Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
97
Example
If you want to advance in your career, you will have to make some careful decision about which jobs to take. Evaluate a job offer for the value it has to your
career. It may mean sacrifice at first. You may have to move to a different region
or a different country to get a job that is right for you. You may have to work late
hours, at last temporarily. You might even have to take lower salary for job that
offers you the experience that you need. But you should never accept a job if it is
not related to your career goals. Accepting a job that is not within your career path
will not give you the
training or experience you need or want. You will find yourself frustrated in such
position and consequently will not perform your best. This will have an effect on
the people around you who will not feel as if you are being a part of the team.
The best advice is to think carefully before accepting any position and make sure the job is the one you want to have.
G. Umpan Balik dan Tindak Lanjut
Sebagai refleksi pembelajaranumpan balik jawablah pertanyaan berikut: 1. Setelah menyimak materi di atas, apakah Anda mendapatkan informasi
baru mengenai The use of modals in texts: modals in interpersonal and transactional texts dan text types?
2. Apakah bahasan The use of modals in texts: modals in interpersonal and transactional texts dan text types di atas, cukup komprehensif ?
3. Apakah bahasan The use of modals in texts: modals in interpersonal and transactional texts dan text types di atas, menambah kepercayaaan Anda
untuk lebih mempraktikan Bahasa Inggris bersama siswa Anda?
H. Kunci Jawaban
1. C 6. B
2. D 7. A
3. D 8. A
4. C 9. D
5. D II. 1. a. Can = possibility
b. should = command 2. Will = certainty
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
98
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4 EXPLANATION TEXT
A. Tujuan
Setelah mempelajari explanation text, diharapkan Anda akan mampu meningkatkan penguasaan materi, struktur, konsep, dan pola pikir
keilmuan yang mendukung pemahaman explanation text dengan benar.
B. Indikator Pencapaian Kompetensi
1. Menentukan gambaran umum explanation text dengan tepat. 2. Menentukan makna kata explanation text dengan tepat.
3. Menentukan informasi rinci tersurat explanation text dengan tepat. 4. Menentukan koherensi dan kohesi explanation text tertulis dengan
tepat. 5. Menentukan cara pengajaran explanation text dengan tepat
. C.
Uraian Materi
1. Fungsi Sosial Tujuan komunikatif dari explanation text adalah untuk menerangkan
proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan sesuatu yang terkait dengan fenomena-fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya,
dan lainnya yang bertujuan menjelaskan bagaimana atau mengapa hal tersebut bisa terjadi.
2. Unsur Kebahasaan Focus on generic, non-human participants
e.g. clouds, rains, the air, moisture, gas, petrol, oil, urbanization, flood, tornado
Use of simple present tense Use of passive voice
Use of action verbs Use of temporal conjunctions e.g. before, first, then, in the end,
finally Use of causal conjunctions e.g. if, when, until, so, as, why
Use of technical language Use of complex sentences
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
99 3. Menentukan Koherensi dan Kohesi
Coherence dan cohesiveness adalah kesinambungan antara bagian yang satu dengan bagian yang lain jika disatukan membentuk satu teks
yang padu. Dalam teks explanation, penjelasan yang disajikan harus memiliki kesinambungan dan kesatuan dengan sesuai dengan urutan
sequence proses fenomena yang dibahas. Berikut ini disajikan contoh sebuah teks eksplanation.
Tabel 1. Struktur Explanation Text How Deserts Remain Dry
There are possible reasons why desert remain dry. The reasons can be; high mountain barriers,
cold ocean currents, and high pressure systems.
Mountain Barriers
When warm air passes over the ocean it picks up moisture in the form of water vapor. As the moist
air travels over the land, it rises to pass over mountain ranges. When it begins to rise, the air
cools and this causes the water vapor to
condense
into droplets which fall as rain. When the air
reaches the other side of the mountain barriers, it
has lost all its moisture and so the other side of the mountain remains dry.
Cold Ocean Currents
Air passing over cold ocean currents is cooled and
therefore is unable to pick up and hold much moisture. When this cold air
mass reaches the
warm desert, any moisture in the air is evaporate
and so does not fall as rain and so the desert remains dry.
High Pressure System
In a high pressure system, the air is dry and is moving
downwards. As this system moves over the
land it draws in moisture from the land surface.
Consequently the moisture does not fall as rain and General statement
Pernyataan umum
Sequence of explanation 1
Sequence of explanation 2
Sequence of explanation 3
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
100 so the desert remains dry.
