An Analysis On Language Choice Of Karonese People Case Study At Traditional Market Pajak Sore JL. Jamin Ginting Medan

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AN ANALYSIS ON LANGUAGE CHOICE OF KARONESE PEOPLE CASE STUDY AT TRADITIONAL MARKET PAJAK SORE JL. JAMIN GINTING MEDAN

A THESIS

BY

RINI RAHMA DEWI

REG. NO. 090705020

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA


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AN ANALYSIS ON LANGUAGE CHOICE OF KARONESE PEOPLE CASE STUDY AT TRADITIONAL MARKET PAJAK SORE JL. JAMIN GINTING MEDAN

A THESIS BY

RINI RAHMA DEWI REG. NO. 090705020

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H. M.A. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. NIP. 19560705 198903 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013


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Approved by the the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head Secretary

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum. NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, all praise to Allah SWT who always give me blessing, strength, love and affection in my entire life and in terms of my study, especially in completing this thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., and the Secretary of English Department Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum. for the facilities and advice I have obtained during my study in this faculty.

I would like to express my gratitude as well to my Supervisor, Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H. M.A. and my Co-Supervisor Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. who have given me their worthy amount of knowledge and contribution, who have shared their valuable time to guide, comment, and encourage me in finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the lecturers of English Department generally who have educated me and given me their knowledge during my academic years, so that I could finish this thesis.

Furthermore, I would like to express my huge and sincere gratitude to my beloved parents and family who have supported and given their contribution and helped me in doing this thesis,

Then I would like to say thank you very much to the people who have helped me in doing this thesis, to my lovely friends Roni, Arief, Aii, Ijal, Bayu, Ade, and


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Dinda and to my lovely boy friend Abda who have supported and helped me in doing this thesis.

Finally, I also would like thank you to all my friends in English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Sumatera Utara especially to my friends in 2009 academic year. Once again I express my huge gratitude to the people I have mentioned above and to those I cannot mention one by one.

May Allah SWT always bless us all, Amin ya robbal ‘alamin.

Medan, October 2013


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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, RINI RAHMA DEWI declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgments in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :


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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Rini Rahma Dewi

Title of Thesis : An Analysis on Language Choice of Karonese People Case Study at Traditional Market Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan

Qualification : S-1/Sarjana Sastra

Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the librarian of Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under the law of Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :


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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Analysis on Language Choice of Karonese People, case study at traditional market Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan. Masalah yang dibahasa dalam skripsi ini adalah mengenai para penjual buah dan sayuran Karo yang memilih bahasa saat mereka melayani dengan pembeli yang berbahasa karo, berbahasa Indonesia, atau mencampur kedua bahasa tersebut, kemudian masalah yang dilihat dalam skripsi ini mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pemilihan bahasa tersebut, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pemilihan bahasa itu adalah latar, partisipan, dan norma interaksi dikutip dari beberapa teori Dell Hymes yaitu SPEAKING; setting, participant, and norm of interaction. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif melalui peneltian lapangan dengan melakukan obsevasi diikuti dengan pengisian angket sebagai landasan penting untuk mendapatkan hasil analisis. Penggunaan percampuran bahasa antara bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo lebih dominan saat mereka melayani pembeli yang berbahasa karo/mencampur kedua bahasa tersebut.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... iii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... iv

ABSTRAK ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Problems of the Study ... 6

1.3. Objective of the Study ... 6

1.4. Scope of the Study ... 7

1.5. Significance of the Study ... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

2.1. Sociolinguistics ... 8

2.2. Speech Community ... 9

2.3. Bilingualism ... 11

2.4. Language Choice ... 12

2.5. Code ... 14

2.6. Code Switching Mixing ... 15

2.6.1. Code Switching ... 15

2.6.2. Code Mixing ... 18

2.7. Sociohistorical Background ... 19

2.8. Related Studies ... 23

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ... 25

3.1. Method of Study ... 25


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3.3. Location and Time of Observation ... 26

3.4. Source of Data ... 26

3.5. Data Collection ... 27

3.6. Step of the Research ... 27

3.7. Data Analysis ... 28

CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING ... 30

4.1.Data Description ... 30

4.2.Finding ... 45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 42

5.1. Conclusion ... 42

5.2. Suggestion ... 45

REFERENCES ... 46


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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Analysis on Language Choice of Karonese People, case study at traditional market Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan. Masalah yang dibahasa dalam skripsi ini adalah mengenai para penjual buah dan sayuran Karo yang memilih bahasa saat mereka melayani dengan pembeli yang berbahasa karo, berbahasa Indonesia, atau mencampur kedua bahasa tersebut, kemudian masalah yang dilihat dalam skripsi ini mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pemilihan bahasa tersebut, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pemilihan bahasa itu adalah latar, partisipan, dan norma interaksi dikutip dari beberapa teori Dell Hymes yaitu SPEAKING; setting, participant, and norm of interaction. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif melalui peneltian lapangan dengan melakukan obsevasi diikuti dengan pengisian angket sebagai landasan penting untuk mendapatkan hasil analisis. Penggunaan percampuran bahasa antara bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo lebih dominan saat mereka melayani pembeli yang berbahasa karo/mencampur kedua bahasa tersebut.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is the most important knowledge of human, and of course this must be the naturally knowledge of them, because since they already exist, they hear something by elder and when they grown up, they talk. Jendra (1 - 2) state that only human kind is blessed with ‘language capasity’ (the Language Acquisition Device or LAD), an essentially unique quality. At least, this is what Chomsky (1968, 1972), one of the leading rhetorical linguistics in history, has proclaimed. Chomskey’s opinion on the human’s language is as quoted below:

“When we study language, we are approaching what some might call the ‘human essence’, the distinctive qualities of mind that are so far as we know, unique to man.”

Now days, there are so many experts study about language that called linguistics. Linguistic is the scientific study of human language, and it generally classified as one of the social sciences along with sociology, anthropology, geography, psychology. Made Jendra (2010: 8 - 9) states, in this modern era there are two terms of linguistics; they are microscope of linguistics and macro-scope of linguistics. Microscopes of linguistics are focusing on the internal elements of languages. In addition, the macro-scope of linguistics is referred to the group of language studies, which


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focus on analyzing the relation between language and objects, studied within other disciplines, such as psycholinguistics (language and psychological problem), antropolingusitics, (language and cultures), and sociolinguistics (language and societies).

Therefore, in this term sociolinguistic gives us a wider scope to do literary researches. In this case, there are aspects of sociolinguistics would be applied that they are namely code switching and code mixing. These code switching and code mixing are about the phenomenon people use more than one languages or it usually called a bilingual. In addition, bilinguals must have a possibility that they are in a situation to choose between two or more codes that has to be made, so the process is called language choice.

In daily life activity people speak about everything, generally people are bilingual especially Indonesians. We know that Indonesia is an archipelago country that the emergence local language is inevitable among tribes in Indonesia. Consequently, Indonesians are at least bilinguals for ethnic languages, and Bahasa Indonesia. Moreover, it is not surprising if some Indonesians might be shift back and forth between the two languages as they converse either by switching and mixing languages because of different occasion.

