the beginning to the end of the story. Furthermore, the content of the story is focused on the main character. The minor character appears in certain circumstances and
times. His role is less important than the main character because the total roles and focus are on the main character.
2.1.1.2 Theories of Characterization
According to Holman and Harmon, 1968: 81 characterization is the way to create of imaginary persons, so they exist for the reader as life like. Therefore, the
author always points out what the character is, how he lives, what he like and dislike. Those traits are called character while the technique to make the traits known is
characterization. According to M.J Murphy 1972: 161-173 there are nine ways to make the
characters understandable to and alive for the readers. The first one is personal description, it deals with the physical appearance. The readers will recognize the
character from the clothes they wear and the facial expression from the character in the novel. The second is character as seen by another. The character can also be
recognized from another character’s opinion in the novel. The third is speech, the author describes the character through what the character says and what style the
character uses. It is an important way to describe the character, because through the way he speaks and responds and gives opinion will make the reader more easily to
describe the character in the novel. The forth way is past life. The reader will understand more easily about the character from his past story or experience. It will
help the reader to know how the character is shaped. It can be figured out by a direct comment, through the person’s thought or through his or her conversation. The fifth
one is conversation of others. The readers can have clues about the character from other character in the novel. Reader can get clue from other characters’ conversation
about the character. The sixth characterization is reaction. The readers will be able to have clues about the characters by analyzing the character’s reaction when he is
facing a problem. The seventh is direct comment. In the direct comment, the author directly gives
his personal reception and comment to the character he creates. The eighth way is thought. The author gives a clue to the reader from the character’s thought. By
knowing what the character is thinking, the reader will simply describe the character through the thought. The last way is mannerism. Describing the mannerisms or habit
gives the reader clues about the character. This study will focus on the influence of the Minor Character on the main
character’s personality. The Minor Character here is including the main characters’ the family’s influence and her peer.
According to Milligan, the second character or the minor characters are those who appear as the complement of the story. While major character appears more
often in the story. 1983: 195 According to www.Humanitiesweb.org
that is contributed by Gilfford, Katya 9 November 2004, Minor Character is those figures who fill out the story but who
do not figure prominently in it.
2.11.3 Critical Approach
In order to understand a literary work the need of using an approach is important. It will help the researcher to have an easier understanding to analyze the
literary work. Therefore, a researcher should choose an appropriate approach in order to help him to have better understanding in analyzing a literary work.
Rohrberger and Woods 1971: 613 present five approaches to analyze a novel. Those approaches are the Formalist approach, the Biographical approach, the
Sociocultural-Historical approach, the Mythopoeic approach and the Psychological approach. Each approach has its own characteristic. Each approach will be defined
and explained according to its usage. The Formalist approach is an approach that judges the esthetic values of a
novel from the harmonious involvement of all parts of the novel to the whole and how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine
structure. The Biographical approach leads the readers to try to learn as much as they can about the author’s life and the development of the author. The proponent of this
approach demands that a work of art is a reflection of a personality. The third approach is Sociocultural-historical approach. This approach leads us to analyze the
novel based on the civilization that produces the novel. It will help us to analyze the people’s life in society at the time the novel was written. The fourth is Mythopoeic
approach. It emphasizes on the universally patterns of human thought such as myths and folk rites. The myth or folk rites of certain societies may affect the author’s
behavior and his motivation in writing the literary work. The last approach is Psychological approach. It takes us to the psychological point of view of the
character to analyze the novel. It may include human thought, behavior and other psychological aspects that give the influence to the literary work. Each approach has
its own value and limitation. Therefore, the researcher should be able to choose the best approaches that are suitable to his literary work analysis.
