7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To answer the questions stated in the problem formulation, it is necessary to include some theories, which later will be connected to find the appropriate
answer to the problems stated in the previous chapter. Therefore, this chapter is divided into five sections. The first part is theoretical review, which consists of
theory of character, theory of characterization, and critical approach in the literary study. The second part is theory of psychology, which consists of theory of
psychoanalysis and theory of motivation. The third part is criticism of the novel. The fourth part is the context of the novel, while the last part is theoretical
framework.
2.1 Theoretical Review
To discuss a work of literature, some theories of literature are needed. There are theory of character, theory of characterization and theory of critical
approach.
2.1.1 Theory of Character
Characters are important elements of a fiction. The author makes the reader understands the story and the development of the story to introduce
characters. Thus, it is important to know the theory of character. According to Abrams 1981 in A Glossary of Literary Terms, characters are persons presented
in a dramatic or narrative work. The character is interpreted as having moral,
8 dispositional and emotional qualities through their action and their dialogues in
the story. The grounds in the character temperament, desires and moral nature of their speech and actions are called their motivation.
According to E. M. Forster 1927: 46 in Aspects of The Novel, there are two categories of characters. The first is round character, which is capable to
surprise the reader. A round character has complex temperament and motivation and represented with subtle peculiarity. A round character is difficult to describe
with any adequacy as the people in real life. The second classification is flat character. This type of character is built around a single idea or quality. It is
represented in outline and without much individuality details as in round character. Thus, this type of character can be described in a single phrase or
sentence. E. Van De Laar and N. Schoonderwoerd 1969: 170 in An Approach to English Literature also say that the most perfect way for novelist to represent his
characters is by representing his characters in their wholeness and in all their different aspects. Such characters are called round characters. In the other hand,
when a character represented only mainly in one aspect is called flat character. While based on the amount of attention given to the characters, Henkle
1977: 8897 divides characters into major and secondary or minor characters. He also considers a major character as a protagonist. Major characters are characters
observed most often in the novel and whose appearances are frequent. By understanding them, the readers will understand the focal experiences of the
novel. Henkle points out that the effectiveness of most novels depends upon the ability of the major characters to express and dramatize the human issues of the
book. On the other hand, the secondary or minor characters are characters that
9 perform more limited functions. They are generally less complex, or less intense,
and drawn in shallower relief, present what is often only one side of the
experience.
2.1.2 Theory of Characterization
In the theory of characterization it is said that a character has particular personalities and physical attitude that distinguish him or her from other
characters. Characterization is the process by which an author creates the characters. According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr. 1971: 20 in
Reading and Writing about Literature, there are two ways of characterization. The first is by direct means. It is used to describe the character’s physical appearance
and intellectual, moral and the degree of sensitivity. The second way is by dramatic means used to put the character in situation to show the character
through the character’s way of behaving and speaking. It seems that Abrams has the same opinion with Rohrberger and Woods on
how to characterize. While Abrams 1981: 21 in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms says that there are two different methods in characterizing the person in a
narrative, which are showing or dramatic method and telling method. In showing, the author just writes about what the characters say and do and lets the readers
conclude by themselves what motives and dispositions lie behind the characters’ words and acts. Furthermore, in telling, the author gives the description, and often
evaluation, about the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. Meanwhile, Murphy 1972: 61173 in his book Understanding Unseen
explains that there are nine ways used by the author to make his or her characters
10 understandable to and come alive for the readers. They are personal description,
character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. Here, the writer will explain briefly
about those characterizations. The first one is personal description. It deals with physical appearances.
The author can describe a person’s appearance by using facial expression and clothes that they wear in the story. A well dressed person can be identified as a
rich and intelligent man. A man with scars on his face can show that he is a criminal.
The second is character as seen by another. Instead of describing a character directly, the author describes him through the eyes and opinions of
another character. Therefore the readers can get a reflected image of one’s character.
The third characterization is speech. It is an important way that we can use to describe a character. The author gives us a description of the characteristic of
one person in the novel through what the person says and the style of his or her speech. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he or she is in conversation with
others, whenever he or she puts forward an opinion, he or she is giving us some clues to his or her character.
The fourth one is past life. A person’s character is influenced by their past life. This is the reason why the author often gives hints to certain events in the
characters past life in literary work. The fifth characterization is conversation of others. We can take clues of a
person’s character through the conversations of the other people and the things
11 they say about him or her. People talk about other people and the things they say
often give as a clue to the character of the person spoken about. The sixth characterization is reactions. Different characters will react
differently if they are faced with problems. Each reaction toward the problems shows the character’s tendency and his or her tendency gives the readers a clue
about the character’s personality. The next characterization is direct comment. The description by direct
comment is different from the personal description. In the direct comment description, the author directly gives his or her personal reception and comment to
the character that he or she creates. The eight is thoughts. By knowing one’s thought, the author can give us
direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. That way, we can know the character of that person simply by knowing what is in his or her mind.
The last one is mannerism. The author can also describe a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies in his or her fictional life can also describe
the character’s personality.
2.1.3 Theory of Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971: 315, there are five critical approaches. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
socioculturalhistorical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
The formalist approach demonstrates the harmonious involvement of all parts to the whole literature work and also describes how meaning is derived from
12 structure and how matters of technique determine of structure. Then, the
biographical approach considers the author’s background to appreciate his or her work of literature and the socioculturalhistorical approach considers the
socioculturalhistorical background, when the work was written, to understand the work. Meanwhile, the mythopoeic approach tries to observe the universally
repeated structures of the human thought, which they perceive that it can give an important meaning to the work of literature. The psychological approach is an
approach that involves the effort to discover and illustrate this approach certain repetitive patterns. Theories of psychology explain the character’s motivation and
behavior pattern in a story. To do the analysis on the novel, the study uses the psychological approach
that focuses on psychological aspects of human. This approach looks either at the
psychological motivations of the characters or the authors themselves.
2.2 Theory of Psychology
