12 structure and how matters of technique determine of structure. Then, the
biographical approach considers the author’s background to appreciate his or her work of literature and the socioculturalhistorical approach considers the
socioculturalhistorical background, when the work was written, to understand the work. Meanwhile, the mythopoeic approach tries to observe the universally
repeated structures of the human thought, which they perceive that it can give an important meaning to the work of literature. The psychological approach is an
approach that involves the effort to discover and illustrate this approach certain repetitive patterns. Theories of psychology explain the character’s motivation and
behavior pattern in a story. To do the analysis on the novel, the study uses the psychological approach
that focuses on psychological aspects of human. This approach looks either at the
psychological motivations of the characters or the authors themselves.
2.2 Theory of Psychology
The theory of psychology consists of theory of psychoanalysis and theory of motivation. Theory of psychoanalysis helps to explore the unconscious drives
that determine one to do his or her actions. Whereas theory of motivation analyses
the basic needs that motivate one to do something in his or her life.
2.2.1 Theory of Psychoanalysis
Baron 1995: 462 states that Sigmund Freud is clearly a main figure in the history of psychology. His theory of personality has an intense effect on
intellectual thought for so many years. Furthermore, as stated in Hall’s 1966: 29
13 36 in Theories of Personality, Freud explores the unconscious by the method of
free association and developed what is generally regarded as the first comprehensive theory of personality. He works pretty much alone developing the
ideas which are to form the foundation of psychoanalytic theory and which culminate in the publications of his great work, The Interpretation of Dreams
1900. Moreover, according to Jay Braun’s 1975: 404408 in Psychology
Today, Sigmund Freud 18561939 theorizes the existence of an unconscious element of personality, unknown to the mind of the subject. The concept of the
unconscious is undoubtedly Freud’s major contribution to the understanding of human behavior and personality. The unconscious, which is a process, not a thing,
resides in universal instinctual drives and infantile goals, hopes, wishes, and needs that have been repressed, concealed from conscious awareness, because they
cause internal conflict. Freud mentions the term psychoanalysis to describe the process by which he attempted to bring material from the unconscious into the
conscious mind of the patient where it could be examined rationally. He divides personality into three separate but interacting agencies: the id, the ego, and the
superego. They are the names which are given to certain motivational forces whose existence is inferred from the way people behave. As the result of Freud’s
literary style, they sometimes seem to be more places or entities than abstract forces.
As stated in Hall and Lindzey’s 1966: 2971 in Theories of Personality, the id is the original system of the personality. Meanwhile, according to Jay Braun
and Darwyn E. Linder 1979: 403423 in their book entitled Psychology Today,
14 the German word for id is es, which means “it”, implying an alien force,
something in a person that is not recognized as part of the self. Freud characterizes the id as a reservoir of psychic energy that can be neither increased nor decreased.
According to Freud, it may be seen as a pool of instinctual biological drives present in every individual at birth. The instinct which is Freud defined as the
psychological expression of a biologically, based on physical need. In response to the needs of food, sex, elimination of waste, or any other bodily requirement, the
human being develops “wishes”. The “wishes” motivate and direct one’s behavior to satisfy the specific need that has been aroused. Thus the id is the energy source
for the ego and the superego, which develop later in childhood. The tendency of the id to devote itself to immediate reduction tension is called pleasure principle.
In addition, the actions based on the id are basic human instinct such as instinct of sexuality life – instinct, aggression death – instinct, and immediate
gratification. Consequently, if the id is the only part of personality, one might seek pleasure and avoid unpleasant in immediate impulsive manner.
The ego is the second psychic component. Freud calls it as Ich, which means “I”. It is the part of the personality that is recognized and accepted as
oneself. The ego takes for itself part of the energy of the id and proceeds to serve as the mediator between the id and reality. It is also conscious. Through
remembering, reasoning, and evaluating on the basis of the child’s prior contacts with reality, it tries to satisfy the desires of the id, to anticipate the consequences
of a particular means of gratification and sometimes to delay gratification in order to achieve longrange goals.
The superego is the third psychic component. The German word that Freud used for the superego is überich, which means “over the I”. It refers to the
15 moral component that is imposed on the self by society. Approximately equivalent
to what we call “conscience,” the superego is part of the personality that represents the moral standards of the society as conveyed to the child by the
parents. It takes no more account of reality than the id does. Instead of considering what is realistic or possible, the superego embraces an ego ideal, an abstract moral
ideal that constantly commands the individual to stifle the sexual and aggressive
impulses of the id and to pursue moral goals instead.
2.2.2 Theory of Motivation
Motivation and behavior are two things that cannot be separated since someone’s behavior must be based on his or her motivation of behaving so.
