Describing the Errors Data Analysis

On the part A of the test, most of the students were able to identify independent clause and dependent clause including the types of dependent clause noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause but some of them were unable to identify it. Most of the errors lie in identifying the types of dependent clause; they were unable to identify which one a noun clause, an adjective clause, or an adverb clause. Meanwhile, on the part B, according to the types of error that have been explained on chapter II, there are four categories of errors those are linguistic category, surface category, comparative taxonomy, and communicative effect taxonomy. However, as has been mentioned in Chapter II, the writer only used two categories: linguistic category and surface category. The result of this research showed that most of the errors happen on surface category misformation errors and omission errors.

2. Describing the Errors

In this step, the writer would describe the students‟ errors in detail. The writer divided the test into two parts; part A and part B. On the part A of the test, the writer classified the errors into two categories: ability and disability, the result showed that most of the students were able to identify independent clause and dependent clause including the types of dependent clause noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause, but some of them were failed to identify it. In this part also there are two questions: question number one and number two. All of this was summarized into the table below: Table 4. 1 Question Number 1 Independent Clause Dependent Clause Types of Dependent Clause Able Unable Able Unable Able Unable Total 42 1 40 3 22 21 Percentage 98 2 93 7 51 49 In question number 1, there were 42 or 98 students who were able to identify independent clause, 40 or 93 students who were able to identify dependent clause and 22 or 51 students who were able to identify types of dependent clause. While, there were only 1 or 2 student who were unable to identify independent clause, 3 or 7 students who were unable to identify dependent clause and 21 or 49 students who were unable to identify types of dependent clause. The most common disability happened in identified the types of dependent clause. Many students erroneous in identified which one noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause. Table 4. 2 Question Number 2 Independent Clause Dependent Clause Types of Dependent Clause Able Unable Able Unable Able Unable Total 43 37 6 19 24 Percentage 100 86 14 44 56 In question number 2, there were enhancement in identifying independent clause, all of students were able to identify independent clause, but in identify dependent clause students who were able to identify were 37 or 86 students, 6 or 14 students were unable. Moreover, for identifying the types of dependent clause there were 19 or 44 students who were able to identify it and 24 or 56 students who were unable to identify it. It can be concluded that students were still erroneous in understanding the types of dependent clause and much of them could not identify which one noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause. Next is part B. On the part B of the test, the writer classified students‟ errors into the area of grammatical error based on linguistic category and surface category. All of these were outlined in the table below: Table 4. 3 The Area of Grammatical Error Errors Number Students’ Number Error Types Student Errors Correction Error number 1. Student number 26 Omission of verb → The third person singular verb incorrect → Failure to attach –s Teacher usually give the students homework to know … Teacher usually gives the students homework to know… Some transformations:  Omission of verb. → The third person singular verb incorrect → Failure to attach –s  Addition of noun → adding –s  Misuse of preposition → „on‟ used for „in‟ …the teacher give too much exercise s on it. …the teacher gives too much exercise in it. Omission of to be → Simple future tense incorrect ..they will afraid to come to the class. ..they will be afraid to come to the class. Omission of apostrophe „s Those kinds of feeling will decrease students motivation to come to the class. Those kinds of feeling will decrease students‟ motivation to come to the class. Error number 2. Student number 45 Misuse of word Students for enlive worlds spend most of their learning time at school. Students for entire worlds spend most of their learning time at school. Misuse of capital let ter → first word in a sentence . e lementary school students for example… . h ome is the best place… . f orcing or urging them to do… . E lementary school students for example… . H ome is the best place… . F orcing or urging them to do… Some transformations:  Misuse of preposition  Omission of infinitive to → parallel structure Parents who are being responsible over their children could take over teacher‟s role by educating their children how to behave and spend the time, they can lead them how to read, write , draw , or even watch the movie… Parents who are being responsible with their children could take over teacher‟s role by educating their children how to behave and to spend the time, they can lead them how to read, to write, to draw, or even to watch the mov ie… Miuse of adjective → parallel structure forcing or urging them to do the homework will just get them worried , fired of learning, and stress . Forcing or urging them to do the homework will just get them anxious, tired of learning, and stressful . Error number Student number Some transformations:  Misuse of capital letter → . t here are positive and negative side …. . T here are positive and negative sides …. 3. 57 first word in a sentence.  