xxvi situation in which the text is uttered, meanwhile context of culture is the cultural
background or history behind the participants. Context includes situation in which the speech is uttered. It can include
participants or people who are involved in speech, time, place, social environment, political condition, etc. Meanwhile, Firth in Halliday and hasan,
1985, p.8 gives a description of context called context of situation, which consist of:
1. The participant in the situation referring to as persons and personalities
or the status and roles of the participant, 2.
The action of the participants referring to what they are doing, including their verbal action and non- verbal action,
3. Other relevant features of the situation referring to the surrounding
objects and events, 4.
The effect of the verbal action referring to the changes brought by what the participants in the situation have to say.
Context has many contributions in spoken and written language. Its function is to help speaker and hearer or the writer and the reader in delivering
and receiving meaning of other ones.
C. The Scope of Pragmatics
Stalneker in Levinson, 1983:27 defines that there are five aspects within pragmatics, namely: deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech act, and
xxvii conversational structure. However, this research will only focus on the implicature
that happens in the utterances under certain situations. The word ‘implicature’ is derived from the verb ‘to imply’ which means
‘to fold something into something else’. Therefore, that which is implied ‘is folded in’ and has to ‘unfolded’ in order to be understood.
Grice uses the term ‘implicature’ to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinct from what the speaker literally says Mey,
1993:99. In Levinson 1983:126-129, Grice classifies implicature into two kinds,
namely: 1
Conventional Implicature. It is an implicature solely derived from the conventional features of the
words employed in an utterance and reveals an implicit meaning, which can be generally or conventionally accepted by all people.
“Conventional implicatures are non-truth conditional inferences that are not derived from super ordinate pragmatic principles like the maxims but
are simply attached by the convention to particular lexical items Levinson, 1983:127
2 Conversational Implicature
It is an implicature which is derived from a general principle of conversation and member of maxims which the speaker will normally
obey. Conversational implicature reveals an implicit meaning, which is only assured by participants involved in the speech events that is closely
xxviii related to its context. It is subdivided into two kinds: particularized
implicature and generalized implicature. The first refers to the implicature that requires a specific context, while the second refers to
implicature that arises without any particular contexts. Since this research involves the context of its utterances, the researcher
will use the conversational implicature and will be interpreted further with the use of cooperative principle and its maxims.
D. The Cooperative Principle and Grice’s Maxims
