character can be seen. The first is what the character the figure says. It means that the words that the character expresses through his opinion and dialogue which can
be a clue for the reader in order to know hisher characteristics. The second is what the character does. This refers to the action movement, body language, gestures
of the character that can be used to analyse the characteristics of the character. The third is what the other characters including the narrator of the story say about
him. It also includes the comments and opinions of other characters through a dialogue that can be used to analyse the character. The last one is what other
characters do and the description of the actions of other people toward a character whether they like the character or not and how they behave toward him.
4. Motivation
This section concerns the theory of motivation where it explains the definition of motivation given by the psychologists. The motivation theory is also
used to investigate the main character through the psychological aspects. a. Meaning
There are many definitions of motivation given by psychologists. Motivation is reviewed in this study since the aim of this study is to analyse how someone
manages to struggle for life and to survive. Besides, it makes me curious about the main character’s motivation to struggle for life and the ways he chooses to do it.
Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc, Blake, Lo Piccolo and Holahan 367 say that a “motive” is a force power of behaviour that organizes the behaviour in which it is conducted
by some purposes that lead to a goal or the satisfaction of needs. The process of the motive is what we know as motivation. Motivation is also broadly concerned with
the temporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and vigour of goal- directed behaviour Beck 24. In other words, Beck tries to explain that motivation
is a determinant that causes a person to do something continually based on the aim to achieve.
Another definition of motivation is given by Morris. Morris 408 states that motivation is “a specific need, desire, or want such as hunger, thirst, or
achievement, that energizes and direct goal-oriented behaviour”. It means that motivation makes human beings continually do their specific need and desire in
order to achieve their goal. Furthermore, some of the psychologists explain motivation as a determinant
of choices, whereas others convey it as a specific desire, while Jung 4 claims that, “When we speak motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a
given behaviour”. For example a man is motivated to save his money so that he can buy a car. Therefore, we cannot concentrate on motivation only when we discuss it,
because we also need to know what causes someone to do the action. Kalish 29-30 explains that motivated behaviour is a behaviour set into
motion by a need. A need indicates that some satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce dissatisfaction. Thus, a need for food
signifies that a person feels a lack of food, and it sets into motion hunger-motivated behaviour. Motivation is strong enough to activate goal-seeking behaviour, which
begins with agitated feelings and ended with behaviour that satisfied the needs. Motivation and needs are concepts, not things. They cannot be seen or heard or
touched: the y must be inferred or assumed. Many psychologists believe that all
human behaviour is motivated, even if the person is not necessarily aware of his motives at the time of behaviour.
To sum up, motivation is a forcing power of a specific desire, need, or want that is conducted by some purposes and becomes the reason for a person to do the
action that leads to a goal. Besides, through motivation a person is able to achieve his goal with satisfactory feelings.
5. Human Basic Needs
