the translation strategy
for realia itself has a meaning that is a procedure which entails description about
how translation problems confronted by the translator in translating realia are
resolved.
A previous study about translating realia was conducted by Nurlaily
(2014). She found that there were eight strategies used to translate realia in novel
as a literary work, namely maintenance strategy, calque/loan translation,
approximation, description, generalization, adaptation, omission, and combination
strategy. The dominant strategy which is used in translating realia is maintenance
strategy.
3
In relation with all of those explanations which are elaborated, this study
focuses on analyzing the translation strategies for realia in abstract texts. The
sources of data in this thesis are abstract texts which are collected from the
students’ translation bureaus who take Translation II studies at English Language
Education Department of UMM. Based on the preliminary studies, it was found
that the translators at students’ translation bureaus have learnt about realia and
uses some realia in translating kinds of texts. Therefore, the researcher is
interested to conduct this research under the title “An Analysis on Translation
Strategies for Realia in Translating Abstracts Applied by Students’ Translation
Bureau at University of Muhammadiyah Malang” in order to find out whether the
translators at students’ translation bureau use strategy in translating realia or not.
In addition, the abstract texts are chosen as the object of this study because the
researcher would like to investigate realia in academic or formal languages.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
Based on the background of the study, some research problems are
formulated:
1.
What are the kinds of translation strategies for realia in translating abstracts
employed by students’ translation bureau at University of Muhammadiyah
Malang?
2.
What are the underlying reasons behind the choice of the most dominant
strategy in translating abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at
University of Muhammadiyah Malang?
4
1.3 Purposes of Study
The problems of this study raise the purposes of study below:
1.
To investigate the kinds of translation strategies for realia used in translating
abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
2.
To discover the motives behind the choice of the most dominant strategy in
translating abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
1.4 Significance of Study
This study is expected to be able to give contribution reference to several
circumstances as follows:
1. For the students or translators
The outcome of this study is expected to be able to help them (students or
translators) in enhancing their comprehending on translation studies
particularly in translation strategies for realia.
2. For the lecturers
The result of this study is expected to expand lecturers’ knowledge in
teaching translation studies, for instance as a data source in teaching
translation especially about translation strategies for realia.
3. For the next researchers
5
This study is expected to be valuable for the next researchers who want to do
similar study. Thus, it is expected to enlighten them as an additional reference
mainly about translation strategies for realia.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
The scope in this study is on the object that is abstract texts from various
major or fields which are translated by students' translation bureau on English
Language Education Departement at University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Also,
because the students in translation bureaus translate many abstracts every day and
the researcher has limited time and energy, the researcher limits the abstract texts
which were translated from October, 1st – 31st 2016.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To avoid some misunderstanding, some key terms used in this study are
defined as follows:
1.
Translation is a process to organize or to replace a message of one language
in the others language into the equivalent message (Rasyidie, et al. 2013:64).
2.
Realia are “cultural-specific words or terminologies. It focuses on phenomena
or categorical concepts which are specific in one country or culture. For
example, cafeteria (English) is translated into kafetaria (Bahasa Indonesia)”
(Nurlaily, 2014).
3.
Translation Strategy for Realia is a procedure which consists of explanation
about how translation problems confronted by the translator in translating
realia are resolved.
6
4.
Abstract Text is a shortened version of a full scientific paper which describes
a study and its result (Pierson, 2004:1206).
5.
Students’ Translation Bureau is a group which consists of 5-6 students who
organize translation bureaus and practice their skill to be a good translator in
Translation II subject at English Language Education Department of UMM.
7
IN TRANSLATING ABSTRACTS APPLIED BY STUDENTS’
TRANSLATION BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH
MALANG
THESIS
By:
DEWI KHOIRUN NISA HARTONO
201210100311218
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2016
AN ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION STRATEGIES FOR REALIA
IN TRANSLATING ABSTRACTS APPLIED BY STUDENTS’
TRANSLATION BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH
MALANG
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DEWI KHOIRUN NISA HARTONO
201210100311218
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2016
MOTTOS
If you are not strong, it’s simple the answer is be strong! :D
-Someone outside there-
If you want a rainbow, you need to deal with the rain and storm first, that’s life.
-Anonymous-
Nobody has it is easy. Everybody is fighting their own unique war. All is different
kind of path. But we cannot expect everyone to understand our journey. Be kind.
Always.
-Alyssa Soebandono-
I believe that everything happens for a reason. People change so that you can learn
to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when they’re right, you
believe lies so you eventually learn to trust no one but yourself, and sometimes
good things fall apart so better things can fall together.
-Marilyn Monroe-
DEDICATIONS
This thesis is keenly dedicated to:
My lovely mom, Ibu Siti Kholidah
My adorable dad, Bapak Suhartono
My beloved sisters, Nur Fauziah H and Hardini Lailatul R
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, all praises be upon Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and
Most Merciful, due to His blessing, this thesis can be accomplished properly.
