Motivation Definition of Terms

10 entertaining men. The writer used socio-cultural-historical approach on her research There are two perspectives to analyze Sayuri. Those perspectives come from Marxist Feminism and Golden’s point of views. In Marxist Feminism point of view, patriarchy system and economic condition force women not to have the same chance as men in having job. In the novel, being a geisha is not easy because she has to attend a school. Then, she wants to prove that being a geisha is a profession. The Marxist Feminism approach is appropriate to analyze this research because the oppression and discrimination of the female character because of capitalism and patriarchal system Wati, 2005. Besides, Arthur Golden says that geisha is not the same as prostitute as people think. A geisha has ability to dance and sing that differentiate a geisha with prostitute. People respect a geisha through her behavior and politeness in society who is loyal to the tradition. The writer used socio-cultural-historical approach Hastika, 2007. This research is different from those studies mentioned above. All of them discussed the main character of the novel, Nitta Sayuri while this research discusses the minor character, Mameha. Although the researcher provides some descriptions of Sayuri’s character, this research focuses more on Mameha’s motivation in building her interpersonal relationship. To do these, the researcher analyzes the motivation of Mameha by applying psychological approach. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11

B. Review of Related Theories

This part presents the theories that are used to answer the problems, those are critical approaches, character, characterization, motivation, and interpersonal relationships.

1. Critical Approaches

An approach used to discuss a literary work. According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971, critical approach is divided into five approaches that can be used to analyze the novel. There are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio- cultural approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The psychological approach focu ses on the ‘’complexity of thought and behavior, the content of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and actions’’ pp. 13-14. The psychological approach is chosen because it helps the researcher answer the formulated problems. This approach focuses on the behavior of the characters. Through the action and speech, the behavior of the character can be seen. This approach is used to reveal the description of Mameha in building her interpersonal relationship with Sayuri.

2. Character

A character is an important element in a literary work like a novel. Abrams 1981 states character is ‘’the person presented in dramatic or narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action’’ p. 20. It means that the reader can interpret the character and visualize through dialogue and action.