In conclusion, we know now that deserts do not appear by themselves. There are several factors
of nature that make it possible to form. Closing
4. Explanation Text Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita sudah akrab dengan istilah
penjelasan atau menjelaskan. Karena dalam dunia pendidikan khususnya dalam kegiatan belajar dan mengajar, yang namanya
penjelasan banyak kita jumpai. Penjelasan-penjelasan tersebut merupakan salah satu contoh real life dari Explanation text. Jadi
sebenarnya kita sudah menggunakan prinsip-prinsip Explanation text dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.
Anderson dan Anderson 1997:80 menyatakan bahwa Explanation text menceritakan bagaimana how dan mengapa why
sesuatu terjadi. Tujuan dari Explanation text adalah untuk menceritakan setiap langkah dari sebuah proses the how dan alasannya the why.
Jenis teks ini adalah salah satu bagian dari 37 jenis teks yang berhubungan dengan suatu proses fenomena alam, kejadian, dan
konsep-konsep yang ada di bidang sains dan teknik. Struktur bahasa dari teks ini adalah passive voice, simple present tense, conjunctions of
time dan cause, noun groups dan complex sentences. Secara umum ada 3 bagian dalam penulisan explanation teks
berdasarkan Anderson dan Anderson 1997: 80. Bagian pertama adalah general statement berisi tentang penjelasan umum tentang
fenomena yang akan dibahas, bisa berupa pengenalan fenomena tersebut atau penjelasannya. Kemudian, A sequenced of explanation
berisi tentang penjelasan proses mengapa fenomena tersebut bisa terjadi atau tercipta. A sequence of explanation merupakan jawaban
dari pertanyaan ‗why‘ dan ‗how‘ penulis ketika membuat sebuah
Explanation text. Sequence of explanation bisa terdiri lebih dari satu paragrap. Yang lebih ditekankan dalam paragraf ini adalah bagaimana
how dan mengapa why fenomena atau sesuatu itu terjadi. Pada bagian ini, penulis menjelaskan dalam beberapa tahap sequence.
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
101 Bagian terakhir adalah paragraf penutup concluding paragraph yang
berisi kesimpulan keseluruhan penjelasan yang telah diberikan pada paragraf sebelumnya. Sebenarnya closing ini tidak tercantum dalam
generic structure dari Explanation text, tetapi kebanyakan orang beranggapan bahwa paragrap terakhir dari sebuah Explanation text
adalah closing, padahal itu merupakan bagian dari squenced of explanation yang berisi tentang langkah akhir yang dijelaskan pada
bagian squenced of explanation. Dalam pembuatan explanation text yang baik, kita harus
mempertimbangkan beberapa fitur gramatikal. Beberapa diantaranya adalah:
- Penggunaan simple present tenseaction verbs, seperti: lungs are
the main organ, the brain sends a message through the nerves -
Penggunaan passive voice, seperti: These are covered with small blood vessels called capillaries, a breath is taken.
- Penggunaan cause and effect word, seperti: then, as a result, so,
if, because, therefore. -
Menggunakan kata sinyal waktu, seperti : first, then, next, after, finally
- Menggunakan abstract noun kata benda yang nampak
- Focus pada generic, non-human participants e.g. clouds, rains,
the air, moisture, gas, petrol, oil, urbanization, flood, tornado -
Menggunakan temporal conjunctions e.g. before, first, then, in the end, finally dan causal conjunctions e.g. if, when, until, so, as,
why -
Menggunakan technical language -
Menggunakan complex sentences
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
102 5. Contoh Explanation Text
How Do We Breathe TEXT ORGANISATION
LANGUAGE FEATURES
General statement introducing phenomenon
The nose, trachea and lungs
are the main
organs which make up the respiratory system.
This system
allows the
exchange of gases which are needed for us to live.
Use of present tense, e.g. are, allows
Series of sequenced paragraphs
Breathing happens when
the brain sends a
message through the nerves to the intercostal
muscles which lie between the ribs and
diaphragm. When the instruction
is received,
the muscles pull the ribs
outwards and the diaphragm relaxes so that
the space in the chest gets
bigger. Because the
pressure in the chest gets lower, air rushes in to fill
the lungs.
This air is first taken in
through the nose or mouth.
It then travels into
the throat the pharynx and on through the voice
box the larynx. The opening to the voice box
has a cover over it called the
epiglottis.
This cover opens when a breath
is taken. In this
way, the air is able to flow Use of conjunctions of
time, e.g. when, because
Use of action verbs, e.g. sends, pull
Use of passive voice, e.g. is received, is first
taken, are covered
Use of adverbial phrases of place, e.g.
outwards, bigger
Use of pronouns for words already
introduced, e.g. It
Use of technical words, e.g. epiglottis, trachea
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
103 down the trachea but food
is kept out.
