AN ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN TRANSLATING INDONESIAN SONGS INTO ENGLISH MADE BY THE STUDENTS SPECIALIZING AT TRANSLATION STUDIES OF UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

i

AN ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN

TRANSLATING INDONESIAN SONGS INTO ENGLISH

MADE BY THE STUDENTS SPECIALIZING AT

TRANSLATION STUDIES OF UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THESIS

By:

DWICKY FANDI SETYABUDI

201210100311147

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

ii

AN ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN

TRANSLATING INDONESIAN SONGS INTO ENGLISH

MADE BY THE STUDENTS SPECIALIZING AT

TRANSLATION STUDIES OF UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Education.

By:

DWICKY FANDI SETYABUDI

201210100311147

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

v

MOTTOS

“Perfection never denies to which it will entail”

-Dwicky Fandi

Setyabudi-“Your success is the manifestation of your 99% effort and your 1% thinking”

-Albert

Einstein-“We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give” -Winston

Churchill-DEDICATIONS

This thesis is wholeheartedly dedicated to: My one and only angelic mom, Umi Yulistiani

My toughly heroic dad, Abah Suyadi My fabulous sister, Bravita Prastyan Anggraeni My dutifully exceptional one, Wilda Nurhayatun

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, all praises be upon Allah SWT, the God Almighty, the Most Gracious and Merciful, without which I personally could not be able to accomplish this thesis. In its final accomplishment, I am totally aware that this thesis is completely distant from the criteria of perfection because the old saying says,

“Perfect is an imperfection”. Therefore, I would be openly and kindly enthusiastic

to welcome any constructive and supportive comments, feedbacks, and suggestions in search of acquiring the significant betterment.

Prominently, I would like to express my wholehearted gratefulness and

appreciation to my first advisor, Ma’am Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd., M.Pd. and my second advisor, Ma’am Rina Wahyu Setyaningrum, S.Pd., M.Ed. for their very nice

continual supports, advices, and patience in supportively guiding me accomplish this thesis thoroughly. Moreover, my great gratitude goes to my thesis examiners,

Ma’am Erly Wahyuni, M.Si. and Ma’am Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian, S.S., M.A.

for their beneficial suggestions and feedbacks so that I am allowed to make betterment in my undergraduate thesis.

In addition, I would like to express my most precious appreciation to my parents, both Umi Yulistiani and Abah Suyadi, who everlastingly provide me with the nice, faithful, and peaceful affections in this life. Besides, my great appreciation also goes to my sister, Bravita Prastyan Anggraeni, for her nice affection as well as attention wholeheartedly intended to me, her one and only brother. Besides, the great thankfulness is also addressed to my whole family for their unlimited supports.

Henceforward, I would like to express the full-hearted gratitude to Mister Riski Lestiono, M.A. and Mister Mick Basa who used to be kindly welcome to help. In addition, I everlastingly appreciate to all the lecturers who had voluntarily shared their expertise, worth guidance and significant encouragement to me all this time. The next appreciation is addressed to my special one, Wilda Nurhayatun, who always actively, faithfully, kindly, and routinely accompanies and gives me her

ix

total helping. I would also like to proudly say ‘bunch of thanks’ to Ibu Siti Nurainun for morally supporting and advising me during the process of writing this thesis.

Furthermore, for my beloved collegial friends: Selvia Asintia Lufitasari, Akhyar Anadiansyah, Anik Hidayati, Putri Laili Indriani, Sahil Muhammad Ansori, Mawarita Rasyid, Nurcahyani, Donny Bhaskara Wicaksono, Tedy Bahtiar Kurniawan, Adi Rahmat Wijaya, Fathon Ali Bamu’alim, Muthii’ah Nuurhamid, Heni Siti Tasima, Diah Wahyuni Kartikasari, and all of members of Translation

Studies II class, I would like to say ‘thanks a lot’ for allowing me to be the part of

your daily life and for your willingness to share everything and to be my family during living in Malang.