The phenomenon of using ethnic languages are happened in human’s daily activities such as at home, at school, at bus, at office, traditional market etc. because as it is explained before, Indonesia consist of so many tribes which each tribe has its own native language, so it is not


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surprised if we can find people talk ethnic languages like Javanese, Bataknese, Karonese etc. in everywhere, in every activities besides they talk in Bahasa Indonesia as the national language but unfortunately the using of them are not too dominant, as we know that we are in a modern era, the using of national language is more dominant in supporting for understanding about the development of technology.

For the writer, it is very interesting enough to analyze human’s activities in traditional market. People in traditional market consist of variant tribes, they are might be Karonese, Javanese, Bataknese etc. they also talk informal, we can find they talk Bahasa Indonesia, or ethnic languages depend on what language they know, and with whom they talk for example, if the seller is Karonese and the purchaser speaks Karonese language or switch and mix that language with Bahasa Indonesia, there are possibilities that the seller might talk Karonese language, Bahasa Indonesia, or switch and mix those languages. But as it is described above, we are in a modern era, the languages are not only the ethnic languages but also there is the national language and the using of national language is the most used then ethnic languages. Traditional market is the place for people who wants to fulfill their needs that it is the actually the real traditional place where visited by variant tribes, but from the influence of this modern era, everything from their cultures are one by one is disappear especially their mindset as a traditional person to be a modern person. So even it is a traditional market, this place has been influenced by this modern era. So, traditional market is the interesting place to be analyzed


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about their choosing language from their modern mindset as modern people even at traditional market especially. For doing this research, the writer prefer to choose a traditional market that namely “Pajak Sore” in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan.

As the focusing analysis in this thesis, the writer will observe the activities primarily the languages use of Karonese fruits and vegetable sellers, when they meet purchasers who speak karonese language or switch and mix with Bahasa Indonesia at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan. The choosing Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers because fruits and vegetables are the most come from Berastagi. In that city the people are Karonese, so that’s why the writer chooses them as the objective reason. The example of phenomenon language choice between the Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers when they meet the purchasers who speak karonese language or switch and mix with Bahasa Indonesia regularly every morning at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan is described bellow:

Purchaser : Berapa harga sayur-sayurnya Bi? How much is this vegetables Aunty?

Karonese vegetables seller : empat ribu sekilo, tapi kalau kam ambil dua kilo bisa kurang.

Only four thousands Rupiahs for one kilogram, but if you take two kilograms, you can get cheaper.


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Purchaser : sekilo saja pé enggo bias é, Bi. Adi banci urakindu Min Regena.

Sekilo aja cukuplah, Bi. Kalau bisa kam kurangilah harganya..

One kilogram is enough I think. I hope you can give cheaper please..

Karonese vegetables seller : Sekai kin aténdu? Mau berapa rupanya kam?

How much do you want?

Purchase : Telu ribu saja bahan yah Bi? Tiga ribu saja buat ya, Bi?

How about three thousands Rupiahs, Aunty?

Karonese vegetables seller : Lenga mbera. Unga adi telu ribu lima ratus saja sibahan?

Belum bisa. Kalau tiga ribu lima ratus aja kita buat cemana?

Sorry it can’t. How about three thousands five hundreds Rupiahs?

Purchase : lanai kin banci denga urak é, Bi?

Apa gak bisa lagi kurang, Bi?

Would you give cheaper, Bi?

Karonese vegetables seller : Hmmm Ué yah, Ué yah Telu ribu saja. Hmmm Iya lah, tiga ribu aja.


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Yeah, you may take three thousands Rupiahs.

Enda gulén- guléndu é. Ini sayurannya..

Here it is. Purchaser : Enda senna, Bi

Ini uangnya, Bi

Here you go, Aunty.

Bujur Trimakasih

Thank you.

Explanation: Italic sentences are Karonese language and Bahasa Indonesia.The normal sentences are English language.

From the example above, the writer sees the case of language choice that the purchaser chooses Karonese language for the third conversation, and after that the Karonese vegetables seller answers him with Karonese language too. So in this case, the writer wants to see this case seriously, what are the factors the karonese vegetables seller answer him with Karonese language after the third conversation? Then what are the categories of purchasers for choosing a particular language?

The purpose of this thesis is to see the cases of language choice, and code switching and code mixing in particular occasion.


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1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the background of this thesis, there are two questions need to be answered they are:

1. Do the Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan choose a particular language?

2. What are the factors of the Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan for choosing a particular language?

3. What are the categories of purchasers for choosing a particular language?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Due to the question/problems above, this thesis is meant to answer that question. In other words, the expected form this analysis is:

1. To know the language is choosen by Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan.

2. To know the factors why Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers are at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan choose a particular language.

3. To know categories of purchasers for choosing a particular language.

1.4Scope of the Analysis

Based on the fore mentioned background of analysis and facts that the writer finds actually, there are some interesting cases that can be analyzed, but the writer only focuses on the language choice, and also code switching mixing of Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers at Pajak


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Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan when they meet the purchaser with observation time about one month.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are two significances of the analysis of this thesis, they are: 1. Academically, this study is expected to give some useful contributions to

the theory of Sociolinguistics, particularly the theory of code switching and code mixing

2. Practically, this thesis can give more data about language choice that is used by group of community, especially from undergraduate students which can used of data for language maintenance or language shift.


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Sociolinguistics

Let us see what sociolinguistics is. Sociolinguistics consists of two knowledges: sociology and linguistics. There are some definitions of sociology. David Popenoe in his book sociology says sociology is the systematic and objective study of society and social behavior (1986: 4).

Thio (1986: 11) also proposes sociology as the scientific of human behavior. It shows us how people interact with each other, how groups or societies differ, and how these social units affect human behavior. From his statement, we can conclude that language is one of the ways to interact with each other and affect human behavior.

Now, let us see what linguistics is. Hudson (in Umar and Napitupulu 1994 : 1) says:

“Linguistik adalah disiplin yang mempelajari struktur bahasa tanpa mengkaji konteks sosial tempat struktur itu dipelajari atau digunakan”. linguistics is a scientific discipline about language structure without examine the social context where the structure is learned or used”.

Therefore, the conclusion is, sociology is a scientific about human in a society, and for linguistics, we can define that it is a study of language. There is a relationship between sociology and linguistics, so that the result is sociolinguistics.

There are some quoted in Jendra (2010: 10), the first is (Ronald Wardhugh, 1986) quoted that: Sociolinguistics is concerned with


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investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal of better understanding of structure of language and how language functions communication.

(Peter Trudgill, 1983) says: sociolinguistics is that part of linguistics, which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon.

(Peter Mathew, 1997) Sociolinguistics is any study of language in relation to society.

(Bernard Spolsky, 1998) Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language of the uses of language and social structures in which the users of language live.

(Sylvia Chalker and Edmund weiner, 1998) Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to social factors.