Misuse of word → singular used for plural Omission of verb → Parallel structure → simple future tense incorrect → omit will Students will study more about that subject in their home and increase their understanding. Students will study more about that subject in their home and will increase their understanding. Some transformations:  Misuse of preposition → with used for by  Omission of subject With giving homework they will more remember and find the solution when find the difficulties. By giving homework to students would make them remember and would make them find the solution when they found the difficulties. Some transformations:  Misuse of punctuation → „dot‟ for „comma‟ before subordinator „because‟  Omission of to be  Omission of preposition to Homework will helpful the student . Because , giving homework will repeat the student in study and remember that subject. Homework will be helpful to the student , because giving homework will repeat the student in study and remember that subject. Error number 4. Student number 53 Some transformations:  Omission of article the  Omission of noun → singular noun incorrect → omit –s Student and homework seem unseparable whether in elementary school, junior high school, senior high schools, even The student s and the homework seem inseparable whether in elementary school, junior high school, and senior high schools, even  Misuse of prefix „un‟ for „in‟ in college or university. in college or university. Some transformations:  Omission of verb → The third person singular verb incorrect → failure to attach –s  Omission of article Homework also give parents opportunity to monitor.. Homework also gives parents the opportunity to monitor.. Some transformations:  Addition of noun → adding – s in singular noun  Omission of subject  Omission of auxiliary verb  Misuse of verb → verb used for adjective On the other hand s , some think that homework exhaust the students, because students have already spent most of their times in school. On the other hand, some students think that homework can be exhausting for them, because they have already spent most of their times in school. Word order → erroneous subject We can say that it is okay to give homework to children as long as it does not burden the students . We can say that giving homework is okay or good for students as long as it does not burden them . Error number 5. Student number 79 Omission of adverb → omit one word -a- Now days , the pattern of life… Nowadays , the pattern of life… Error Student Some transformations: Sometimes all kind of competition Sometimes all kinds of competition number 6. number 85  Omission of noun → The third person singular noun incorrect → failure to attach –s  Addition of to be  Misuse of word  Misuse of preposition  Omission of article is bad because people just think that competition is just look at result. are bad because people just think that competition just focuses on the result . Omission of noun → The third person singular noun incorrect → failure to attach –s But actually there are positive aspect in competition if we learn it. But actually there are positive aspects in competition if we learn it. Some transformations:  Omission of to be  Omission of article  Omission of infinitive to  Misuse of preposition It means that our best that _ we have _ will _ make other people think better to us. It means that our best that is we have a will to make other people think better about us. Error number 7. Student number 62 Some transformations:  Omission of verb → Simple past participle incorrect  Misuse of article Homework is helpful for students to strengthen their understanding about the lesson that already taught by a teacher. Homework is helpful for students to strengthen their understanding about the lesson that has been already taught by the teacher. Misuse of preposition → at used for in Usually after explaining the material and giving some exercises at the classroom, teacher will give the students homework. Teacher will give homework to the students after explaining the material and giving some exercises the in the classroom. Some transformations:  Omission of article  Dangling Most of teachers will give the students homework in order to make the students understand the material better after doing the homework. Most of the teachers will give the students homework in order to make the students understand the material better after doing the homework. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb → Simple past participle incorrect  Omission of to be  Misuse of preposition  Dangling The first reason why homework is helpful is homework can make the students understand the material given at the classroom better because the students already did some exercises. The first reason why homework is helpful is homework can make the students understand the material be given in the classroom better because the students have already done some exercises. Some transformations:  Dangling  Omission of infinitive to → Parallel structure incorrect Moreover, homework can make students become more diligent because they will study to check and do their homework. Moreover, homework can make students become more diligent because it will make students able to check and to do their homework. Error number 8. Student number 76 Omission of punctuation „comma‟ As you know there are so many students wasting their time. As you know , there are so many students wasting their time. Some transformations:  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Addition of preposition  Misuse of punctuation → comma used for dot In fact during in the class there are some students who gossiping, talking, daydreaming , students do not focus on the lesson. In fact , during the class there are some students who are gossiping, talking, and daydreaming . Students do not focus on the lesson. Addition of relative pronoun There are some students who spend their time for playing or browsing than who studying. There are some students who spend their time for playing or browsing than studying. Some transformations:  Addition of article  Misuse of verb → Simple past incorrect  Omission of punctuation „comma‟ When teacher gave a task there are some students obeying the teacher and some students not obeying the teacher. When the teacher gave a task , there were some students obeying the teacher and some students do not. Some transformations:  Misuse of article → a for the  Omission of to be  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Misuse of apostrophe When a student in the class students ’ didn‟t focus on the lesson. When the students were in class , they didn‟t focus on the lesson. Some transformations:  