Malang, May 3, 2016

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ... iii

MOTTOS AND DEDICATIONS ... v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii

LIST OF THE TABLES ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statements of the Problem... 4

1.3 Purposes of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significances of the Study ... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Translation ... 8

2.1.1 Concept of Translation ... 9

2.1.2 Translation Strategies ... 10

2.1.3 Types of Translation ... 11

2.2 Translatability and Untranslatability ... 13

2.3 Equivalence in Translation ... 15

2.4 Shift in Translation ... 17

2.4.1 Level Shift ... 18

2.4.2 Structure Shift ... 19

2.4.3 Class Shift ... 20

xi

2.4.5 Intra-System Shift ... 22

2.5 Problem in Literary Translation ... 23

2.6 Poetry and Song Translation ... 25

2.7 Indonesian Songs... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 29

3.2 Research Objects ... 30

3.3 Research Instruments ... 30

3.3.1 Documents ... 31

3.3.2 Interview ... 31

3.4 Data Collection ... 32

3.5 Data Analysis ... 34

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Findings ... 36

4.1.1 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Songs Translation ... 37

4.1.1.1 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Song 1 Translation . 37 4.1.1.2 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Song 2 Translation . 41 4.1.1.3 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Song 3 Translation . 45 4.1.1.4 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Song 4 Translation . 48 4.1.2 The Reasons of Formulating Shifts in Songs Translation ... 53

4.2 Discussion ... 58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion ... 62

5. 2 Suggestions ... 63

REFERENCES ... 65

xii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Original Versions of Indonesian Songs ... 67

Appendix 2 Translation Versions of Indonesian Songs ... 72

Appendix 3 Data Coding ... 77

Appendix 4 Data Analysis on the Kinds of Shifts in Translation Version of Song (Dekat di Hati song) ... 80

Appendix 5 Data Analysis on the Kinds of Shifts in Translation Version of Song 2 (1000 Tahun Lamanya song) ... 88

Appendix 6 Data Analysis on the Kinds of Shifts in Translation Version of Song 3 (Teman Hidup song) ... 95

Appendix 7 Data Analysis on the Kinds of Shifts in Translation Version of Song 4 (Terlalu Lama Sendiri song) ... 104

Appendix 8 Interview Guide of Song 1 Translator ... 117

Appendix 9 Interview Guide of Song 2 Translator ... 120

Appendix 10 Interview Guide of Song 3 Translator ... 123

xiii

LIST OF THE TABLES

Table 3.5 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at Song Translation ... 35

Table 4.1 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at S1 Translation ... 38

Table 4.2 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at S2 Translation ... 41

Table 4.3 The Kinds of Shifts Occurring at S3 Translation ... 45

64 REFERENCES

Akerstrom, Johanna. 2010. Translating Song lyrics: A Study of the Translation of the Three Musicals by Benny Anderson and Bjorn Ulvaeus (Online). Available at:

www.essays.se/essay/4fb87da235, accessed on October 2015.

Al-Kazzam, Bakri & Al- Kharabsheh, Aladdin. 2011. Jordanian Folkloric Songsin Translation:

Mousa’s Song They Have Passed by Without a Company as a Case Study. Journal of META LVI, March 2011 (online), Volume 56, Number 1, page 557- 578

(available at: https://eis.hu.edu.jo/cv/10533.pdf, accessed on October 2015).

Ary, Donald et. al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bassnet, Susan. 2002.Translation Studies (3rd ed.). London & New York: Routledge.

Bermann, Sandra & Porter, Catherine. 2014. A Companion to Translation Studies (Edited Version). Malden & Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

Catford, John Cunnison. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cho, Emily. 2003. Lost in Translation (Online). Available and downloadable at:

http://www.oocities.org/echomyst/literature/translation.doc, accessed on March 2016. Cho, Jaekeun. 2014. Understanding the Importance of English Education in South Korea and

Exploring the Reasons Why South Korean Students Come to a University in the Midwest. Published Thesis of Master of Arts Degree. Nebraska: University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Creswell, John W. 2009. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. United States of America: SAGE Publication, Inc.