Then, Fishman (in Chaer and Agustina 1995 : 4) says sociolinguistics as the study of characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their function, and the characteristics of their speaker as these constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community.

So that the point is, sociolinguistics is the study, which has a relationship between language and social factors in a speech community.

2.2 Speech Community

Every person comes from a community, that they already familiar with their characteristic about the way they talk in a single language. The


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members must be share knowledge and attitude towards the language use patterns of others as well as themselves. This community is called speech community. Spolsky (1998: 24) also defines speech community as “all the people who speak a single language and so share notions of what is same or different in phonology or grammar, this would include any group of people, wherever they might be, and however remote might be the possibility of their ever wanting or being able to communicate with each other, all using the same language.”

(R. A. Hudson: 26) speech communities may overlap (where are bilingual individuals) and need not have any social or cultural unity. Clearly is possible to delimit language and dialects. Charles Hockett (1958: 8) gives a more complex definition:

The whole set of people who communicate with each other, either directly or indirectly, via the common language.

The second is quoted by Leonard Bloomfield (1933: 42) explain that the creation of communication within the community is added, so that If two communities both spoke the same language but had no contact with each other at all, they would count as different speech communities. Here is the quoted: A speech community is a group of people who interact by mean of speech.

(Carol M Eastman, 2983) The term speech community refers to the unit analysis of a language in its context, that is:

The speech community is the unit of analysis of language in a culture or in society. A speech community is a set of individuals who share the


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knowledge of what is the appropriate conduct and interpretation of speech. These individuals also share the understanding of at least one language so that they may communicate with each other. (Jendra: 30)

In a speech community, for sure there is a speech acts. Chaer and Agustina defines speech acts as:

“terjadinya atau berlangsungnya interaksi lingusitik dalam suatu bentuk ujaran atau lebih yang melibatkan dua pihak, yaitu penutur dan lawan tutur, dengan suatu pokok tuturan, didalam waktu, tempat dan situasi

tertentu”. “a linguistics interaction in one or more speech form, involving

two, speaker and listener, with a partyclar topic, in a particular time, place and situation. “ (1954: 46)

2.3 Bilingualism

We know that people who are not monolinguals but speak two languages everyday named bilinguals (bilingual people), the definitions are come from Spolsky, Hamers and Blanc, Bloomfield. Spolsky (1998: 45) defines a bilingual as “a person who has some functional ability in the second language.” The definition of bilingualism itself is ‘the native-like’ control of two languages (Bloomfield, 1933: 56). Hamers and Blanc (1987: 7) has also proposed another definition of bilingualism as “the individual’s capacity to speak a second language while following the concepts and structures of that language rather than paraphrasing his or her mother tongue.”

Some factors why a person can be a bilingual. Such as mobilization, nationalism, education, culture, or religion. Mobilization can


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make a bilingualism condition when an immigrant has to interact with the native, they will learn the native language. Nationalism movement appears a necessity of a national language to unite a whole nation or necessity of have a legal language of a country like Indonesia. Education and culture can also make a bilingualism situation if those languages and cultures spread to other places, so persons who want to learn about it have to understand the language first. The religion is usually written a language, Arabic in Islam or Latin in Chrsitian. It makes we have to understand about the language if we want to understand about it. (Umar and Napitupulu 1994 : 9-10)

Spolsky (1998: 48) devides bilingualism into two : coordinate and compound. While Weinreich (1970 in Umar and Napitupulu 1994: 10-11) divides bilingualism into three: coordinate, compound and subordinate. Spolsky defines coordinate bilingualism as who had learned each language in separate contexts, and so kept them distinct and compound bilingualism as whose two languages were assumed to be closely connected because one language had been learned after (and so through) the other. Weinreich defines compound, and coordinate to him describes the tendency of bilinguals to interpret the same words, in a dominant language and a weak language based on meaning in dominant language.

2.4 Language Choice

In bilingualism or multilingualism society, there are some codes such as language, dialect, variation and style that used in social interaction. With those codes, a person can or will choose a code


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according to some factors. This process called language choice. Language choice depends on some factors such as participants, setting, topic, and so on (Sumarsono and Paina 2002: 199). Evan Tripp (1972) in Faturrohman (2009) identified four main factors in language choice, they are setting (time and place) and situation, participants in the interaction, topic of the conversation, and interaction functions. The first factors are such as the situation of lunch with family, meeting with client, in a market etc. The second factors are something like genre, job, age, social status etc. the third factor is depend on the topic like the law case nowadays, family matters, some actual news etc. The fourth factor is interaction function like request, habit such as for saying thank you, apologies, telling information etc. In Chaer and Agustina (1995: 116) says that:

“kapan B1 (mother language) digunakan dan kapan B2 (second language) harus dipakai. Pertanyaan ini menyangkut masalah pokok sosiolinguistik, “siapa berbicara, dengan bahasa apa, kepada siapa, kapan, dan dengan tujuan apa”. B1 pertama-tama dan terutama dapat digunakan dengan para anggota masyarakat tutur yang sama bahasanya dengan masyarakat penutur. Jika B1 si penutur adalah bahasa Sunda, maka dia akan dan dapat mengguanakan bahasa Sunda dengan semua anggota masyarakat tutur yang berbahasa Sunda, tentunya untuk keadaan dan situasi yang memang dapat dilakukan dengan bahasa Sunda itu, seperti dalam percakapan sehari-hari didalam keluarga dan untuk topik

pembicaraan yang biasa”. When B1 is used and when B2 hase to be used.


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talk, with whom you talk, when, and what the purpose is.” For the first, B1 can be used with all society with has the same language with the speaker. If the speaker speaks bahasa Sunda, so that he will can use bahasa Sunda with all society of Sunda who speak bahasa Sunda, of course for this situation which can use bahasa Sunda such as in daily conversation in a family and for a topic an usual conversation.

In Maryam’s thesis (2010: 18), some scholars have done a research about it, and find some reasons why people do language choice. Brown-Ford (1961), Sibayan (1984), and Rubin (1972) do it and we conclude that in some reasons, they are intimacy level, social statue, situation (formal or informal), and location.

5. Code

In bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. In this situation, the bilinguals may want to consider for example, who speaks to them, in which language or variety, and when or where the conversation takes place. To a bilingual or multilingual, although choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in deciding which code should be chosen still needs developing. (Jendra : 70)

Dell Hymes: 1964 (in (Jendra : 71) suggested eight factors that bilingual, multilingual, or monolingual people may consider when choosing a code. The factors were formulated into an acronym, namely SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms of interaction, and Genre.


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S (setting) this is consist of the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing the code.

P (participant) this is consist of the people involved in the communication found in the setting.

E (ends) this term is a part of the goals or proposes that speaker wishes to reach.

A (act sequence) the act sequence refers to the other of a speech, a narrative, conversation, or a talking.

K (key) the key is referred to manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation.

I (instrumentalities) the instrumentalies are referred to the register and forms of the speech.

N (Norm of interaction) the norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audiences, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

G (genre) the genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is in the form of poem, a proverb, a prayer, a lecture, etc.

