Foreign Language Teaching Foreign Language Learning

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses teaching and learning English as a foreign language, general concept of reading, reading comprehension, reading technique, definition of paraphrase, how to paraphrase, the need of paraphrasing in reading comprehension, teaching reading by using paraphrasing, hortatory exposition text, the characteristics of Senior High School students, teaching reading, and goals of teaching reading.

2.1 Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language

2.1.1 Foreign Language Teaching

It has already been known that it is not easy to master a foreign language. There are many factors that may affect it. One of them is the teacher. It is clear because the teachers play a very important role in the language learning process. In teaching, a teacher should have an objective. The common objective of teaching a foreign language is to make learners able to communicate by using foreign language both spoken and written. Teaching a language, especially a foreign language is not an easy task. Since English is a foreign language for Indonesian students, it will surely cause some problems for them. Ramelan 1992: 1 states that, teaching English in Indonesia is teaching a language to students whose native language is quite 8 different both phonologically and grammatically from that of foreign language. It is, therefore, understandable why it is difficult for Indonesian students to learn English. From the argument above, it can be said that teaching English in Indonesia is challenging because the students will meet some learning problems. The problems, which are faced by students, may due to the differences of grammatical and phonological system.

2.1.2 Foreign Language Learning

Learning a foreign language is not easy as learning native language. To learn a foreign language, Indonesian learners will meet some kinds of learning problems dealing with vocabulary, sound system, structure, spelling and how to arrange words into sentences which maybe different from those of their native language. In line with this, Ramelan 1994: 4 states that, if someone wants to learn a foreign language, he will obviously meet with all kinds of learning problems. The difficulties have to do with the learning of the new sound system, the learning of the new vocabulary item, and the learning of the unfamiliar ways of arranging the foreign words into sentences. Based on the explanation above, the writer concludes that in learning foreign language, learners have to master the four language skills; they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In mastering those four skills there are some problems that learners will face. The problems deal with the English components which include phonology, vocabulary, and grammar which maybe different from their native language. The students who have mastered those four skills and the English components are regarded to be able to use this language at the recognition level as well as the production level.

2.2 Reading