f Companionate love
This kind of love evolves from a combination of the intimacy and decisioncommitment components of love. It is a long-term and committed
friendship. In addition, companionate love is a kind of love that occurs in marriages without any physical attraction because it has faded away.
g Fatuous love
Fatuous love results from the combination of the passion and decision or commitment component in the absence of the intimacy component. It is fatuous in
the sense that a commitment is made based on passion without an involvement of intimacy component.
h Consummate love
Consummate, or complete, love results from the full combination of the three components. Consummate love is a kind of love that many of us strive,
especially in romantic relationships. In the analysis, the writer will use this theory as one of the parts of the
references, so the writer is able to make detailed explanation to the answer of the second formulated problem related to the influences of love on
Dawson’s life.
4. Theory of Personality Development
The theory of personality is required in order to answer the influences of Dawson’s first love on his life. The reason why this theory is necessary to elaborate
is that it is because instead of the development of Dawson’s love as seen in the way he manages relationship with Amanda, the personality of Dawson’s life also
changes throughout the story’s progression as seen in her past and current life in the story.
According to Ewen in Theories of Personality 2014, a personality is important and relatively stable aspects of behavior. A personality can be studied by
originating within the individual p. 3. In other words, a personality is similar to an original quality or feature related to behavior of an individual. Moreover, Ewen
2014 states further explanation about a personality as follows. Personality deals with a wide range of human behavior. To most theorists,
personality includes virtually everything about a person —mental,
emotional, social, and physical. Some aspects of personality are unobservable, such as thoughts, memories, and dreams, whereas others are
observable, such as overt actions. Personality also includes aspects that are concealed from yourself, or unconscious, as well as those that are conscious
and well within your awareness p. 3.
It can be concluded that a personality covers two types of personality related to human behavior. The first type is about everything related to a person-mental,
emotional, social, and physical. It also includes some aspects that are unobservable, such as thoughts, memories, and dreams. The other aspect is the observable one,
such as real actions in implying human’s personality. The second type includes an
aspect that is unconscious or hidden within unawareness of an individual. Therefore, a personality is the combination of human’s behavior that is able to differ
an individual to another. Moreover, Ewen 2014 also states that, “personality is
long lasting and important characteristics within an individual” p. 9. In addition, a personality can be developed throughout the ages of an
individual. Erik Erikson 1977 who is the founder of Identity Theory describes eight stages of a man in his book entitled Childhood and Society. From those eight
stages, there are three stages of adolescence because the character’s personality in the novel that is identified as stages of adolescence. As cited by Erikson 1977,
Schultz in Theories of Personalities 2009: 215-128 describes the three stages of adolescence as follows.
a. Identity Cohesion versus Role Confusion
In this stage, adolescent stage is newly begun because it occurs between ages 12 and 18. In this stage, people who experience this stage have to face and
resolve the crisis of basic ego identity. It refers to the self-image formed during adolescence that integrates ideas of what a person is and what a person wants to be.
If this process is resolved satisfactorily, the result is a consistent and congruent picture.
Moreover, people who emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self- identity are equipped to face adulthood with certainty and confidence. However, for
those who fail to achieve cohesive identity – who experience an identity crisis, a
stage of a failure in achieving ego identity during adolescence – will exhibit a
confusion of roles. It means that they do not know about who they are, where they belong, or where they want to go.
The basic strength that should develop during adolescence in this stage is fidelity, which emerges from a cohesive ego identity. Fidelity as described by
Erikson includes sincerity, genuineness, and a sense of duty in relationships with other people.
b. Intimacy versus Isolation
This stage is considered as young adulthood for it lasts from ages 18 until 35. During this period, young adults determine their independence and begin to
function more autonomously as mature, responsible adults. It is the period when an individual who are in this stage start productive work and establish intimate
relationships, such as close friendships and sexual unions. People who are unable to establish such intimacies in young adulthood will
develop feelings of isolation, such as avoiding social contacts, rejecting other people, and even becoming aggressive toward them. In result, they prefer to be
alone because they fear intimacy as a threat to their ego identity. The basic strength that emerges from intimacy of the adult years is love,
which is considered as the greatest human advantage. Erikson describes love as a mutual devotion in a shared identity, the fusing of oneself with another person.
c. Generativity versus Stagnation
This stage is also referred to adulthood that occurs between ages 35 to 55. It is a stage of maturity where people need to be actively involved in teaching and
guiding the next generation. When middle-aged people cannot or will not seek an outlet for generativity, they may be overwhelmed by stagnation, boredom, and
interpersonal impoverishment. The basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood is care.
Erikson defines care as a broad concern for others and believes it is manifested in the need to teach, not only to help others but also to fulfill one’s identity.
d. Ego Integrity versus Despair
Maturity and old age is the final stage of psychological development. During this period, people are confronted with a choice between ego integrity and despair.
It is considered as a period where people examine and reflect on their life, taking its final measure. If it leads to a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, then it is
considered that those people possess ego integrity, which is defined as an acceptance one’s place and one’s past.
However, those who review their life with a sense of frustration, angry about missed opportunities and regretful of mistakes that cannot be rectified, then those
people will feel despair which make them disgusted with themselves, contemptuous of others, and bitter over what might have been.
The basic strength that should develop in this final development stage is wisdom. Wisdom is expressed in a detached concern with the whole life.
In general, according to Schultz 2009, he states that, “Erikson believed that personality is affected more by learning and experience than by heredity.
Psychosocial experiences, not instinctual biological forces, are the greater determinant. Our ultimate is to develop a positive ego identity that incorporates all
the basic strengths” p. 219. Therefore, as Dawson
encounters four stages of personality’s development, it is clear to conclude that the influences of Dawson’s first love give an important
role to the devel opment of Dawson’s personality.
B. Theoretical Framework