Motivation seems to provide the “why” of behavior. Murray 1964: 13 states that Motivation is an internal process that influences the direction, persistence, and
vigour of goal directed behavior. Motivation makes human beings keep their effort on the right path in order to prevent them losing their way to achieve their
goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a certain behavior that supports them in achieving their goal. Therefore, motivation always influences
someone’s act or behavior. Herbert L. Petri 1981: 302308 in Motivation and Research also clarifies
motivation in relation with human needs. He states that there are five factors or five needs that motivate human activities. These factors are stated in the hierarchy
of needs. The hierarchy which is proposed by Abraham Maslow running from physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and
selfactualization needs. To make it clear, the writer will explain about the needs below.
16 The first is physiological needs. These refer to the most basic, most
powerful, and most obvious of all man’s needs for physical survival. One needs food, liquid, shelter, sex, sleep and oxygen. A person, who is lacking food, self
esteem, and love, will demand food first. One will ignore all other needs until this need of food is satisfied. When the physiological needs are wellsatisfied, other
higher needs will emerge. And when these needs in turn are satisfied, again the higher needs emerge, and so on. This is what meant by saying that the basic
human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency. Since the physiological needs are satisfied, safety needs will emerge.
Insecure person behaves as if a great catastrophe is almost always impending. One usually responds as if to an emergency. The insecure has an over need for order
and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the unexpected. The healthy person also seeks order and stability, but it is not the life or death necessity. The
mature individual also has an interest in the new and the mysterious. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered, and our behavior
reflects our attempts to remain secure. Safety needs dominate our behavior primarily in times of emergency. Maslow, however, feels that working of the
safety needs can also be seen in people’s preference for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, savings account, and insurance. Maslow also believes that the safety
needs of most adults in society are usually adequately met. These needs do not, therefore, normally dominate behavior. However, sometimes one seeks for
comfort and avoids pain to fulfill this need. When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become
unimportant in the direction of behavior, and the love or belongingness needs
17 emerge. The person will seek for affectionate relations with people in general, and
will strive to achieve this goal. These needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to feel part of a group, or a feeling that one
“belongs.” The live needs require both the receiving and giving of love love from another and someone to love. Maslow indicates that the failure to satisfy the needs
for security and relationship with others will result on the psychological problem. The psychological problems are related to spiritual disorders, to loss of meaning,
to doubts about the goals of life, to grief and anger over a lost love, to seeing life in different way, to loss of courage or of hope, to despair over the future, to dislike
for oneself, to recognition that one’s life is being wasted, or that there is no possibility of joy or love. People with psychological problems see the world as a
bad place because they see it as dangerous, threatening, selfish, humiliating, and cold. People with psychological problems feel insecure but tend to behave in a
way which makes their insecurity worse. That is, they behave in a way which make people dislike and reject them, which makes them more insecure, which
make their behavior still more insecure. It is developing a vicious circle. If the love needs have been adequately met, they slip into the background
in relation to guiding behavior, and the esteem needs become dominant. These are needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. Maslow finds that people have
two categories of esteem needs. There are selfesteem needs and a need for esteem from others or respect from other people. Selfesteem includes such needs as
desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence and freedom. Respect includes such concepts as prestige,
recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation and appreciation. A person
18 who has adequate selfesteem is more confident, capable, and productive.
However, when the selfesteem is inadequate, the individual has feelings of inferiority and helplessness, which may result in discouragement and possible bad
behavior. The last is self actualization needs. It is the identification of the
psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. This need is also describe as the desire to become more and more what one is, to
become everything that one is capable of becoming. The need self actualization generally emerges after a reasonable satisfaction of the love and esteem needs.
In addition, Reaske 1996 in How to Analyze Drama, states that motivation is defined as the character’s reason for doing something. Most plays
and literary works have central motive and in general, these are giant human emotion, which motivate most people in real life. A few of the most common
motives are explained in the following paragraphs. The first is hope for reward. A major character desires to bring happiness
and prosperity to him or her or to those whom he or she loves. All of his or her actions are planned to hasten the advent prosperity. For example: someone who
wants to work hard in order to buy his or her parents a house. The second is love. It is an extension of the hope for reward. A character is
motivated to do certain action because of the love which he or she has, the love which he or she wants or the love which someone has for him or her. For
example: a mother who is willing to endure pain on her child’s birth just because she loves her child.
Next is fear of failure. This is an inversion of the hope for reward. A character works in a certain fashion because he fears that he will be crushed if he
19 does not. For example: a student does the homework because he is afraid of the
punishment that the teacher will give if he does not. The fourth is religious feeling. Occasionally, but not frequently, we
discover a character who is motivated by religious faith. The character acts with deep feelings and convictions that he acts as God’s commandments. The example
is taken from the bible: Moses was willing to guide his nation into the Promised Land because he wanted to obey God’ commandment.
The last is revenge. Both minor and major characters are motivated by the desire to avenge the death of the loved ones. The characters usually are willing to
lose their own life if necessary, as long as they are able to murder or hurt someone
who has hurt them or the one they love.
2.3 Criticism
