Problem Formulation Benefit of the Study

and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue and what they do- the action”. Therefore, a character is usually easily analyzed from his dialog or action. Abrams 1993: 24 classifies a character into two types: flat character and round character. A flat character is a single idea and is presented in outline and without much individualizing detail. It means flat character has dominant traits and has no desires motivation, or conflict. Therefore, flat character is easy to remember because it does not undergo a change and will have the same character from the beginning until the end of the story. Furthermore, it can be described in a single phrase or sentence. On the other hand, round character has many dominant traits and complex desire, motivation and conflicts. Therefore, a round character tends to change from the beginning of the story until the end of the story and tends to be complex. Thus, round character is difficult to describe. Round characters can also called as developing characters. Furthermore, Foster 1947: 47 describes the advantages of flat character and round character. Flat characters are easily known by the readers’ emotionally eye, not by the visual eye. Emotionally eye means, it can be described by using feeling. The reader can also easily remember the characters because they do not change. On the other hand, round characters cannot be identified directly and quickly because there are some life aspects that influence them to develop. Because of those aspects the readers cannot easily memorize the characters as in the flat characters. In addition, Perrine 1947: 48 divides characters into two parts. The main character, who appears more often in the story than other characters. It appears from the beginning to the end of the story. Furthermore, the content of the story is focused on the main character. The minor character appears in certain circumstances and times. His role is less important than the main character because the total roles and focus are on the main character.

2.1.1.2 Theories of Characterization

According to Holman and Harmon, 1968: 81 characterization is the way to create of imaginary persons, so they exist for the reader as life like. Therefore, the author always points out what the character is, how he lives, what he like and dislike. Those traits are called character while the technique to make the traits known is characterization. According to M.J Murphy 1972: 161-173 there are nine ways to make the characters understandable to and alive for the readers. The first one is personal description, it deals with the physical appearance. The readers will recognize the character from the clothes they wear and the facial expression from the character in the novel. The second is character as seen by another. The character can also be recognized from another character’s opinion in the novel. The third is speech, the author describes the character through what the character says and what style the character uses. It is an important way to describe the character, because through the way he speaks and responds and gives opinion will make the reader more easily to describe the character in the novel. The forth way is past life. The reader will understand more easily about the character from his past story or experience. It will help the reader to know how the character is shaped. It can be figured out by a direct comment, through the person’s thought or through his or her conversation. The fifth