f. Reactions
The person’s character can also be described through the reactions the person makes to various situations and events. From the reactions, there should be
some clues to the character. g.
Direct Comment or Knowledge of the Author The author describes or comments on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts
The author can give direct knowledge to the character through what the person is thinking. Therefore, the characterization will be mostly based on the
thoughts of the person. i.
Mannerisms The author can describe a person’s character as seen in the person’s
mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies. The description of the person’s character will
be focused on the ways the person behaves and the routines that the person usually does.
In short, the nine ways of describing a character in a novel provides different points of view of how a character is described. It also helps the writer makes the
analysis of Dawson’s character more detailed and rich using this theory. Therefore, theory of characterization will be helpful in order to analyze how Dawson is
portrayed in the story.
3. Theory of Love
Theory of love is one of the required theories that are used in elaborating the answer of the second formulated problem. The writer uses the theory of love
because the analysis of the topic is related to the development of Dawson’s love to
his first love. Love is a feeling of affection and desire to do particular things to satisfy the
needs of the feeling. In a book entitled The Art of Loving, Fromm 1963 describes love as follows.
Love is an activity, not a passive affect; it is a “standing in,” not a “falling for.” On the most general way, the active character of love can be described
by stating that love is primarily, giving, not receiving. In addition, love is the active concern for the life and the growth of that which we love pp. 18-
22.
From the definition stated by Fromm 1963, love is an active action and affect which the characters represent. The way of describing that love is an active action
and affect can be seen in form of giving affection and doing some actions of loving. Furthermore, love also develops as the life and personality of one we love grows.
In addition, love that is defined by Firestone 2006 in his book entitled Sex and Love in Intimate Relationship can be described as follows.
Actions that fit the description of loving relationship are expression of affection, both physical and emotional; a wish to offer pleasure and
satisfaction to one’s mate; tenderness, compassion, and sensitivity to the needs of the other; a desire for shared activities and pursuits; an ongoing,
honest exchange of personal feelings the process of offering concern,
comfort, and outward assistance for the love object’s aspirations p. 31. Referring to Firestone 2006, love means actions expressed in both physical
and emotional. Love is also expressions related to feelings such as affection, care, possession, and desire. Besides, love is able to bring and or offer several aspects.
Those aspects are tenderness, compassion, and sensitivity to the needs of other. Hauck 1983 also states definition of love in his book entitled How to Love
and be loved . He defines that “love is that powerful feeling one has for persons,
animals or things that has satisfied, is satisfying, or will satisfy our deepest desires and needs” p. 16. Love is a powerful feeling, which is owned by human being that
is able to bring a feeling of satisfaction to the deepest desires and needs. In addition, it simply shows how a person falls in love in order to satisfy his or her needs and
desires or it simply expresses the feeling of affection and or care. Furthermore, love is not only defined as a feeling of affection and tenderness
in general or universal feeling. However, love can be classified into specifics components. There are three components of love according to Sternberg in his
theory A Triangular of Love Theory 1986: p. 119 as follows. a
Intimacy The intimacy component refers to feelings of closeness, connectedness, and
boundedness in loving relationships. It thus includes within its purview those feelings that give rise, essentially, to the experience of warmth in a loving
relationship. b
Passion The passion component refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical
attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena in loving relationships. The passion component thus includes its purview those sources of motivational and
other forms of arousal that lead to the experience of passion in a loving relationships.
c Decision or Commitment
The decisioncommitment component refers to, in the short term, the decision that one lives someone else, and in the long term, the commitment to
maintain that love. The decisioncommitment component thus includes within its purview the cognitive elements that are involved in decision making about the
existence of and potential long-term commitment to a loving relationship. Therefore, there are three specific components of love. The first component
is known as an intimacy that covers warmth, trust, and commitment to build relationship. The intimacy makes a person has some characteristics to make the
person whom he or she loves comfortable, that person tends to spend times in order to have long conversations with the beloved person of his or hers, and even there is
a desire to do physical contacts. The second component is a passion that refers to a motivational element based on sexual de
sire. It triggers a person’s sexual desire to hug or kiss the person whom he or she loves and even it makes a person to have
sexual fantasies. The third component is a decision or commitment that is defined as a cognitive element of decision to build a relationship. The decision or
commitment component is a basis for a person to bind a relationship with a person whom he or she loves.
These three components will be useful to make analysis based on the characteristics of Dawson in his love’s life, especially in order to answer the
influences of his decision to have relationship with his first love. In addition, Sternberg 1986: pp. 123-124 draws a finding in form of a
triangular model from the interrelationship of the three components of love. This model contains types or kinds of loves based on the three components of love. There
are eight types or kind of love. They are elaborated as follows. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
a Non-love
Non-love refers to the absence of the three components of love. Non-love also characterizes the majority of the personal relationships because it does not
contain any components of love or it is simply as a form of casual interactions. b
Liking Liking results when one experiences only the intimacy component of love
in the absence of passion and decisioncommitment. Rather, it refers to the set of feelings one experiences in relationships that can be characterized as friendships.
c Infatuated love
Infatuated love is “love at first sight.” It results from the experiencing of passionate arousal in the absence of the intimacy and decisioncommitment
components of love. d
Empty love This kind of love emanates from the decision that one loves another and has
commitment to that love in the absence of both intimacy and passion components of love. It results from the kind of stagnant relationships which has been going on
for years, but they have lost its mutual emotional involvement and physical attraction.
e Romantic love
This kind of love derives from a combination of the intimacy and passion components of love. In essence, it is a kind of liking with an added element,
namely, the arousal brought about by physical attraction and its concomitants. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
f Companionate love
This kind of love evolves from a combination of the intimacy and decisioncommitment components of love. It is a long-term and committed
friendship. In addition, companionate love is a kind of love that occurs in marriages without any physical attraction because it has faded away.
g Fatuous love
Fatuous love results from the combination of the passion and decision or commitment component in the absence of the intimacy component. It is fatuous in
the sense that a commitment is made based on passion without an involvement of intimacy component.
h Consummate love
Consummate, or complete, love results from the full combination of the three components. Consummate love is a kind of love that many of us strive,
especially in romantic relationships. In the analysis, the writer will use this theory as one of the parts of the
references, so the writer is able to make detailed explanation to the answer of the second formulated problem related to the influences of love on
Dawson’s life.
4. Theory of Personality Development
