CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is Theoretical Review, second part is Criticism, and the last part is Theoretical Framework. The Theoretical
Review includes the theory of Literature and the Review of Related Theory. Furthermore, Theory of Literature includes Character, Characterization and Critical
Approach. The review of Related Theory includes the Theory of Psychology and the Theory of personality. Meanwhile the Criticism presents some critics about the novel
and the author. The last part is Theoretical Framework, it talks about how theories are used to analyze the novel.
2.1 Theoretical Review 2.1.1 Theory of Literature
A novel is a form of literature; therefore, I support the analysis by using the theory of literature. This part presents the theories of literature, which are divided
into two, the theory of character and theory of characterization.
2.1.1.1 Theories of Character
Character is one of the most important elements in a novel. A novel may contain many characters that are presented by the author. A character can be
recognized by describing his physical and psychological appearance. According to Abrams 1993: 23, “Characters are persons presented in a dramatic or narrative
work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue and what they do- the action”. Therefore, a character is usually easily analyzed from his dialog
or action. Abrams 1993: 24 classifies a character into two types: flat character and
round character. A flat character is a single idea and is presented in outline and without much individualizing detail. It means flat character has dominant traits and
has no desires motivation, or conflict. Therefore, flat character is easy to remember because it does not undergo a change and will have the same character from the
beginning until the end of the story. Furthermore, it can be described in a single phrase or sentence.
On the other hand, round character has many dominant traits and complex desire, motivation and conflicts. Therefore, a round character tends to change from
the beginning of the story until the end of the story and tends to be complex. Thus, round character is difficult to describe. Round characters can also called as
developing characters. Furthermore, Foster 1947: 47 describes the advantages of flat character and
round character. Flat characters are easily known by the readers’ emotionally eye, not by the visual eye. Emotionally eye means, it can be described by using feeling.
The reader can also easily remember the characters because they do not change. On the other hand, round characters cannot be identified directly and quickly
because there are some life aspects that influence them to develop. Because of those aspects the readers cannot easily memorize the characters as in the flat characters.
In addition, Perrine 1947: 48 divides characters into two parts. The main character, who appears more often in the story than other characters. It appears from
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