Dangling  Omission of to be Students need homework because it helpful for students. Homework is needed for students because it is helpful for them. Error number 9. Student number 39 Some transformations:  Addition of to be → Simple present tense incorrect  Omission of verb → Simple Teacher is usually give some homework to their students. Teacher usually gives some homework to hisher students. present tense incorrect → failure to attach –s  Misuse of possessive pronoun Some transformations:  Misuse of verb → Simple present tense incorrect  Omission of article  Misuse of pronoun  Misuse of verb Teacher preparing materials before teach them and they want to know how far students‟ comprehending . Teacher prepares the materials before teaching the students and heshe wants to know how far the students comprehension is . Some transformations:  Dangling  Addition of to be Teacher gives some feedback because the students are also need it. Teacher gives some feedback because teacher knows that the students also need it. Addition of verb Homework really did help some students to acquire a skill. Homework really helps some students to acquire a skill. Some transformations:  Misuse of punctuation → dot for comma  Omission of article Conversely, when an activity feels like drudgery . the quality of learning tends to suffer. Conversely, when an activity feels like a drudgery , the quality of learning tends to suffer. Error number 10. Student number 60 Some transformations:  Dangling  Misuse of relative pronoun  Addition of word Smoking is an act when someone consumes cigarette by put it between hisher lips then burn it ups . Smoking is an act in which it is consumed by someone with put the cigarette between hisher lips then burns it . Some transformations:  Word order → erroneous verb  Misuse of preposition Cigarette smoking may gives them the pleasure that don‟t they get by other things. Cigarette smoking may gives them the pleasure that they don‟t get from other things. Error number 11. Student number 8 Some transformations:  Misuse of to be  Omission of preposition Nowadays, so many competitions is conducted at some schools even universities . Nowadays, so many competitions are conducted at some schools even at universities . Some transformations:  Omission of noun → The third person singular noun incorrect → failure to attach –s  Misuse of verb There are so many reason why the students want to do the competitions. There are so many reasons why the students want to participate the competitions. Some transformations:  Addition of infinitive to  Misuse of word Their teacher to do this because they want to see their students is developed . Their teacher does this because they want to see their students‟ progress . Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Misuse of verb The competition is good for students. It would be improve students‟ knowledge by doing competition. The competition is good for students. It would improve students‟ knowledge by participating competition. Error number 12. Student number 18 Some transformations:  Dangling  Misuse of object → that for smoking Actually, most of the smokers knew that smoking is not good to do, but they cannot stop that because it becomes their habit. Actually, most of the smokers knew that smoking is not good to do, but they cannot stop smoking because they are already addicted to smoke. Some transformations:  Addition of noun → adding – s after article a  Misuse of article It is true that a years ago, the government had made it available for a smokers. It is true that a year ago, the government had made it available for the smokers. Error number 13. Student number 81 Some transformations:  Omission of correlative conjunction but  Word order Not only the adult, teenagers also start to smoke. Not only the adult, but also teenagers start to smoke. Addition of noun → The second person plural noun incorrect → adding –s This things happens in teenagers. This thing happens in teenagers. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun  Misuse of verb → Simple present tense incorrect Some student felt as if they have no time to rest. Some students feel as if they have no time to rest. Some transformations:  Dangling  Misuse of relative pronoun They have to do their homework because teacher sometime provides punishment for whom They have to do their homework because they will get punishment from their teacher if they do not do Error number 14. Student number 36 are absent doing the homework. the homework. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun  Addition of article However, not all teacher give students a homework. However, not all teachers give students homework. Some transformations:  Addition of verb → adding –ing  Misuse of infinitive to We can imagine that students spend most of their time to learning . We can imagine that students spend most of their time to learn . Some transformations:  Omission of verb  Addition of article The homework isn‟t contextual and gain a new information for students. The homework isn‟t contextual and doesn‟t give new information for students. Some transformations:  Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence  Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit –s . t he homework becomes harmful because it make students having no time to rest, wasting time, and doesn‟t engage student to acquire new information. . T he homework becomes harmful because it makes students having no time to rest, wasting time, and doesn‟t engage student to acquire new information. Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence . t he homework itself is each subject given at school.. . T he homework itself is each subject given at school.. Some transformations:  Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence  Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun  Addition of article . h owever , some teacher give their students a homework without noticing the purpose. . H owever , some teachers give their students homework without noticing the purpose. Error number 15. Student number 69 Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit –s  Omission of article → parallel structure Nowadays, smoking is likely become a habit and lifestyle. Nowadays, smoking likely becomes a habit and a lifestyle. Some transformations:  Addition of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → adding –s  Misuse of pronoun People often thinks that smoking makes himher looks cool. People often think that smoking makes them look cool. Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit –s Moreover, smoking is definitely bring many negatives things instead of positives. Moreover, smoking definitely brings many negative things instead of positives.  Addition of noun → adding – s Omission of punctuation „comma‟ If we want to stay healthy we have to avoid smoking. If we want to stay healthy , we have to avoid smoking. Error number 16. Student number 14 Omission of verb → Simple past tense incorrect → omit –ed The students will get stress or they will be sick. The students will get stressed or they will be sick. Misuse of adjective → Comparative adjective incorrect → use of more in one syllable The, students will be lazy and more lazy . The, students will be lazy and lazier . Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence . m ost of students will be careless of it. . M ost of students will be careless of it. Omission of punctuation „comma‟ Then they will have good comprehension about the material. Then , they will have good comprehension about the material. Error number 17. Student number 6 Some transformations:  Misuse of pronoun → many for much  Misuse of verb → Simple past tense incorrect In the school, students get many knowledge about everything that they has not got yet. In the school, students get much knowledge about everything that they have not got yet. Misuse of verb So, there is a way to keep their interest in study . So, there is a way to keep their interest in studying . Dangling Usually, in the class teachers just give them the brief explanation about the materials because the limitation of time . Usually, in the class teachers just give them the brief explanation about the materials because of the limitation of time. Omission of punctuation „comma‟ By using homework they can get more information about the task. By using homework , they can get more information about the task. Error number 18. Student number 52 Some transformations:  Misuse of word  Addition of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → adding –s  Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit –s  Omission of infinitive to Some people think like cigarettes helps them relax for a while, it also help relieve stress. Some people think that cigarettes help them relax for a while, it also helps to relieve stress. Misuse of adjective → adjective used for noun Moreover it will cause some diseases, such as heart attack, kidney disease, damage your brain cells, until the most dangerous is died . Moreover it will cause some diseases, such as heart attack, kidney disease, damage your brain cells, until the most dangerous is death . Some transformations:  Misuse of noun → noun used for adjective The smoke is not only danger for smokers, it also for the people who are not smoke. The smoke is not only dangerous for smokers, it is also dangerous for the people who do not smoke.  Omission of to be  Omission of word  Misuse of auxiliary verb Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Misuse of relative pronoun Most of rural communities are depend on selling of tobacco to companies who produce cigarette. Most of rural communities depend on selling of tobacco to companies that produce cigarette. Error number 19. Stdent number 19 Some transformations:  Omission of verb → omit – ing  Misuse of relative pronoun → which for who  Misuse of noun → compentency for competency They usually held competition with purpose for search people which own good compentency . They usually held competition with purpose for searching people who own good competency . Misuse of capital letter Competency in this is competency Not only academic but also kinds of passion competency. Competency here is not only academic but also kinds of passion competency. Omission of nou n → omit –s in plural noun There are some reason why competition is good. There are some reasons why competition is good. Omission of auxiliary verb → Conditional sentence incorrect If competition was held, it makes people to search better way or to If competition was held, it would make people to search better way or → „would‟ be winner. to be winner. Some transformations:  Omission of verb → omit – ed  Misuse of pronoun  Addition of noun  Misuse of relative pronoun I think this is cause by people around life our which less support whatever they do. I think this is caused by people around us who have less support whatever they do. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → The third person singular noun incorrect → omit –s  Addition of verb → Infinitive to incorrect → adding –ing  Misuse of adjective → adjective used for noun  Misuse of verb One of alternative to raising self confident is helding competition. One of alternatives to raise self confidence is holding competition.  Misuse of noun  Misuse of adverb  Misuse of noun → noun used for verb  Misuse of noun  Competition can be a chalange people for to be soul of winner  Finnaly , they effort to be better in every competition.  The conclution , competition is very good.  Competition can be a challenge people for to be soul of winner  Finally , they try to be better in every competition.  The conclusion , competition is very good. Addition of to be → Simple present tense incorrect  Competition is very good because competition can be motivate people to be better.  Competition can be raising self  Competition is very good because competition can motivate people to be better.  Competition can raise self confidence. confidence. Word order → erroneous adverb and erroneous noun They usually can face challenge good . They can usually face good challenge . Some transformations:  Misuse of to be → to be used for adverb  Misuse of capital letter  Misuse of relative pronoun → which for who  Omission of article They is very need to create New Innovators which is ready in world. They really need to create new innovators who are ready in the world. Error number 20. Student number 10 Some transformations:  Omission of noun → singular noun incorrect → omit –s  Addition of relative pronoun One of the most common problem today that are killing people. One of the most common problems today are killing people. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb → verb –ing used for infinitive to  Misuse of verb → simple present tense incorrect → Some people began showing off or some people wanted to enjoy it. Some people begin to show off or some people want to enjoy it. wanted used for want Some transformations:  Dangling  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Misuse of to be → to be used for auxiliary verb  Adition of verb → adding – ing  Omission of subject When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but also other around them. When people smoke a cigarette , they do not only hurt themselves, but also other people around them. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Misuse of word Smoking does many horrible thing to the human body. Smoking causes many horrible things to the human body. Error number 21. Student number 42 Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Addition of verb → Simple progressive tense incorrect → Adding –ing  Misuse of word There are many respond from the students, some of them feeling happy but the others feel hate . There are many responds from the students, some of them feel happy but the others feel sad . Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Omission of subject Most of the student are happy when the study at school. Most of the students are happy when they study at school. Misuse of verb → Simple past tense incorrect When they go home, they felt tired. When they went home, they felt tired. Some transformations:  Omission of article  Addition of noun → plural noun incorrect → adding –s  Misuse of verb → nominalization → simple verb used instead of –ing Second advantages is student will memorize their past lesson by do the homework. The second advantage is student will memorize their past lesson by doing the homework. Misuse of verb → nominalization → simple verb used instead of –ing They can repeat the lesson, then by repeat it, they will memorize it. They can repeat the lesson, then by repeating it, they will memorize it. Misuse of apostrophe The homework will show student‟s who has good responsibility or not. The homework will show students which students have good responsibility and which are not . Misuse of ve rb → Simple past tense incorrect Students and teacher will got advantages of the homework during the learning process. Students and teacher will get advantages of the homework during the learning process. Error number 22. Student number 56 Omission of to be in an interrogative sentence Why up to seventeen? Why is up to seventeen? Addition of to be in simple present tense So that, teens are still need guidance from their parents. So that, teens still need guidance from their parents. Some transformations: If parent let teens make their own decisions before they maturation , If parents let teens make their own decisions before they are mature ,  Dangling  Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun  Misuse of noun → noun used for adjective it is same with parent let teens take wrong decisions. parents will let teens take wrong decisions. Some transformations:  Omission of subject → omit –s on the subject  Addition of verb → adding – s Parent gives guidance just to give understanding about the effect of their decisions. Parents give guidance just to give understanding about the effect of their decisions. Error number 23. Student number 22 Some transformations:  Misuse of preposition  Omission of apostrophe  Misuse of verb  Addition of article As the writer experiencing , having a homework from the teacher… Like the writer ’s experience , having homework from the teacher… Some transformations:  Omission of to be  Misuse of to be  Omission of auxiliary verb  Misuse of article → a used for the It is only about the trick of the teacher to make the homework that given to students are effective and not make a difficulty for the students. It is only about the trick of the teacher to make the homework that is given to students to be effective and do not make the difficulty for the students. Error number Student number 50 Misuse of verb → verb used for noun They cannot accept and try to defeat in other way like fight . They cannot accept and try to defeat in other way like fighting . Omission of verb → omit –s  First, it motivate competitors to work hard.  First, it motivates competitors to work hard. 24.  As the competition run , someone‟s best is like being activated.  As the competition runs , someone‟s best is like being activated. Some transformations:  Dangling  Misuse of verb When someone has competitors, it means that he have someone to defeat or he can be defeated by his competitor. When someone has competitors, heshe has competitor to defeat or heshe can be defeated by his competitor. Misuse of verb → simple past tense incorrect It happened because competition is not only about finding the winner but also giving a reward and recognition for public. It happens because competition is not only about finding the winner but also giving a reward and recognition for public. Some transformations:  Misuse of capital letter  Omission of noun → omit –s In conclusion, E ven though there are many negative impacts of competition, it does not mean it must be stopped because T here are many more benefit that we can get from C ompetition. In conclusion, e ven though there are many negative impacts of competition, it does not mean it must be stopped because t here are many more benefits that we can get from c ompetition. Error number 25. Student number 59 Misuse of capital letter Then, T alking about their passion, sometimes it is different from what the parents want they should to be. Then, t alking about their passion, sometimes it is different from what the parents want they should to be. Some transformations:  O mission of verb → omit –s  Word order → erroneous adverb This case make them easily to get debate. This case easily makes them to get debate. Misuse of possessive pronoun  They often get decision by their own self .  