Cyrus, Lea. 2006. Building Resource for Studying Translation Shifts. Proceeding of Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), May 24 (Online), page 1240-1245. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu, accessed on October 2015.

Djamila, Laala. 2010. Shift in Translating Lexical Cohesion From Arabic into English: The Case of First Year Master Students of English at Mentouri University of Constantine. Unpublished Dissertation. Republic Algeria: The Post-Graduate Programme of Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Faculty: Republic of Algeria.

Flick, Uwe. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research [Fourth Edition]. London, California, New Delhi, & Singapore: Sage Publications Ltd.

Hatim, Basil & Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London & New York: Routledge.

Lazar, Gillian. 1993. Literature and Language Teaching: A Guide for Teachers and Trainers

65 Mack, Natasha et. al. 2005. Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide.

North Carolina: Family Health International.

Mauranen, Anna & Kujamaki, Pekka. 2004. Translation Universal: Do They Exist?

Amsterdam & Philadelpia: Benjamins.

Munday, Jeremy. 2008. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application [2nd Edition]. London & New York: Routledge.

Nida, Eugene Albert. 2001. Context in Translating. Amsterdam & Philadelpia: Benjamins. Prawita, Ni Ketut Krista Dewi. 2014. Shifts in Translation of Complex Noun Phrase From

English Into Indonesian in OPRAH. Unpublished Thesis. Udayana: The Post-Graduate Programme of Denpasar Udayana University.

Qadri, Misykatul. 2015. An Analysis on Motion Events:Cross-linguistics Study between English and Indonesian Language Version of Holy Quran Chapter 30. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: The Undergraduate Programme of University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

Robinson, Douglas. 2003. Becoming A Translator: An Introduction to Theory and Practice of Translation. London & New York: Routledge.

Retnomurti, Ayu Bandu. 2010. The Equivalence and Shift in the English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases. Unpublished Thesis. Depok: The Post-Graduate Programme of Gunadarma University.

Salama-Carr, Myriam. 2007. Approaches to Trasnlation Studies: Translating and Interpreting Conflicts [Edited Version]. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.

Salcedo, Claudia Smith. 2002. The Effect of Songs in the Foreign Language Classroom on Textt Recall and Involuntary Mental Rehearsal. Unpublished Dissertation. Lousiana: The Post-Graduate Programme of Lousiana State University.

Serafine, M. L., Crowder, J.D., & Repp, B. 1986. On the Nature of Melody-Text Integration in the Memory for Songs. Journal of Memory and Languge (Online), Volume 25, page 123-135. Available at: http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Reprints/HL0538b.pdf, accessed on November 2015.

Snell-Hornby, Mary. 2006. The Turns of Translation Studies. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Wahyuni, Erly. 2014. Exposing Literature into Language Teaching and Learning. Journal of Celtic, November 2014. Volume 1, Number 2, page 63-74.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Malden, Oxford, & Victoria: Blackwell.

Vossoughi, Hossein & Pourebrahim, Farhad. 2010. Applying Catford’s Shifts to the Farsi Translation of Psychology Texts. Journal of JELS, 2010 (Online), Volume 1, Number 3, page 79-90. Available at:

http://www.sid.ir/en/vewssid/j_pdf/1032120100305.pdf, accessed on November 2015.

1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents some topics related to background of the study, statements of the problem, purposes of the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Language hierarchically holds a pivotal role as a tool for supporting people to easily express their notions. As being stated by Wardhaugh (2006:1), language is what members of certain community speak. In other words, with language, people will freely and easily get involved to a social interaction and complete their nature as social creatures.

