As stated above in one part of her analysis, it can be see n that Indraswara‘s
analysis focused on the racial discrimination revealed through the conflicts in the autobiography.
While Baskara‘s undergraduate thesis focuses on the indigenous struggle revealed through the major character, the writer would focus on Alice reactions in
resisting the discrimination by the whites. The difference lies on how the writer is more focused in describing every action of Alice whenever she faced the
discrimination rather than focus on other indigenous struggles that are found in the autobiography as it had been explained by Baskara. As for
Indraswara‘s undergraduate thesis focuses on the racial discrimination as seen through the
conflicts in the autobiography, the writer‘s study is focused on how Alice,
through some discrimination conflicts, resist the discrimination acts she received from the white people in order to withstand the situation and to survive in the
midst of the unequal treatments that she experienced.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part the writer will refer to some theories that will be used in this study. The theories that would be used are as follows:
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
The theory of character and characterization is used as to find out the character of the major character Alice Nannup. As Mary Rohrberger and Samuel
Woods stated in Reading and Writing about Literature that, ―Characters have
particular personalities
and physical
attributes that
distinguish
them from other characters. The process by which an author creates a character is called characterization Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 20.
‖ Based on the definition, each character of a story is understood to have particular personality or
trait that is different from another character. Then, characterization is understood as the process of creating the character by the author.
Another theory of character and characterization is stated by M. H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms
Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral,
intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it - the dialogue
— and from what they do
— the action Abrams, 2012: 46. From the definition above, a character in a story is said to be interpretable
possessing certain moral, intellectual, and emotional feelings through the character‘s speech and action. Therefore, a character can be analyzed through the
dialogues with other characters or from what their actions are. Holman and Harmon suggest that there are three ways in which a character
is presented by the author. First is through ―the explicit presentation by the author
of the character through direct exposition.‖ Secondly, it can be presented through ―the presentation of the character in action,‖ and thirdly is through ―the
representation from within the character Holman and Harmon, 1986: 81 .‖
Therefore, a character in a work of literature can be analyzed through the author‘s explanation, character‘s action in the story that is what the character, and
through the representation from within the character which could be what the character has in mind.
M. J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens presents nine ways to help the readers understand the character presented in a story. However, only several
would be used by the writer in analyzing the character for this study such as: a Characters as seen by another. A character is described by the author through
what the others see and think about the character as. b Speech. A character of a person is revealed through what he or she says. c Reactions.
The character‘s reactions towards situations and events could also reveal the character‘s traits. d
Thoughts. Through a person‘s thoughts, the person‘s character could also be
revealed. e Mannerisms. The person‘s manners, habits, temperaments, reveal the
person‘s character Murphy, 1972: 161-173.
2. Theory on the Relation between Literature and Society
Literature in one way or another is closely related to the society in which the work is produced. The fact that the author is part of the society has influenced
the author to produce the literary works which represent the society in which the author lives
and share the experience of the author‘s. Rene Wellek and Austin Warren define the literature and society as
Literature ‗represents‘ ‗life‘ is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also
been objects of literary ‗imitation‘ Wellek and Warren, 1956: 94. It means that through literature the reality of the social life is depicted. The
author shares his or her real life experience and the condition of the society in his or her time and then expresses it through his or her work of literature. Therefore,
literary works that are produced are closely related to the social life of the time in which the author lives as Wellek and Warren also stat
ed that ―the writer has been