Peace and blessing also be upon Muhammad SAW who has revealed the way to
touch brightness. In its final accomplishment, I am realized that this thesis is still
inadequate. Thus, to make this thesis better, I openly welcome all criticism and
suggestions from all parties.
Obviously, I would like to witness my gratitude to my first advisor, Puji
Sumarsono, S.Pd., M.Pd. and my second advisor, Dr. Hartono, M.Pd. for their
patience, advices and supports during guiding me in finishing this thesis.
Furthermore, my great gratitude addressed to my thesis examiners.
Hereafter, I would like to express my wholehearted gratitude to Mister
Riski Lestiono, M.A. and also all of the lecturers who help me in conducting this
thesis.
Additionally, my gratitude is dedicated for both of my parents, Siti
Kholidah and Suhartono, who eternally offer me with peace-loving affections.
Moreover, my ceaseless appreciation goes to my beloved sisters, Nur Fauziah
Hartono and Hardini Lailatul R for her supports and nice regard.
Lastly, I would like to express my thankfulness for all of my collegial
friends: Sri Wahyuni Ningsih, Dwi Sari Kurniawati, Mustaghfiroh, Dita Fitriana,
Raditya Eka O, Erischa Nurnindya, Renindya Rachmatika Y, Mukholidiyah,
Nafila Zain, Rawika Ardila, Tedy Bahtiar K, Bunga Navyani, Lailatus S, Siti Nur
Cholila, all of my friends in D class and all of good people for their endless help
during I accomplish this thesis.
Malang, November 2016
Dewi Khoirun Nisa Hartono
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ………………………………………………………………… iii
MOTTOS AND DEDICATIONS ………………………………………….. v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………. vi
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………… ix
APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………. xii
LIST OF THE TABLES ……………………………………………………. xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study....................................................................... 1
1.2 Statements of the Problem ................................................................... 4
1.3 Purposes of the Study ........................................................................... 4
1.4 Significances of the Study .................................................................... 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ........................................................................... 5
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation............................................................................................ 8
2.2 The Principles of Translation .............................................................. 9
2.3 Definition of Realia ............................................................................. 11
2.4 Translation Strategies for Realia .......................................................... 12
2.4.1 Maintenance ............................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Loan Translation/Calque ............................................................ 13
2.4.3 Approximation ........................................................................... 13
2.4.4 Description ................................................................................. 14
2.4.5 Generalization ............................................................................ 14
2.4.6 Adaptation .................................................................................. 14
2.4.7 Omission .................................................................................... 15
2.5 The Reasons behind Using the Translation Strategies ........................ 16
2.6 Abstract Text ....................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................. 18
3.2 Source of Data ...................................................................................... 19
3.3 Research Instrument ............................................................................ 19
3.3.1 Interview .................................................................................... 20
3.3.2 Document Analysis .................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Collection .................................................................................... 21
3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Research Finding ................................................................................. 23
4.1.1 Kinds of Translation Strategies for Realia Found in
Abstract Texts Employed by the Students’ Translation
Bureau ........................................................................................ 23
4.1.1.1 Maintenance .................................................................... 24
4.1.1.2 Loan Translation/Calque ................................................ 27
4.1.1.3 Description ..................................................................... 30
4.1.1.4 Generalization ................................................................ 30
4.1.1.5 Adaptation ...................................................................... 31
4.1.1.6 Combination of Translation Strategies .......................... 34
4.1.2 The Underlying Reasons behind the Choice of the Most
Dominant Strategy in Translating Abstract texts Employed
by the Students’ Translation Bureau .......................................... 36
4.2 Discussion ........................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 43
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................... 44
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX
……………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX
Appendix 1 A table of kinds of translation strategies for realia found in Abstract
text.
Appendix 2 Interview Script
LIST OF THE TABLES
Table 4.1.1.1 Maintenance Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 24
Table 4.1.1.2 Loan Translation Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 27
Table 4.1.1.3 Description Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 30
Table 4.1.1.4 Generalization Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 31
Table 4.1.1.5 Adaptation Strategy for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 31
Table 4.1.1.6 Combination of Translation Strategies for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 34
Table 4.1.2
Kinds of Translation Strategies for Realia
Found in Abstract texts ............................................................. 37
REFERENCES
Andrade, Chittaranjan. 2011. How to write a good abstract for a scientific paper
or conference presentation. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Vol. 53 (2),
April-June 2011, pp. 172-175.
Ary, Donald et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (8th Edition).
Belmont: Wadsworth.
Bassnett, Susan. 2002. Translation Studies. NY: Methuen & Co.Ltd.