Their interest in exploring their self , especially in education.  They often get decision by their own selves .  Their interest in exploring themselves , especially in education. Some transformations:  Omission of verb → omit –s  Addition of to be Here, the writer is propose some arguments that the parents should let their children to make a decision.. Here, the writer proposes some arguments that the parents should let their children to make a decision.. Some transformations:  Addition of infinitive to → parallel structure incorrect  Misuse of possessive pronoun The parents have to give them chance to make a decision by their own way, not to let them go without our protect but to make them can draw their life. The parents have to give them chance to make a decision by their own way, not let them go without parents ’ protection but make them can live a life of their own. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Misuse of article  Misuse of punctuation  Misuse of verb Not all parents has a same background with their children , even their children got the wisher one. Not all parents have the same background with their children ; even their children get the wisher one. Some transformations:  Misuse of to be  Omission of object Because children‟s life are not parents‟ , they loved to line their life. Because children‟s life is not like parents‟ life , they loved to line their life. Error number 26. Student number 34 Some transformations:  Misuse of preposition  Omission of verb  Addition of verb  Misuse of noun Almost off all the teachers give homework in order to the students will learn again in their homework . Almost of all the teachers give homework in order to make the students learn again in their houses . Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit – s  Homework insist the students to study independently.  The teacher give homework…  Homework insists the students to study independently.  The teacher gives homework… Error number 27. Student number 41 Misuse of article They argue that they have been tired studying in the school. They argue that they have been tired studying at the school. Some transformations:  Misuse of relative pronoun → which for who  Omission of relative pronoun  Misuse of auxiliary verb → do for is  Omission of infinite to By giving homework, teacher can see student which is responsible even the teacher do not control the student. By giving homework, teacher can see student who is responsible even when the teacher is not there to control the student. Error number 28. Student number 4  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Omission of punctuation „dot‟ For example menthol in cigarette is harmful _ Many smokers think menthol cigarette is less harmful but there is no evidence. For example , menthol in cigarette is harmful . Many smokers think menthol cigarette is less harmful but there is no evidence. Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Misuse of pronoun They are only waste their money for some thing which is unimportant. They only waste their money for something which is unimportant. Error number 29. Student number 1 Omission of noun→ omit –s in plural noun Competition is one of good way to use in language classroom. Competition is one of good ways to use in language classroom. Some transformation:  Addition of verb → adding – s  Misuse of adjective We may often find that students seems so hard and not interested in learning foreign language. We may often find that students seem unable and not interested in learning foreign language. Misuse of verb in the past form Since the teacher make learning as competition, each student will think that they have to win the competition. Since the teacher made learning as competition, each student has thought that they have to win the competition. Some transformations: With competition, the teacher also With competition, the teacher also  Addition of to be  Addition of verb → adding – ing be able to compare student‟s ability to assess them and to evaluate their studying . able to compare student‟s ability to assess them and to evaluate their study . Misuse of verb → noun used for verb This competition is not only able to make student more interested in learning the language, but also to make teacher knowing their ability in speaking and pronunciation. This competition is not only able to make student more interested in learning the language, but also to make teacher knows their ability in speaking and pronunciation. Error number 30. Student number 74 Some transformations:  Addition of preposition  Addition of noun → adding – s Some of peoples cigarette smoking which can be health in body. Some people cigarette smoking which can be health in body. Some transformations:  Misuse of object  Omission of subject  Addition of to be  Addition of verb → adding – ing For used to smoke, must be seeing place . For smokers, they must see the place to smoke . Some transformations:  Misuse of verb Don‟t smoking in area much people. Don‟t smoke in area with many people.  Misuse of pronoun → much used for many Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Misuse word  Omission of verb → omit –s Smoking can be infected for someone who see and inhale cigarette smoker. Smoking can affect someone who sees and inhales cigarette smokers. Some transformations:  Misuse of to be  Misuse of noun → singular used for plural  Misuse of verb There is some child had have used to smoking in public area. There are some children who are already smoking in public area. Some transformations:  Misuse of adverb  Word order Why way of government prevent for does smoking? How does the government prevent people from smoking? Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Misuse of preposition The most important is not try to smoke and not offer someone for active smoker. The most important is not trying to smoke and not offer someone to be active smoker. Error number 31. Student number 29 Omission of verb → omit –s  Almost every school in Indonesia use the conventional teaching activity.  That kind of activity require two steps of teaching.  …but also after class get the end in order to make student  Almost every school in Indonesia uses the conventional teaching activity.  