the social practices might change the flow of the discourse. Therefore, the writers tend to express the relevant social actors in a rather peculiar manner concerning the
social practices in the clause. They can be represented directly or indirectly based on the linguistic choice considered by the writers for intended purposes.
To assess these social actor representations, he delivers several categories of social actor representations. In analyzing the social actor representation in the
advertisement discourse, this study takes three categories of them: exclusion and inclusion
, activation and passivation, and personalization and impersonalization.
The aforementioned categories are presented in the subsequent sections.
2.7.1 ExclusionInclusion
In the social practices, some social actors are represented directly whereas the others are not mentioned explicitly. The former set of social actors falls under the
category of inclusion and the other is under the category of exclusion. These types of representation include or exclude the actors to suit their interests and purposes that
affect the readers for whom they are intended van Leeuwen, 2008. In this adjustment, the exclusion representation is differentiated into three
patterns. The initial pattern excludes the actors without leaving any traces of involvement. It is a radical exclusion which can be used in analyzing the critical roles
of the same social practice in different texts. The second pattern does not exclude the actors completely. The exclusion is realized as suppression. In this case, the relevant
actions are included, but some or all of the actors involved in them are not referred anywhere in the text. On the contrary, the backgrounding representation excludes the
actors in relation to a given action, but they are mentioned elsewhere in the text.
The suppression and backgrounding representations can be realized in the same configuration for they exclude the actors who do the activity, but include the
traces of their involvement in the clause. For instance, ―To maintain this policy is hard van Leeuwen,
2008.‖ The non-finite clause to maintain this policy is considered as an act of suppression because the writer does not state implicitly who is
responsible for the policy maintenance both in the clause and in the text. However, it can also be realized as a backgrounding attempt if the social actor is mentioned
elsewhere in the text. Hence, it can be noticed that, through the suppression, the trace of the actor becomes less accessible rather than the backgrounding strategy. The
possible implication behind the suppression can be caused by the shared knowledge the writer and the readers are assumed to have related to the statement leading to
comprehensible deletion agreement. Another implication maybe caused by the hidden intention of the writer to prevent possible objection on the excluded actor regarding
the action.
2.7.2 ActivationPassivation