Creswell, John W. 2008. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing
among five approaches (2nd Edition). Thousand Oaks, Sage Publication.
Freimuth, Hilda. 2006. Language and Culture. Volume 2, Spring 2006. UGRU
Journal.
Leppihalme, Rivta. 2011. Handbook of Translation Studies. Volume 2. Chapter
Realia. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.
Gebraad, Jonneke. 2012. La traduction des realia, noms et irrealia dans la
literature pour enfants, Une recherché a l’aide du roman ‘Le Pacte des
Marchombres – Ellana’ de Pierre Bottero. Utrecht University.
Grigor’eva, A. 2011. Different Approaches to the Reproduction of the National
Singularity in the Russian-Italian Translation.
Grit, Dienderik 1997, ‘De vertaling van Realia.’ In: Filter, 4/4. 42-48. Edited and
updated version in: Naajikens e.a (2004), 279-286.
Hancock, Beverley et al. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. The
NIHR Research Design Service for the East Midlands.
Jones, Elka. 2002. Intepreters and translators-Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Occupational Outlook Quarterly: Summer 2002.
Mauranen, Anna and Kujumaki, Pekka. 2004. Translation Universals: Do they
exist? Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and
Application (3rd Edition). United State of America & Canada: Routledge.
Nurlaily. 2014. Types of Realia in Heather Webber’s Novel “Truly, Madly” and
Their Translation Strategies Into Bahasa Indonesia. Thesis. English
Departement: Faculty of Teaching Training and Education University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pierson, David J. 2004. How to Write an Abstract That Will Be Accepted.
Respiratory Care. Vol. 49 (10) October 2004, pp. 1206-1212.
Rasyidie, Faldy et al. 2013. Translation Shifts In The Novel “Mansfield Park” By
Jane Austen Translated By Berliani Mantili Nugrahani. Volume 1. Journal
of Science and Culture. National University of Jakarta.
Salehi, Mohammmad. 2012. Reflections on Culture, Language and Translation.
Journal of Academic and Applied Studie. Vol. 2 (5) May 2012, pp. 76-85.
Sassen, Hans. 2006. L’affrontement de tris cultures, Les realia dans la traduction
en neerlandais de L’Ecrivain de Yasmina Khadra. Utrecht University.
Smets, Lieselotte. 2011. Transferring British Culture in Dutch Subtitles: The
Translation of Realia in “Yes, Minister”. Lessius Hogeschool Antwerpen.
Wardaugh, Ronald. 2006. Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Malden, Oxford, &
Victoria: Blackwell.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter one comprises of the fundamental section which delivers an
explanation about how the researcher initiates this study. This chapter deals with
background of study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of
study, scope and limitation, and also definition of key terms. Each topic is
presented as below.
1.1 Background of Study
Language is a communication tool employed by human beings to express
their idea or opinion. Wardhaugh (2006:1) emphasized that “a language is what
the members of a particular society speak.” Nearly every society can take various
different forms of speech. It means that language has an essential role in human
life as a device to communicate each other whether in a spoken or written form.
Besides, Salehi (2012:76) considers that language captures the knowledge and
traditions concurrently to remain that it is not only available for the next
generations in the similar community but also for other nations and ethnicities as
well. By means of this explanation, he points that the language is a symbol of
cultural reality. In addition, Freimuth (2006:1) also believes that one or anything
in life affects each other. For example, language and culture are linked and have
intimate relationship because they cannot exist without each other. The intimate
relationship between language and culture then arouses some problems for many
people to communicate because they could not share the equal language and
culture. At this point, the intervention of translation and translators are necessary.
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Vividly, the translator should be responsive to the cultural references that will be
explained to the readers (Jones, 2002:23). Furthermore, Munday (2001:4) said
that the word translation itself has many interpretations. It can refer to the product
(the text that has been translated) and also to the process (the act of producing the
translation). In short, translation is the activity to change or transfer the source
language (SL) into target language (TL), so that it is understood by the TL
readers.
One of the challenging issues in translation which is quite interesting is
translating realia. There are several terms proposed by some experts. According
to Lefevere (in Leppihalme, 2011:126), the term realia refers to Latin for ‘real
things’. It is because of their referential link with reality, words and phrases that
are bounding up closely in this world as the original culture of reference. Besides,
Grit (2004) stated that the term "realia" (singular: "real") referred to two forms in
the broad sense: the specific culture in a particular country or culture in which it
belongs to actual phenomena or categorical terms and which elsewhere have no or
only partial equivalence; the terms used for those phenomena/concepts. Grit
(2004) also provides some examples of realia, such us: historical realia, e.g.
Sumpah Pemuda (The Youth Pledge); Geographical realia, e.g. Tangkuban
Perahu (a mountain in West Java, Indonesia); Private-institutional realia, e.g.