Not only for interaction tool, in this globalization era, mastering at least one out of some foreign languages, particularly English, is also considered as a need to keep individual’s existence amongst hundreds millions of people. It is also ordinarily adapted as a requirement for proposing the scholarship, jobs’ need and other programs allowing people to make money and other benefits for supporting the continuance of their life. Cho (2014:1) conveys that English is the only language that is commonly used by United Nations secretariat and also used in the business meetings. As the consequence, most of people are completely motivated to have a good performance in using English in order to always survive being the better within a sharp world competition, let alone in educational field, as it always develops significantly all the time.

2

Due to the fact that English completely provides helpfulness of what people need, many institutions, both formally and informally, offer a course for learning English more deeply today. Moreover, those who have decided to get involved in English as their specialization, at least, need to be able to translate various kinds of texts in a best way. The texts that are needed to be translated occasionally include all materials used within instructional activities, such as; textbooks, articles, journals, or even poems and songs for providing the

accomplishment of the literature subject’s needs.

Moreover, the role of literature in supporting English instructional activities has not been fully considered as that important. This is supported by Wahyuni (2014:64) who states, “Teachers often regards literature as an

inappropriate to the language classroom.” Therefore, by considering the importance of literature in supporting the language learning, it is of urgency to conduct a research regarding literature. Subsequently, this research is about to integrate literature with translation studies since translation is a discipline not only dealing with the language, but also the culture where the language is spoken. In addition, the use of literature in facilitating teachers to teach English also has a good impact for both, teachers and students, to improve the literary competence and to inquire more information related to the culture of which language they are learning (Lazar, 1993:12).

Vividly, in translation, there are also some literary works that are categorized crucial to be translated, namely song and poem. It means that it is likely impossible and complicated to translate both, song and poem, due to their

3

characteristic’s likeliness that is identically set up to mostly rhyme in each line of every single stanza or verse. Jakobson, cited in Cho (2003:1), argues that poetry belongs to the untranslatable text which can be only recreated through creative transpositions or shifts. Therefore, if people force themselves to translate those untranslatable texts, they must produce many shifts as they try to keep the translation versions as nicely rhyming as the original or untranslated ones.

Essentially, the focus in translation is not only about how to transfer the meaning from source to target text, but also how to give no difficulty to audiences for understanding the text better (Nida, 2001:2). However, the characteristic between one to another language is something indeed different. Moreover, the issue of shifts in translation seems to be one out of some main foci the prospective translators everlastingly face and should understand well.

Mauranen and Kujamakki (2004:22) claim that the existence of shifts would be endlessly appearing feature in translation studies. Conversely, the issue on the translation shifts has been the barrier for the prospective translators to begin translating various written texts, especially song, one of untranslatable texts in translation studies. The real professional translators need to be ready for dealing with some problematic words and other language features that may confuse them during the process of translating as well as preparing a supportive solution to overcome those possible problems. The supporting idea is brought up by Robinson (2003:2) who states, “Professional translators need to be able to examine a problematic word or phrase or syntactic structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical awareness of the problem and its

4 possible solutions.” Hence, shift in translation itself truly helps the translators to avoid the loss of idea in translating certain patterns of texts.

Nevertheless, nowadays, the existence of shifts in translation tends to be neglected as the everlasting issues which should be dealt with comprehensively in Translation Studies (Cyrus, 2006:1). Thereafter, further information regarding translation shift is supposed to be able to educate the prospective translators to be more sensitive and to fully understand about what shift they have formulated and when they need to approximately formulate shift in their translation products. Moreover, this study will emphasize on the use of shifts in translating Indonesian songs into English by the students specializing at Translation Studies.

Previously, a research carried out by Prawita (2014:99) entitled Shifts in Translation of Complex Noun Phrase from English into Indonesian in Oprah has depicted that there are level, structure, and intra-system shifts occurring in the translation version and covering complex noun phrases. Besides, the occurrence of the unit and class shifts dominantly covers non-complex noun phrase. Furthermore, the factors affecting the occurrence of the shifts in the translation version of Oprah come from linguistic and cultural factors.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

In essence, this study is entailed by two statements of the problems. They are further formulated as follows:

1. What are the kinds of shift formulated by the students to translate Indonesian songs into English?

5 2. What are the students’ reasons in formulating those kinds of shift in

translating Indonesian songs into English?