After passing down the trachea the air travels into
the lung down either the right or left bronchus,
through the bronchioles and at last into tiny air
sacs called alveoli. These are covered with small
blood vessels called capillaries. From here,
oxygen is finally taken into the blood stream and
carbon dioxide is passed back to the lungs.
The intercostal muscles
then push the rib cage back inwards. As a result,
the space in the chest gets smaller and the
pressure rises, thus pushing the carbon
dioxide back out of the lungs.
Use of time connectives to link time sequences,
e.g. after, as a result
Use of noun groups, e.g. small blood vessels, the
main organs
Use of clear subject and verb agreement, e.g.
muscles, push
Concluding sentenceparagraph
And it all happens in the space of a single
breath
Use of abstract noun, e.g. breath
6. Menentukan Gambaran Umum Teks Tertulis Esei Berbentuk Explanation Text
Gambaran umum isi bacaan berbicara tentang topik yang dibahas dalam suatu teks. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti ini, kita bisa
melakukan hal-hal sebagai berikut: -
Lakukan skimming, yaitu membaca cepat keseluruhan teks tanpa berhenti membaca walau menjumpai kata-kata sulit.
- Baca setiap kalimat pertama dari tiap-tiap paragraf.
- Amati kata-kata yang sering muncul
- Simpulkan topik teks
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
104 Untuk menanyakan gambaran umum sebuah teks, biasanya diajukan
pertanyaan seperti berikut ini: -
What is the topic of the text? -
Where? -
When? -
Who is the audience?
Contoh soal:
Petroleum product, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one source. Crude
oil is found below the earth surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as
25.000 feet into the earth interior. Crude oil is obtained by drilling a hole through the earth, but sometimes more dry holes are drilled than
those producing oil. Pressure at the source, or pumping, forces the crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrel per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical
appearance: thin, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical compositions are made up of only two elements: carbon and
hydrogen, which from two compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in the union with the hydrocarbons are few
and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors of crude oil. These products
are called light oil such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate coil. Sumber: UNAS 2008
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
105 The best title of the text is …
A. Petroleum products B. Crude oil products
C. Petroleum processing D. Processing Petroleum Products
E. Petroleum Chemical Compositing.
7. Menentukan Makna Kata Teks Tertulis Fungsional Berbentuk Explanation
Sebuah kata atau teks akan memiliki makna yang berbeda apabila berada pada konteks yang berbeda. Dalam kegiatan menemukan
makna kata dapat diartikan sebagai kegiatan mencari definisi kata, padanan kata synonym atau mencari lawan kata antonym dari suatu
kata tertentu. Berikut ini contoh pertanyaan yang menanyakan makna kata:
- What does the underlined word mean?
- What does the underlined phrase mean?
- What does the underlined sentence mean?
- The underlined wordphrasesentence means …
- What is the synonym of the underlined word?
- What is the closest meaning of the underlined word?
- What is the antonym of the underlined word?
Untuk menentukan makna kata tertentu dalam explanation text, kita dapat melakukan beberapa langkah kegiatan sebagai berikut:
- Baca dan pahami pertanyaan dengan baik.
- Baca dengan teliti bagian teks yang memuat kata tersebut.
- Baca kalimat sekitar, sebelum, dan sesudah dari awal kalimat
dimana kata itu digunakan. -
Tentukan makna dari kata tersebut.
Contoh soal:
―Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities.‖ Paragraph 2
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
106 The opposites meaning of t
he underlined word is … A. Big
B. Wide C. Broad
D. Plain E. Apparent
8. Menentukan Informasi Rinci Test Tertulis Fungsional Berbentuk Explanation
Informasi rinci tersurat baru bisa ditemukan setelah kita membaca teks dengan rinci atau seksama. Kadang-kadang informasi ini tersebar di
sana-sini dan pembaca harus mengumpulkannya atau memperhatikan hubungan antar informasi dari kalimat yang satu dengan yang lain
dalam teks. Berikut pertanyaan yang menanyakan informasi rinci tersurat:
- Why … ?
- Which of the following statements is true acording to the passage?
- Which of the following statements are wrong based on the text?
- How … ?
Contoh soal:
How is crude oil obtained? A. Drilling a hole to the earth.