2.6 Code Switching and Code Mixing 2.6.1 Code Switching

(Jendra : 73) There is a situation where speaker deliberately change a code being used, namely by switching from one to another. The change is called code switching. Among several definitions of code-switching, the


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following two should give clarity needed to understand the concept. Here are some quoted:

Code switching is the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act. (Dell H Hymes, 1875)

Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (1995: 140) in their book “Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal” define code switching:

“Peristiwa pergantian bahasa atau berubahnya dari ragam santai menjadi ragam resmi, atau juga ragam resmi menjadi ragam santai inilah

yang disebut persitiwa alih kode dalam sosiolinguistik”. “Phenomenon

the changing a language or the changing from informal kind of language, or formal kind of language that it is called code switching in sociolinguistics”.

Code switching phenomenon of changing the language, varieties of language even speech style form a particular circumstance into the other circumstance. Nevertheless, what bring a speaker to switch a language to other language? So let us see the main matters of sociolinguistics such as in Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (1995: 143) “(1) pembicara atau penutur, (2) pendengar atau lawan tutur, (3) perubahan situasi dnegan hadirnya orang ketiga, (4) perubahan dari formal ke informal atau sebaliknya, (5) perubahan topik pembicaraan.

According to Hoffman (1991: 116), there are seven reasons for bilinguals to mix or switch their codes or languages as follows:

1. Talking about particular topic; 2. Quoting somebody else;


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3. Being emphatic about something; 4. Sentence fillers or sentence connector; 5. Repetition used for clarification;

6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlector; 7. Expressing group identity.

While Hamers and Blanc (1987: 148) states that, there are some variables that can also influence the occurrence of language mixing and switching, which are:

8. The topic of conversation; 9. The setting;

10. The effectiveness of the language.

In addition, the last is Fishman (1976: 15) says; the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing related to what Fishman has proposed “who speak, what language, to whom, when, and to what end.”

Blom and Gumperz (1972 in Saville-Troke, 1986:64) classify code switching into two dimensions. There are two types of code switching based on the distinction, which applies to the style shifting. The first type is situational code switching. Wardhough (1986:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situation in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one, no topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in language used, we have metaphorical code switching. Saville-Troike (1986:62) define


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metaphorical code switching as a code switching occurring within a single situation but adding some meaning to such components.

2.6.2 Code Mixing

Jendra (2010: 78) the concept of code mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that may include cases of code switching and the other from of contacts, which emphasizes the lexical items. This definition is found in the following concept.

I am using the term code mixing to refer to all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence. (Pieter Muysken, 2000)

Code mixing is going to be distinguished here form code switching. With an emphasis on the different grammatical items involved as well as the association with the situation and topic found in case, the quotations below suggest a theoretical difference between code mixing and code switching:

In code mixing, pieces of one language are used while a speaker is basically using another language. (John Gumprez, 1977)

Siregar (2000: 13) says in code mixing, there is a main code or basic code which is used and has function and autonomy, while the other codes involved in a speech event constitute pieces only without any function or autonomy as a code. Some people said that if we talk in two languages in a time, it means actually we cannot speak in both languages well. But Wardhaugh (1986 : 104) states:


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Conversational code-mixing is not just haphazard mixing of two languages brought about by laziness or ignorance or some combination of these. Rather, it quires conversant to have a sophisticated knowledge of both languages and to be actually aware of community norms. These norms require that both languages be used in this way so that, conversant can show their familiarity and solidarity.

2.7 Sociohistorical Background

The Karo, or Karonese, are a (Karo lands) of North Sumatra and a small part of neighbouring Aceh. The Karo lands consist of Karo Regency, plus neighbouring areas in East Aceh Regency, bordered by Deli Serdang Regency, contain significant Karo populations, particularly in the Padang Bulan area of Medan. The town of Sibolangit, Deli Serdang Regency in the foothills on the road from Medan to Berastagi is also a significant Karo town.

Karoland contains two major volcanoe erupted after 400 years of dormancy in 2010, and Mount Sibayak. Karoland consists of the cooler high lands, and the upper and lower lowlands.

The Karolands were conquered by the Dutch in 1906, and in 1909 roads to the highlands were constructed, ending the isolation of the highland Karo people. The road linked Medan and the lowlands to


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Kabanjahe and from there to both i

In 1911, an agricultural project began at town in Karoland, to grow European vegetables in the cooler temperatures. Berastagi is today the most prosperous part of Karoland, just one hour from Medan, while towns further in the interior suffer from lower incomes and limited access to healthcare. The administrative centre of Karo Regency is

The Karo people speak the Batak Karo language, a language related to, but not mutually intelligible with, other Batak languages, in addition to Indonesian. They are one of the five ethnic groups, which make up the or Sembiring and Tarigan, these Marga are then divided up into families. Each ethnic group of the Bataknese people have their own cultural, religious and musical traditions. The Karo for instance have a distinct from other Batak people.

Karo people, as with most other Bataks, are mostly Christian, a religion brought to Sumatra in the 19th Century by missionaries, but an increasing number living away from the Karo Highlands have converted to Islam, with the influence of Muslim Javanese and Malay peoples making the traditional habits of pig farming and cooking less common. Some Muslims and


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Christians retain their traditional animist beliefs in ghosts, spirits (begu), and traditional jungle medicine, despite that fact it contradicts their other beliefs. Karo people traditionally lived in shared longhouses (see Batak architecture), but very few now remain, and new construction is exclusively of modern designs.

It is believed that Karo people may have migrated from the Toba lands in order to take part in trade with the visiting Tamils. This intercourse had an influence on their religious beliefs, as well as ethnic makeup, the marga 'Sembiring', meaning 'black one', and many Sembiring sub-marga (Colia, Berahmana, Pandia, Meliala, Depari, Muham, Pelawi and Tekan) are clearly of South-Indian origin, suggesting that inter-marriage between Karo and Indian people took place.

Merga Si Lima

Karo people belong to one of five marga or clans, which are Ginting, Karo-Karo, Perangin-Angin, Sembiring and Tarigan. Each marga is further divided into sub-marga (83 in total). With the exception of marga Karo-Karo, most Karo identify themselves by their principal rather than sub-marga.

Karo and Batak Ginting with Ginting). Upon marriage, the bride becomes a part of the groom's family, with the kalimbubu (bride's family) joining with anakberu (groom's family).

Karonese marriages are very large affairs, with typically 200 attendees, comprising the numerous family members of both marrying


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parties, comprising a number of elements, including the chewing of betel nut (sirih), traditional Karonese dancing (which focuses on hand movements), the payment of a nominal dowry to each of the kalimbubu. Food is cooked by the anakberu, who will spend many hours cooking vast quantities to cater for the numerous guests. This social obligation is expected to be reciprocated, so that Karonese people can attend several weddings each month. Non-Karo people do not attend the wedding ceremony, although such friends might be invited to a separate party in the evening. Where a non-Karonese person wishes to marry a Karonese, they would be adopted into a Karo marga.