1.3 Purposes of the Study

The purposes of this study will be explained as follows:

1. To investigate the kinds of shift that are formulated by the students in translating Indonesian songs into English;

2. To identify the students’ reasons in formulating shifts to translate Indonesian songs into English.

1.4 Significances of the Study

For students, especially for prospective translators, this study is expected to expose beneficial and comprehensive knowledge in regards to the issues of shifts in translation so that they are expected to be well-prepared and eligibly knowledgeable. For teachers and lecturers, it is supposed to broaden their knowledge related to shifts so that they are able to give a perfectly comprehensive explanation in search of properly educating students to be professional translators. Moreover, for university, this study is completely supposed to be able to contribute to providing the need of translation studies as well as poetry and prose subject matters. In addition, since the university still opens the learning program for foreign students, this can be used for teaching them by means of exposing how Indonesian songs are alike if they are translated into English, particularly in terms

6

At last, for next researchers, this study is supposed to brainstorm their understanding regarding concepts of shifts in translation. Besides, it is also expected to give a vision for piloting coming study related to shifts formulated in other translation products.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study focuses on investigating the kinds of shifts under

category shifts, covering structure, class, unit, and intra-system shifts, and also identifying the reasons of formulating the shifts. Meanwhile, the investigation is limited only to Indonesian songs that had been translated into English by the students specializing at Translation Studies.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In addition to avoid a misunderstanding regarding abovementioned concepts, the definition of key terms will be provided as follows:

a. Translation is a process of transferring meaning from the source texts covered

by foreign language to the audiences’ languages covering the target texts.

b. Translation Shift is some changes or deviations that may occur in translation process. It may be different in agreement, but still in the same receptive system (Cyrus, 2006:1).

c. Indonesian songs are some out of the newest literary works that are composed by using Bahasa Indonesia and it sounds sometimes continually rhyming.

7 d. University of Muhammadiyah Malang is a private Islamic university under authorization of Muhammadiyah Islamic Organization and located at Jalan Raya Tlogomas 246, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.

2 Due to the fact that English completely provides helpfulness of what people need, many institutions, both formally and informally, offer a course for learning English more deeply today. Moreover, those who have decided to get involved in English as their specialization, at least, need to be able to translate various kinds of texts in a best way. The texts that are needed to be translated occasionally include all materials used within instructional activities, such as; textbooks, articles, journals, or even poems and songs for providing the accomplishment of the literature subject’s needs.

Moreover, the role of literature in supporting English instructional activities has not been fully considered as that important. This is supported by Wahyuni (2014:64) who states, “Teachers often regards literature as an inappropriate to the language classroom.” Therefore, by considering the importance of literature in supporting the language learning, it is of urgency to conduct a research regarding literature. Subsequently, this research is about to integrate literature with translation studies since translation is a discipline not only dealing with the language, but also the culture where the language is spoken. In addition, the use of literature in facilitating teachers to teach English also has a good impact for both, teachers and students, to improve the literary competence and to inquire more information related to the culture of which language they are learning (Lazar, 1993:12).

Vividly, in translation, there are also some literary works that are categorized crucial to be translated, namely song and poem. It means that it is likely impossible and complicated to translate both, song and poem, due to their

3 characteristic’s likeliness that is identically set up to mostly rhyme in each line of every single stanza or verse. Jakobson, cited in Cho (2003:1), argues that poetry belongs to the untranslatable text which can be only recreated through creative transpositions or shifts. Therefore, if people force themselves to translate those untranslatable texts, they must produce many shifts as they try to keep the translation versions as nicely rhyming as the original or untranslated ones.

Essentially, the focus in translation is not only about how to transfer the meaning from source to target text, but also how to give no difficulty to audiences for understanding the text better (Nida, 2001:2). However, the characteristic between one to another language is something indeed different. Moreover, the issue of shifts in translation seems to be one out of some main foci the prospective translators everlastingly face and should understand well.