B. Digging under large body of water. C. Heating the oil.
D. Condensing the water. E. Tracing the elements.
9. Menentukan Koherensi dan Kohesi Teks Tertulis Berbentuk Explanation.
Sebuah teks memerlukan unsur pembentuk teks agar teks dapat berterima. Kohesi merupakan salah satu unsur pembentuk teks yang
penting. Brown dan Yule 1983 dalam Rani 2004 menyatakan bahwa unsur pembentuk teks itulah yang membedakan sebuah rangkaian
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
107 kalimat itu sebagai sebuah teks atau bukan teks. Sebuah teks harus
memiliki keterpaduan bentuk kohesi dan keterpaduan makna koherensi. Kohesi adalah hubungan antar bagian dalam teks yang
ditandai oleh piranti kohesi cohesion devices. Sedangkan koheren adalah keterpaduan antar kalimat yang saling mendukung. Sebuah teks
yang kohesif belum tentu koheren. Namun teks yang koheren biasanya kohesif.
Piranti untuk menunjukkan kalimatparagraph yang kohesif:
Table 2 Piranti Kohesi MeaningFunction
Examples Meaning
Function Examples
Addition Furthermore, too,
Moreover, also, in the second place,
again, in addition, even more, next,
further, last, lastly, finally, besides, and,
or, nor, first, second, secondly, etc.
Time While, never,
Immediately, after,later,
earlier, always, when, soon,
whenever, meanwhile,
sometimes, in the
meantime, during
afterwards, now, until now,
next
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
108
MeaningFunction Examples
Meaning Function
Examples
following, once then, at length,
simultaneously so far, this time
subsequently
Place Here, there, nearby,
beyond, wherever opposite to, adjacent
to neighboring on,
above, below Exemplific
ation Illustration
to illustrate to demonstrate
specifically for instance
as an illustration
e.g.for example
Comparison in the same way
by the same token similarly, likewise
in like manner in similar fashion
Contrast Yet, and yet,
nevertheless nonetheless
after all, but, however,
though otherwise,
on the contrary
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
109
MeaningFunction Examples
Meaning Function
Examples
in contrast not
withstanding on the other
hand at the same
time Clarification
that is to say in other words
to explain i.e., that is
to clarify to rephrase it
to put it another way Cause
because since
on account of for that reason
Effect Therefore, as a result,
consequently, thus, accordingly, hence
Purpose in order that
so that, this end,
to that end, to for this purpose
Qualification Almost, nearly, never
Probably, always, Intensificat
ion Indeed, yes, no,
to repeat,
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
110
MeaningFunction Examples
Meaning Function
Examples
Frequently, perhaps, Maybe, although
by all means, of course,
doubtedly, certainly, in
fact, without doubt,
undoubtedly, in fact, surely,
Consession to be sure
granted of course, it is true
Summary to summarize
in sum in brief
to sum up in short
in summary Conclusion
in conclusion to conclude
finally Demonstra
tive actings
This those
these that
Pronouns His, its, theirs, it, their,
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
111
MeaningFunction Examples
Meaning Function
Examples
serving as links to clearly
refer to a specific word or phrase
your, her, they, our
Berikut contoh teks yang memiliki paragraph yang kohesif:
Do you know what helps your body get oxygen from the air? It ‘s
the respiratory system. Can you tell the most important organs in the respiratory system? Yes, they are nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and
diaphragm.
The respiratory system, in anatomy and physiology, are organs that deliver oxygen to the circulatory system for transport to all the body
cells. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide in a two phase process
called respiration.
The first phase of respiration begins with breathing in or inhalation. This inhalation brings air from outside the body into the
lungs. Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs through blood vessels to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
Oxygen then moves from the bloodstream into cells, which completes the first phase of respiration. In the cells, oxygen is used in a separate
energy-producing process called cellular respiration, which produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
The second phase of respiration begins with the movement of carbon dioxide from the cells to the bloodstream. The bloodstream
carries carbon dioxide to the heart, which pumps the carbon dioxide- laden blood to the lungs. In the lungs, breathing out or exhalation
removes carbon dioxide from the body, thus completing the respiration cycle.
Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B
112 Untuk membentuk wacana yang baik, tidak hanya dibutuhkan
hubungan kohesi. Cook 1989 dalam Rani 2006 menyatakan bahwa penggunaan piranti kohesi itu memang penting untuk membentuk
wacana yang utuh, tetapi tidak cukup hanya menggunakan piranti kohesi tersebut. Agar wacana yang kohesif itu baik, wacana tersebut
perlu dibuat koheren. Koherensi adalah kepaduan hubungan maknawi antara bagian-bagian dalam wacana Rani, 2006. Koherensi membuat
wacana menjadi memiliki makna yang utuh. Wacana kohesif berbeda dari wacana padu coherent. Coba perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
A. Paragraf yang kohesif dan koheren How Earthquakes Happen