Traditionally kalimbubu-anakberu relationships would be reinforced by cross-cousin marriages (i.e. to one's mother's brother's child), however in modern Karo society this tradition is no longer important.

Marga Origin Mythology

Karo tradition states that the Merga si Lima originate from five villages, each established by a Sibayak, a founding community. The Sibayak of Suka whose family name was Ginting Suka established the village of Suka. The Sibayak of Lingga called Karo-karo Sinulingga established the village of Lingga. The Sibayak of Barusjahe whose family name was Karo-karo Barus pioneered the village of Barusjahe. The Sibayak of Sarinembah, called Sembiring Meliala established the village of Sarinembah. The Sibayak of Kutabuluh named Perangin-angin established the village of Kutabuluh.


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Each one of these five villages has its own satellite villages inhabited by the extended families of the main village inhabitants. The satellite villages were established for the convenience of the villagers whose fields were relatively far from the main villages. The purpose was to save them time when travelling back and forth from the village to their fields. Today, these satellite villages have developed and matured to be independent of the main villages. In the old times, these satellite villages used to ask for help from the main villages to deal with natural disasters, tribal disputes, diseases and famine.

The leaders of these satellite villages were called URUNGs. The Sibayak of Lingga administered five villages i.e., Tiganderket, Tiga Pancur, Naman, Lingga and Batukarang. The Sibayak of Suka administered four villages i.e., Suka, Seberaya, Ajinembah and Tengging. The Sibayak of Sarinembah administered four villages i.e., Sarinembah, Perbesi, Juhar and Kutabangun. The Sibayak of Barusjahe administered two villages i.e., Barusjahe and Sukanalu. The Sibayak of Kutabuluh administered two villages i.e., Kutabuluh and Marding-ding. (www.wikipedia.karonese.html.com).

Karonese sellers at Pasar Tradisional (traditional Market) in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan:

No. Name Age Type of Seller

1 Fahrisky Ginting 32 years old Fruit seller

2. Lina Br.Sembiring 25 years old Fruit seller

3.


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4. Robby Tarigan 28 years old Fruit seller 5.

Erikson Sembiring 34 years old Fruit seller 6.

Juriah Br. Tarigan 40 years old fruit seller

7. Ismet Tarigan 24 years old Fruit seller

8. Rosmalem Br.Simalem 43 years old Vegetable seller 9. Kesia Br. Sembiring 48 years old Vegetable seller 10. Andre Parangin Angin 32 years old Vegetable seller 11.

Rindu Tarigan 28 years old Vegetable seller

12.

Rini Br. Karo Karo 48 years old Vegetable seller

2.8 Related Studies

There are some scholars who ever did the research about language choice that relates to the topic. They are:

Tanner (1976) did his research about the Speech and Society

among the Indonesians Elite: a Case Study of a Multilingual Community.

There is a small community of twenty-six members made up of Indonesian graduate students, their wives, and their children in American University town. They used to local language, Bahasa Indonesia, and foreign language with language with different poropses. They use local language for the same ethnic group, Bahasa Indonesia for different ethnic group, while foreign languge used to communicate with foreigner.

Ridwan (1996) in Yusriadi’s thesis (2006: 7) did his research about

Language Use by Acehnese in Medan’. In formal meeting, Acehnese

more dominant use Bahasa Indonesia than Aceh language. Contrary to the formal meeting, in non-formal meeting, they (the Acehnese) mix their language either Aceh language or Bahasa Indonesia. The Acehnese


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usually use Aceh language to communicate each other especially among the old one.

Yusriadi (2006) has done an analysis of language choice in his thesis entitled ‘The Use of Vernacular Language Among The Gayo Students at

North Sumatera University’. In his thesis, he finds that the most Gayonese

students use mixing language (Gayo-Indonesia) in formal meeting but different from formal occasion, in non-formal meeting, they use different language for different circumstances.


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CHAPTER III

METHODE OF RESEARCH

3.1 Method of the Study

The method of this thesis is qualitative research. As quoted from Dr. Mahsun, M.S. that entitled Metode Penelitian Bahasa (2005: 232):

“Pada penelitian kualitatif, paradigma metodologis yang digunakan induktif. Kegiatan penyediaan datanya merupakan kegiatan yang berlangsung secara simultan dengan kegiatan analisis data, prosesnya berbentuk siklus bukan linear. Hal ini tentu tidak lepas pula dari hakikat penelititan kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena sosial

termasuk fenomena kebahasaan yang tengah diteliti”. In qualitative

research, the method that used is inductive. The activity in supplying the data is an activity that takes place in stimulant with an activity in data analysis; the process is organized in cycles not linear. Of course, it is not release from the basic of qualitative research that the propose is to understand the phenomenon of social belonging to phenomenon of language which is being do.

Therefore, in this method by seeing the participants’ culture, what participants see as important in behavior, physical or social environment, or other factors are done for doing this thesis. The activities of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers at Pajak Sore at Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan are written and are identified in textual narrative forms, and non-numeric by explaining their cultures, behaviors in their daily activities.


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Therefore, that is why it is suitable by using the qualitative method for analyzing the data.

3.2 Research Design

The observation is located at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan in the morning. The focus is for the Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers, the writer wants to see the language choice between them if they meet the purchasers who speak Karonese language or switch and mix with Bahasa Indonesia. The writer will give a questioner to the Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetables seller by giving categories purchasers as the questions, and analyze the factors by choosing the language whether it is Karonese language, Bahasa Indonesia, or switch and mix between those languages. Then the writer wants to see the reasons by the percentage of choosing the language.

3.3 Location and Time of Observation

The observation is located at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan in the morning, which starts from at 07:00am until unconditional times in one month.

3.4 Sources of Data

For the data in this research, can be devided into two terms they are primer data and secondary data. According to Dr. Kunjana Rahardi (2010: 11) Primer data is a data which gotten from variant events that the conversations take place in society by recording. Then secondary data is a data which gotten from the result of the questioner with coding of the


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problems. For doing this thesis, the writer needs some sources of the data. The sources of primer data in this thesis are; informant, observation, the Karonese fruits and Karonese vegetable sellers at Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan, the questioner for the Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers when they meet the purchasers who speaks Karonese language or switch and mix with Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, the source of the secondary data in this thesis is the result of the questionnaires from the Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers by coding of the problems.

3.5 Data Collection Procedures

In qualitative research, there are some ways in collecting the data; they are interview, observation, and documentary (Sugiyono, 2009: 309). In this thesis, the writer will use one of three ways in collecting data; it is observation to get the primary data.

Essentially, collecting data means putting the design for collecting information into operation. The writer decides how she is going to get information – whether by direct observation, surveys, or other methods – and now observers the implement her plan. For conducting observations, she defines what she is observing and arrange to make observations at the right times, so she actually observe what she needs to. It needs to record the observations in appropriate ways and organize them so they are optimally useful.


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3.6 Step of the Research

Spradley (1980) in Sugiyono (2009: 315) says that there are three steps of observation, they are:

1. Descriptive observation: in this step, the researcher or the writer do a general and complete exploration, describe all the writer see, listen and feel. This observation usually called grand tour observation.