Mauranen and Kujamakki (2004:22) claim that the existence of shifts would be endlessly appearing feature in translation studies. Conversely, the issue on the translation shifts has been the barrier for the prospective translators to begin translating various written texts, especially song, one of untranslatable texts in translation studies. The real professional translators need to be ready for dealing with some problematic words and other language features that may confuse them during the process of translating as well as preparing a supportive solution to overcome those possible problems. The supporting idea is brought up by Robinson (2003:2) who states, “Professional translators need to be able to examine a problematic word or phrase or syntactic structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical awareness of the problem and its

4 possible solutions.” Hence, shift in translation itself truly helps the translators to avoid the loss of idea in translating certain patterns of texts.

Nevertheless, nowadays, the existence of shifts in translation tends to be neglected as the everlasting issues which should be dealt with comprehensively in Translation Studies (Cyrus, 2006:1). Thereafter, further information regarding translation shift is supposed to be able to educate the prospective translators to be more sensitive and to fully understand about what shift they have formulated and when they need to approximately formulate shift in their translation products. Moreover, this study will emphasize on the use of shifts in translating Indonesian songs into English by the students specializing at Translation Studies.

Previously, a research carried out by Prawita (2014:99) entitled Shifts in

Translation of Complex Noun Phrase from English into Indonesian in Oprah has

depicted that there are level, structure, and intra-system shifts occurring in the translation version and covering complex noun phrases. Besides, the occurrence of the unit and class shifts dominantly covers non-complex noun phrase. Furthermore, the factors affecting the occurrence of the shifts in the translation version of Oprah come from linguistic and cultural factors.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

In essence, this study is entailed by two statements of the problems. They are further formulated as follows:

1. What are the kinds of shift formulated by the students to translate Indonesian songs into English?

5

2. What are the students’ reasons in formulating those kinds of shift in translating Indonesian songs into English?

1.3 Purposes of the Study

The purposes of this study will be explained as follows:

1. To investigate the kinds of shift that are formulated by the students in translating Indonesian songs into English;

2. To identify the students’ reasons in formulating shifts to translate Indonesian songs into English.

1.4 Significances of the Study

For students, especially for prospective translators, this study is expected to expose beneficial and comprehensive knowledge in regards to the issues of shifts in translation so that they are expected to be well-prepared and eligibly knowledgeable. For teachers and lecturers, it is supposed to broaden their knowledge related to shifts so that they are able to give a perfectly comprehensive explanation in search of properly educating students to be professional translators. Moreover, for university, this study is completely supposed to be able to contribute to providing the need of translation studies as well as poetry and prose subject matters. In addition, since the university still opens the learning program for foreign students, this can be used for teaching them by means of exposing how Indonesian songs are alike if they are translated into English, particularly in terms of shifts’ formulation.

6 At last, for next researchers, this study is supposed to brainstorm their understanding regarding concepts of shifts in translation. Besides, it is also expected to give a vision for piloting coming study related to shifts formulated in other translation products.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study focuses on investigating the kinds of shifts under

category shifts, covering structure, class, unit, and intra-system shifts, and also

identifying the reasons of formulating the shifts. Meanwhile, the investigation is limited only to Indonesian songs that had been translated into English by the students specializing at Translation Studies.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In addition to avoid a misunderstanding regarding abovementioned concepts, the definition of key terms will be provided as follows:

a. Translation is a process of transferring meaning from the source texts covered by foreign language to the audiences’ languages covering the target texts.

b. Translation Shift is some changes or deviations that may occur in translation process. It may be different in agreement, but still in the same receptive system (Cyrus, 2006:1).

c. Indonesian songs are some out of the newest literary works that are composed by using Bahasa Indonesia and it sounds sometimes continually rhyming.

7

d. University of Muhammadiyah Malang is a private Islamic university under authorization of Muhammadiyah Islamic Organization and located at Jalan Raya Tlogomas 246, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.