FKIP (Faculty of Teacher Training and Education); Public-institutional realia, e.g.
RRI (the state radio network of Indonesia); Units, e.g. siung (measurement of
garlic) ; social-cultural realia, e.g. asinan (a traditional food from Bogor, West
Java, Indonesia). Furthermore, Lappihalme (2011:126) noted that the term realia
in translation studies refers to the concepts found in a given source culture not in a
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given target culture. Discussing among language and culture are unlimited since
they have intricate relationship. Therefore, the researcher sum up that there is an
explicit word which portrays the culture and identity of someone’s community
named realia.
Conveying realia in translation is not easy because the translator needs to
express the historical and national color of the realia along with its objective
meaning (Grigor’eva, 2006). Unavoidably, the translator should notice that it was
not only focuses on how realia can be translated but also on how it should be
translated. Moreover, there is a reason why realia is important because there are
some possibilities which occur in the readers or target groups with the writer who
have dissimilar perspective if they could not understand the whole passage. In this
case, the translator customs some strategies to make cultural words or phrases
acceptable and intelligible by the readers even if they should change the original
words but still carrying the equivalent messages. In short, the translation strategy
for realia itself has a meaning that is a procedure which entails description about
how translation problems confronted by the translator in translating realia are
resolved.
A previous study about translating realia was conducted by Nurlaily
(2014). She found that there were eight strategies used to translate realia in novel
as a literary work, namely maintenance strategy, calque/loan translation,
approximation, description, generalization, adaptation, omission, and combination
strategy. The dominant strategy which is used in translating realia is maintenance
strategy.
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In relation with all of those explanations which are elaborated, this study
focuses on analyzing the translation strategies for realia in abstract texts. The
sources of data in this thesis are abstract texts which are collected from the
students’ translation bureaus who take Translation II studies at English Language
Education Department of UMM. Based on the preliminary studies, it was found
that the translators at students’ translation bureaus have learnt about realia and
uses some realia in translating kinds of texts. Therefore, the researcher is
interested to conduct this research under the title “An Analysis on Translation
Strategies for Realia in Translating Abstracts Applied by Students’ Translation
Bureau at University of Muhammadiyah Malang” in order to find out whether the
translators at students’ translation bureau use strategy in translating realia or not.
In addition, the abstract texts are chosen as the object of this study because the
researcher would like to investigate realia in academic or formal languages.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
Based on the background of the study, some research problems are
formulated:
1.
What are the kinds of translation strategies for realia in translating abstracts
employed by students’ translation bureau at University of Muhammadiyah
Malang?
2.
What are the underlying reasons behind the choice of the most dominant
strategy in translating abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at
University of Muhammadiyah Malang?
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1.3 Purposes of Study
The problems of this study raise the purposes of study below:
1.
To investigate the kinds of translation strategies for realia used in translating
abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
2.
To discover the motives behind the choice of the most dominant strategy in
translating abstract employed by students’ translation bureau at University of
Muhammadiyah Malang.
1.4 Significance of Study
This study is expected to be able to give contribution reference to several
circumstances as follows:
1. For the students or translators
The outcome of this study is expected to be able to help them (students or
translators) in enhancing their comprehending on translation studies
particularly in translation strategies for realia.
2. For the lecturers
The result of this study is expected to expand lecturers’ knowledge in
teaching translation studies, for instance as a data source in teaching
translation especially about translation strategies for realia.
3. For the next researchers
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This study is expected to be valuable for the next researchers who want to do
similar study. Thus, it is expected to enlighten them as an additional reference
mainly about translation strategies for realia.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
The scope in this study is on the object that is abstract texts from various
major or fields which are translated by students' translation bureau on English
Language Education Departement at University of Muhammadiyah Malang. Also,
because the students in translation bureaus translate many abstracts every day and
the researcher has limited time and energy, the researcher limits the abstract texts
which were translated from October, 1st – 31st 2016.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
To avoid some misunderstanding, some key terms used in this study are
defined as follows:
1.
Translation is a process to organize or to replace a message of one language
in the others language into the equivalent message (Rasyidie, et al. 2013:64).
2.
Realia are “cultural-specific words or terminologies. It focuses on phenomena
or categorical concepts which are specific in one country or culture. For
example, cafeteria (English) is translated into kafetaria (Bahasa Indonesia)”
(Nurlaily, 2014).
3.
Translation Strategy for Realia is a procedure which consists of explanation
about how translation problems confronted by the translator in translating
realia are resolved.
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4.
Abstract Text is a shortened version of a full scientific paper which describes
a study and its result (Pierson, 2004:1206).
5.
Students’ Translation Bureau is a group which consists of 5-6 students who
organize translation bureaus and practice their skill to be a good translator in
Translation II subject at English Language Education Department of UMM.
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