2. Focused observation: in this step, the researcher or the writer has explained the focus that has found, so the data will be more specific.

3. Selected observation: in this step, the researcher or the writer has explained the focus that has found, so the data will be more specific.

Therefore, for descriptive observation as the first step the writer will observe the opportunities that can help the research in this thesis. The second is focused observation, the writer will thinking the scope about the analyzing that found in Pajak Sore jl. Jamin Ginting Medan takes place. For the last is selected observation, the writer makes a scope and explain about an analysis on language choice of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers when they meet the purchasers who speak Karonese language or switch and mix with Bahasa Indonesia, as what actually the problem of this analyzing in the thesis.

3.7 Data Analysis

After all data are collected from the questioners and transcribe into a good script, the next step is data analysis. Where the collected data are analyzed using the following steps by grouped the differentiate codes to each kind of language that used by Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable


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sellers when they meet the purchasers at Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan with the pattern bellow:

xTotal x100%=X%

X : the number of cases of the language Total : Total number of respondents X% : percentage of the language use.


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CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 Data Description

There are 12 respondents in this research In fact, the total number of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetables seller are 17 people among 30 Karonese sellers at Pajak Sore jl. Jamin ginting Medan. The reasons why the writer has choosen 12 respondents because the writer had been quite known well some of them so that the communication while she has been giving those questioners to be more relax and easier to be understood for them, but the writer also added some respondents that she hasn’t known and wanted to know about how they choose those particular languages in particular occasions even though their communication have needed more detail. The writer has wanted to know the objective result from choosing those respondents by the explanation above, and she has though that 12 have been quite enough to be analysed.

In addition, in this research there are 7 Karonese fruit sellers that the writer had known 4 sellers she quiet known well, and 3 sellers she hasn’t known; then there are 5 Karonese vegetable sellers that 3 sellers she had quiet known well and 2 sellers she hasn’t known by has been giving those questioners at that traditional market. The writer only focuses on language choice of Karonese people as the main problem in this thesis.

1. What language you often use with the other sellers at Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan?


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No. Languages Total Percentages %

1. Karonese language 4 33.33

2. Bahasa Indonesia 6 50.00

3. Switch and mix 2 16.67

Total 12 100

2. Why you often use that language?

No. Languages Reasons Respondents

Percentage (%)

1. Karonese language Used to 4 33.33

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

2. Bahasa Indonesia Used to 4 33.33

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 0 0.00

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00

Total 12 100

3. If you meet the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia, what language you choose?


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No. Languages Total Percentages %

1. Karonese language 8 66.67

2. Bahasa Indonesia 0 0

3. Switch and mix 4 33.33

Total 12 100

4. Why you choose that language?

No. Languages Reasons Respondent

Percentage %

1. Karonese language Used to 4 33.33

Like 4 33.33

Very like 0 0.00

2. Bahasa Indonesia Used to 0 0.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 2 16.67

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00

Total 12 100

5. What language you choose when the second purchaser comes and speak karonese language while you are serving the first purchaser speaks bahasa Indonesia?


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No. Languages Total Percentages %

1. Karonese language 3 25.00

2. Bahasa Indonesia 0 0

3. Switch and mix 9 75.00

Total 12 100

6. Why you choose that language?

No. Languages Reasons Respondents

Percentage %

1. Karonese language Used to 3 25.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

2. Bahasa Indonesia Used to 0 0.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 2 16.67

Like 7 58.33

Very like 0 0.00


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7.How about the price which you offer to the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia?

No. Price Total Percentages

%

1. Conditional (it might be cheaper,

expensive, stable)

12 100

2. It must be cheaper 0 0

Total 100

8. Why you offer that price?

No. Price Reasons Respondents

Percentage %

1.

Conditional (it might be cheaper, expensive, stable)

There is no different

12 100

2. It must be cheaper Karonese 0 0


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9.How about the price which you offer to the purchaser who speaks bahasa Indonesia?

No. Price Total Percentages

%

1. Conditional (it might be cheaper, expensive, stable)

12 100

2. It must be expensive 0 0


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10.Why you offer that price?

No. Price Reasons Respondents

Percentage (%)

1.

Conditional (it might be cheaper, expensive, stable)

There is no different

12 100

2.

It must be expensive

Not

Karonese 0 0


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4.2Finding

In this research, the writer tries to find some analysis from this case by the previous data. switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia is the most used by those seller that it is 108.33%, then it is followed by using karonese langauge that it is 91.67%

Here are the findings of the reason tables: From number 2:

No. Languages Reasons Respondents

Percentage (%)

1.

Karonese language

Used to 4 33.33

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

2.

Bahasa Indonesia

Used to 4 33.33

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 0 0.00

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00


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The table above shows us that 4 of Karonese fruit sellers and Karonese vegetable sellers use karonese language in their daily activities at Pajak Sore because of they used to (terbiasa); 33.33%.

Four of Karonese fruit dan Karonese vegetable sellers use bahasa Indonesia in their daily activities at Pajak Sore because of they also used to (terbiasa); 33.33%, but different from that, here there are 2 of them use bahasa Indonesia in their daily activities at that place because of they like to use that language (senang); 16.67%.

And the last, there are 2 Karonese fruit dan Karonese vegetable sellers use the mixing and switching language because they like (senang) to use that language; 16.67%.

We can see that, the using of bahasa Indonesia among Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers at that place is dominant of course, that they are because they used to and because they like for using of that language, but the fact, predominantly the reason that they prefer to choose that language just because they used to. Then for the using of karonese language, the using of it has the same presentation with the using of bahasa Indonesia, that it is because they also used to. So, the most daily language between Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers is depend on their environment, the causing that they used to is because their environment that their neighbor seller is Karonese or people who are not Karonese, then only a few reason that they switch and mix those both languages because they like to use that language.


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From number 4:

No. Languages Reasons Respondent

Percentage %

1.

Karonese language

Used to 4 33.33

Like 4 33.33

Very like 0 0.00

2.

Bahasa Indonesia

Used to 0 0.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 2 16.67

Like 2 16.67

Very like 0 0.00

Total 12 100

From the table above, 4 of the Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers usually (terbiasa) to use karonese language when they meet purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix karonese language with bahasa

indonesia at Pajak Sore; 33.33%, and it is also 4 of them choose karonese language because they like to use that language (senang) when they meet

purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix both languages at Pajak Sore; 33.33%.

Then, there are 2 of them choose to switch and mix karonese language and bahasa Indonesia because they used to (terbiasa) to use it when they meet purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix those languages at Pajak


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Sore; 16.67%, and after that there are also 2 of them choose to switch and mix those language when they meet the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix those languages at Pajak Sore because they like to use the mixing and switching those languages (senang); 16.67%.

From the explanation above, we see that Karonese fruit and karonese vegetable sellers prefer to choose karonese language as the higher percentage when they meet the purchaser who speaks karonese/switch and mix karonese language language with bahasa Indonesia at Pajak Sore. And the second rank of that percentage is come from the using of switching and mixing karonese language with bahasa Indonesia.


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From number 6:

There are 3 of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers usually (terbiasa) switch to karonese language when they meet the second purchaser who speaks karonese language/mix with bahasa indonesia while they are being with the first purchaser who speaks bahasa indonesia at Pajak Sore; 25%.

Then, there are 2 of those sellers usally (terbiasa) switch and mix karonese language with bahasa indonesia when they meet the second purchaser who speaks karonese language/mix with bahasa indonesia at Pajak Sore; 16.67%, and the last is 7 of those sellers use switch and mix karonese language with bahasa indonesia

No. Languages Reasons Respondents

Percentage %

1. Karonese language Used to 3 25.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

2. Bahasa Indonesia Used to 0 0.00

Like 0 0.00

Very like 0 0.00

3.

Switch and mix (Karo/Indonesia)

Used to 2 16.67

Like 7 58.33

Very like 0 0.00


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because they like to use it (senang) when they meet the second purchaser who speaks karonese language/mix with bahasa indonesia at Pajak Sore; 58.33%.

Well, let us see the higher percentage. The higher percentage is the using switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia 75% then karonese language 25%. So the dominant of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers are prefer to use switch and mix those languages because they respect the first and the second purchasers with each those languages, but just a few those sellers who just speak karonese language even though still there the first purchaser who speaks bahasa indonesia, and none of them use bahasa Indonesia only for each both purchasers.

From number 8:

No. Price Reasons Respondents

Percentage %

1.

Conditional (it might be cheaper, expensive, standard)

There is no different

12 100

2.

It must be

cheaper Karonese 0 0

Total 12 100

From the above table, 12 of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers offer the conditional price for the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia for the reason that there is no


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differences price because of karonese language (tidak membedakan) at Pajak Sore; 100%.

So if the purchaser use karonese language, it doesn’t mean that the price is must be cheaper, but still there the possibility the price is cheaper, more expensive, or standard.

From number 10:

No. Price Reasons Respondents

Percentage (%)

1.

Conditional (it might be cheaper, expensive, standard) There is no different

12 100

2.

It must be expensive

Not

Karonese 0 0

Total 12 100

From the above table, 12 of Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers offer the conditional price for the purchaser who speaks bahasa Indonesia for the reason that there is no differences price because of there is no differences price because of bahasa Indonesia (tidak membedakan) at Pajak Sore; 100%.

So that, if the purchaser speaks in bahasa Indonesia, it doesn’t mean that the price must be more expensive, but same as with the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix those both languages, that still there the possibility the price is cheaper, more expensive, or standard.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

1. Conclusion

1. The Karonese fruit and vegetable sellers choose a particular language in a particular occasion.

2. Based on the data analysis in the previous chapters, the conclusion is drown as the following; factors of choosing those languages are participant, setting, norms. For the explanation of participant, all those purchasers in those tables are the participant. Then for the explanation of setting, from the question number five, “what language is they choose when the second purchasers come use karonese language while they are serving the first purchaser who use bahasa Indonesia” is the situation condition which it is one of the part of setting. The last is norm, the allowance for an interruption by those sellers to those second purchaser of using Karonese language and also switch and mix karonese language with bahasa Indonesia is one of the factor of language choice.

3. The writer divides some categories for language choice if they meet the purchaser at Pajak Sore in Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan that they use different language for different circumstance, after have seen the using of bahasa Indonesia is the most using language 50% with the other sellers at Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan as the question number 1 and it is followed by its reason from number 2 because they used to 33% and


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they like 16.67%. Here are the catagories of the purchasers that we can start from number 3, they are:

3). Karonese fruit and Karonese vegetable sellers use karonese language as the most language they use when they meet the purchaser who speaks karonese language/switch and mix (karonese language-bahasa Indonesia) 66.67% and it is followed by using switch and mix (karonese language-bahasa Indonesia) 33.33%

4). The reasons they use Karonese language because of they used to about 33.33% and also because they like to use that language about 33.33% too; but there are some of them choose to switch and mix (karonese language-bahasa Indonesia) because they used to 16.67%, and also because they are like to switch and mix both languages 16.67%. The unique term in this context is, the most language communication at this traditional market from those sellers in this context is karonese language, even though one of the dominant language when they are in their daily communication with Karonese society is bahasa Indonesia, which it is have the same percentage with karonese language, but in this term, none of them use this language at traditional market in this context.

5). Most of those seller when they meet the second purchaser who speaks karonese language while they are being with the first purchaser who speaks bahasa Indonesia use switch and mix (karonese language-bahasa Indonesia) 75%; but only 25% they choose karonese language in this term.


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6). The reason from switching and mixing both languages is because they used to 16.67% and they like 58.33%, but only 25% of them use karonese language that they used to use that language. 7). The price that those sellers offer to the purchaser who speaks karonese language is conditional price 100%. Conditional price is the goal price that it might be more expensive, cheaper, or standard.

8). The reason of choosing conditional price is that there is no different 100%.

9). The price that those sellers offer to the purchaser who speaks bahasa Indonesia is conditional price 100%. Conditional price is the goal price that it might be more expensive, cheaper, or standard.

10). The reason of choosing conditional price is that there is no different 100%.

Explanation of number seven until number 10 is; whatever the purchasers’ languages, they still have the other consideration to give a goal price to them; it is not because their languages, but it depends on the purchaser itself. As we know that, those sellers live in Medan that it is consist of variant tribes, it is automatically they already used to talk and serve so many variant tribes, so that’s why nothing special price for the purchasers who speak karonese language even though they also serve them with karonese language or switch and mix


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(karonese language-bahasa Indonesia), it is just depend on the purchaser itself how can they bargain the sale well.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer hope for the sellers and the purchasers that, the using of karonese language may not disappear even though the national language is the most used by people. Finally, the writer has a big wish that this thesis can be worth reading and useful for anyone who concern to the sociolinguistics forward.


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REFERENCESS

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Kajian Bahasa : Struktur Internal, Pemakain dan

pemelajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik : Perkenalan Awal.

Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. 2004. Sosiolinguistik: Perkenalan Awal (edisi

revisi). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Fathurrokhman. 2009. Fenomena Pemilihan Bahasa dalam Masyarakat

Multilingual: Paradigma Sosiolinguistik. Retrieved from

pemilihan bahasa-dalam-masyarakat-multilingual-paradigma-sosiolinguistik/

Hudson, R.A. Sosiolinguistics – 2nd edition. 1996. United Kingdom: Cambridge

University Press

Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1991. An Introdution to Billingualism. New York: Longman

Jendra, 2010. Sociolinguistics. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Mahsun, Dr, M.S. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia

Rahardi, Kujana. 2001. Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih kode. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Siregar, M. Amrin. 2000 Sociolinguistics: A Student’s Handbook. Medan: Islamic university of North Sumatera

Spolsky, Bernard. 1998. Sociolinguistics. Oxford : Oxford University

Sugiyono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan : Pendekatan kuantitatif,

kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung : Alfabeta

Sumarsono and Paina Partana. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: SABDA Thoi, Alex. 1986. Socilogy: An Introduction. USA: Hrper & Row

Umar, Azhar and Delvi Napitupulu 1994. Sosiolinguistik dan psikolinguistik :

Suatu Pengantar. Medan: Pustaka Widyasarana

Usman, Yusriadi. 2006. “The Use of Vernacular Among The Gayo Students at

North Sumatera University”. (Thesis). S-1 thesis, English Literature


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Wardhaugh, Roland. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Great Britain : Hrtnolls Ltd, Bodmin.


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APPENDICES

KUISIONER

1. Nama : 2. Usia : 3. Alamat : 4. Suku :

5. Pekerjaan dan jenis dagang :

Pertanyaan:

1. Bahasa apa yang sering Anda gunakan dengan sesama penjual lainnya di Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan?

a. Bahasa karo b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo. 2. Mengapa Anda sering menggunakan bahasa tersebut? a. Karena terbiasa

b. Karena senang c. Sangat senang

3. Bila bertemu pembeli yang berbahasa karo/mencampur bahasa karo dengan bahasa Indonesia, bahasa apa yang Anda gunakan?

a. Bahasa karo b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo 4. Mengapa Anda memilih tersebut?

a. terbiasa b. Karena senang

c. Karena sangat senang

5. Bahasa apa yang Anda gunakan saat pembeli kedua datang menggunakan bahasa karo/mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo ketika Anda melayani pembeli pertama yang berbahasa Indonesia?

a. Bahasa karo b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo 6. Mengapa Anda memilih bahasa tersebut?

a. Karena terbiasa

b. Senang

c. Sangat senang

7. Bagaimana harga yang Anda tawarkan pada pembeli yang berbahasa karo/mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo?

a. Kondisional (kemungkinan mahal, standart, murah) b. Pasti murah


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a. Karena tidak membedakan b. Karena merasa satu suku

9. Bagaimana harga yang Anda tawarkan pada pembeli yang berbahasa Indonesia?

a. Kondisional (kemungkinan mahal, standart, murah) b. Pasti mahal

10. Mengapa Anda menawarkan harga tersebut? a. Karena tidak membedakan


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6). The reason from switching and mixing both languages is because they used to 16.67% and they like 58.33%, but only 25% of them use karonese language that they used to use that language. 7). The price that those sellers offer to the purchaser who speaks karonese language is conditional price 100%. Conditional price is the goal price that it might be more expensive, cheaper, or standard.

8). The reason of choosing conditional price is that there is no different 100%.

9). The price that those sellers offer to the purchaser who speaks bahasa Indonesia is conditional price 100%. Conditional price is the goal price that it might be more expensive, cheaper, or standard.

10). The reason of choosing conditional price is that there is no different 100%.

Explanation of number seven until number 10 is; whatever the purchasers’ languages, they still have the other consideration to give a goal price to them; it is not because their languages, but it depends on the purchaser itself. As we know that, those sellers live in Medan that it is consist of variant tribes, it is automatically they already used to talk and serve so many variant tribes, so that’s why nothing special price for the purchasers who speak karonese language even though they also serve them with karonese language or switch and mix


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(karonese language-bahasa Indonesia), it is just depend on the purchaser itself how can they bargain the sale well.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer hope for the sellers and the purchasers that, the using of karonese language may not disappear even though the national language is the most used by people. Finally, the writer has a big wish that this thesis can be worth reading and useful for anyone who concern to the sociolinguistics forward.


(3)

REFERENCESS

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Chaer, Abdul. 2007. Kajian Bahasa : Struktur Internal, Pemakain dan

pemelajaran. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik : Perkenalan Awal.

Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. 2004. Sosiolinguistik: Perkenalan Awal (edisi revisi). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Fathurrokhman. 2009. Fenomena Pemilihan Bahasa dalam Masyarakat Multilingual: Paradigma Sosiolinguistik. Retrieved from pemilihan bahasa-dalam-masyarakat-multilingual-paradigma-sosiolinguistik/

Hudson, R.A. Sosiolinguistics – 2nd edition. 1996. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press

Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1991. An Introdution to Billingualism. New York: Longman

Jendra, 2010. Sociolinguistics. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Mahsun, Dr, M.S. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia

Rahardi, Kujana. 2001. Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih kode. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Siregar, M. Amrin. 2000 Sociolinguistics: A Student’s Handbook. Medan: Islamic university of North Sumatera

Spolsky, Bernard. 1998. Sociolinguistics. Oxford : Oxford University

Sugiyono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan : Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung : Alfabeta

Sumarsono and Paina Partana. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: SABDA Thoi, Alex. 1986. Socilogy: An Introduction. USA: Hrper & Row

Umar, Azhar and Delvi Napitupulu 1994. Sosiolinguistik dan psikolinguistik : Suatu Pengantar. Medan: Pustaka Widyasarana

Usman, Yusriadi. 2006. “The Use of Vernacular Among The Gayo Students at North Sumatera University”. (Thesis). S-1 thesis, English Literature Department, University of North Sumatera


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Wardhaugh, Roland. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Great Britain : Hrtnolls Ltd, Bodmin.


(5)

APPENDICES

KUISIONER

1. Nama : 2. Usia :

3. Alamat : 4. Suku :

5. Pekerjaan dan jenis dagang :

Pertanyaan:

1. Bahasa apa yang sering Anda gunakan dengan sesama penjual lainnya di

Pajak Sore Jl. Jamin Ginting Medan?

a. Bahasa karo

b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo. 2. Mengapa Anda sering menggunakan bahasa tersebut? a. Karena terbiasa

b. Karena senang c. Sangat senang

3. Bila bertemu pembeli yang berbahasa karo/mencampur bahasa karo dengan

bahasa Indonesia, bahasa apa yang Anda gunakan?

a. Bahasa karo

b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo 4. Mengapa Anda memilih tersebut?

a. terbiasa b. Karena senang

c. Karena sangat senang

5. Bahasa apa yang Anda gunakan saat pembeli kedua datang menggunakan bahasa karo/mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo ketika Anda melayani pembeli pertama yang berbahasa Indonesia?

a. Bahasa karo b. Bahasa Indonesia

c. Mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo 6. Mengapa Anda memilih bahasa tersebut?

a. Karena terbiasa b. Senang

c. Sangat senang

7. Bagaimana harga yang Anda tawarkan pada pembeli yang berbahasa

karo/mencampur bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa karo?

a. Kondisional (kemungkinan mahal, standart, murah) b. Pasti murah

8. Mengapa Anda menawarkan harga tersebut?


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a. Karena tidak membedakan b. Karena merasa satu suku

9. Bagaimana harga yang Anda tawarkan pada pembeli yang berbahasa

Indonesia?

a. Kondisional (kemungkinan mahal, standart, murah) b. Pasti mahal

10. Mengapa Anda menawarkan harga tersebut? a. Karena tidak membedakan