That kind of activity requires two steps of teaching.  …but also after class get the end in order to make student makes make their exercise at home. their exercise at home. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Misuse of verb  Omission of verb → omit –s  Omission of to be The exercise is one of method to measure the ability of student and making sure the student master the material that have already given by the teacher. The exercise is one of methods to measure the ability of student and to make sure the student masters the material that have already been given by the teacher. Some transformations:  Misuse of to be  Omission of article ..they is not in class. ..they are not in the class. Some transformations:  Addition of verb → Infinitive to incorrect → adding –ing  Misuse of verb  Misuse of possessive pronoun It will make the student lack of creativity because of their time to having a pleasure time to study by self also decreased . It will make the student lack of creativity because of their time to have a pleasure time to study themselves also decrease . Some transformations:  Misuse of auxiliary verb  Misuse of adjective → adjective used for noun  Misuse of to be Student do not have a willing to study because they feel doing homework was enough. Student does not have a willingness to study because they feel doing homework is enough. Some transformations:  Misuse of preposition  Omission of article It is enough to give the exercise at class and not to important to give the student homework. It is enough to give the exercise in the class and it is not important to give the student homework.  Omission of subject  Omission of to be  Addition of infinitive to Error number 32. Student number 44 Misuse of relative pronoun → where used for which Competition is a situation where some people feel that they want to be better than others. Competition is a situation in which some people feel that they want to be better than others. Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Addition of verb → adding – ed in present form  Omission of noun → omit –s A situation of competition can be happened when there is someone who feel that they can do better than their competitors. A situation of competition can happen when there is someone who feels that they can do better than their competitors. Some transformations:  Misuse of subordinating conjunction → when used for if  Addition of noun → adding – s Competition can be good when the purpose of the competition is a good things . Competition can be good if the purpose of the competition is a good thing . Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Misuse of verb There are some competition that has not clear purpose. There are some competitions does not have clear purpose. Misuse of to be The essential of the competitions are to develop competitor‟s abilities not to knock-down the The essential of the competitions is to develop competitor‟s abilities not to knock-down the other competitors. other competitors. Some transformations:  Addition of verb → adding – ed  Misuse of verb → past form used for present form The competitors should realized that the competition should make their abilities improved . The competitors should realize that the competition should make their abilities improve . Some transformations:  Omission of subject  Using double clause connectors subordinating conjunction and coordinating conjunction  Misuse of punctuation When the competitors do not only focus on winning the competition, but the process of competition, the competition can be a media which can improve someone‟s capability. When the competitors do not only focus on winning the competition, they are focus on process of competition ; the competition can be a media which can improve someone‟s capability. Error number 33. Student number 46 Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Misuse of preposition Homework is an assignment which is do in home. Homework is an assignment which is done at home. Some transformations:  Omission of verb → omit –s  Misuse of ve rb → verb used for noun  Addition of punctuation  Misuse of article  Word order → erroneous noun There are two reasons why the teacher or lecturer give homework assignment to herhis students : such as time constrain in school, to train students be a responsible. There are two reasons why the teacher or lecturer gives homework assignment to herhis students such as constraints of time in school and also to train students to be responsible. Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Omission of to be There are some subject that must learnt by students. There are some subjects that must be learnt by students. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Misuse of noun → noun used for verb So that teacher only have time for explaining the material, discussion , etc. So that teacher only has time for explaining the material, discussing , etc. Omission of verb → omit –s in present form  Teacher choose to give herhis student homework  Teacher give homework to students in order to train their ability and responsibility  Teacher know how herhis students do or not the homework  Teacher chooses to give herhis student homework  Teacher gives homework to students in order to train their ability and responsibility  Teacher knows how hisher students do or not the homework Error number 34. Student number 49 Some transformations:  Omission of to be  Addition of verb → adding – s It becauses they can only understand the materials by doing some assignments beside the explanation from teacher. It is because they can only understand the materials by doing some assignments beside the explanation from teacher. Misuse of capital letter Here, T here other benefits of homework for students; Here, t here other benefits of homework for students; Omission of punctuation By doing the homework _ By doing the homework , students „comma‟ students will think more how to solve some exercises given by the teacher. will think more how to solve some exercises given by the teacher. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Omission of preposition → parallel structure  Misuse of possessive pronoun The teachers should give some homework for the students because they has several benefits for their parents and their selves . The teachers should give some homework for the students because they have several benefits for their parents and for themselves . Error number 35. Student number 35 Some transformations:  Omission of subject  Misuse of auxiliary verb As a student, there are many things that _ have to do. As a student, there are many things that heshe has to do. Omission of correlative conjunction but Not only studying in the school, they also have to do the same thing every where and every time they are. Not only studying in the school, but also doing the same thing every where and every time they are. Omission of to be All of them are not easy to _ implemented by the students. All of them are not easy to be implemented by the students. Some transformations:  Misuse of pronoun  Misuse of noun  Misuse of verb → simple That is why much of teacher make a sollution by give them a homework. That is why many teachers make a solution by giving them homework. verb used instead of –ing  Addition of article Addition of noun → adding –s How about an elementary school students ? How about an elementary school student ? Some transformations:  Omission of to be  Omission of article Homework itself can called as _ harmful thing. Homework itself can be called as a harmful thing. Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Misuse of verb → verb used for noun Students, actually in elementary school are loved to play. Students, actually in elementary school love to play. Some transformations:  Addition of noun → adding – s  Misuse of adjective  Omission of subject  Misuse of pronoun So they will feels boring if _ too much to do the same things. So they will feel bored if they do too many same things. Some transformations:  Misuse of verb  Omission of to be  Misuse of to be They already studying in the school, so in their mind set, its time to play when they are out of the school. They have already studied in the school, so in their mind set, it was time to play when they were out of the school. Some transformations:  Misuse capital letter → first t hey will be lazy if they have to do homework or studying at T hey will be lazy if they have to do word in a sentence  Misuse of verb home. homework or to study at home. Some transformations:  Addition of to be  Addition of ver b → adding – s  Misuse of subject  Misuse of adjective All of them are makes them boring . All of them make students bored . Some transformations:  Addition of verb → adding – s  Omission of apostrophe  Misuse of subordinating conjunction  Addition of article Actually to makes students to study hard it can happen with teacher creativity when teaching , not just through a homework. Actually to make students to study hard can happen with creative teacher‟s creativity in hisher teaching , not just through homework. Some transformations:  Misuse of auxiliary verb  Addition of noun → adding –s  Misuse of adjective  omission of noun → omit –s  Misuse of verb So students are did not feels boring with all of the material when they are studying . So students do not feel bored with all of the materials when they study . Error number Student number  Omission of adverb → omit –s  Omission of noun → omit –s  Nowaday , dissemination of cigarette‟s distribution has been raised around the world.  Nowadays , dissemination of cigarette‟s distribution has been raised around the world. 36. 5  Omission of verb → omit –s  Production of cigarette is one of the largest production in Indonesia…  But in fact, cigarette‟s smoke start to destroy their organ.  Production of cigarette is one of the largest productions in Indonesia…  But in fact, cigare tte‟s smoke starts to destroy their organ. Error number 37. Student number 47 Some transformations:  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Omission of apostrophe Nowadays most of the parents seem to force their teens to decide things based on their parents desire. Nowadays , most of the parents seem to force their teens to decide things based on their parents ’ desire. Some transformations:  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Omission of subject → it  Misuse of subject When they choose a school, sometimes without asking parents force teens to school in the school they think is the most favourite school even though they don‟t want to. When they choose a school, sometimes without asking , parents force teens to school in the school they think it is the most favourite school even though their teens don‟t want to. Some transformations:  Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence  Omission of punctuation „comma‟  Misuse of preposition  Misuse of verb a s children start their life as teenagers _ they see things with a different point as their children lives . A s children start their life as teenagers , they see things with a different point from their children life . Error number Student number Omission of to be Some students may unhappy with tasks that should be done when Some students may be unhappy with tasks that should be done when they 38. 58 they go home. go home. Error number 39. Student number 80 Some transformations:  Misuse of noun  Omission of noun → omit –s  Omission of infinitive to → parallel structure incorrect Whereas, homework existance can help them to increase their knowledge and _ improve their abilities and skills. Whereas, homework existences can help them to increase their knowledge and to improve their abilities and skills. Addition of verb The students do study when they are at home. The students study when they are at home. Omission of infinitive to → parallel structure incorrect They also are able to memorize and _ remind what they have learned. They also are able to memorize and to remind what they have learned. Error number 40. Student number 33 Some transformations:  Misuse of word  Misuse of adjective Life is like a competition. We compete to each other to still live . Life is like a competition. We compete with each other to keep alive. Misuse of preposition The students that are interested to get the gift and reward try to do their best to be able to answer the teacher‟s questions. The students that are interested in getting the gift and reward try to do their best to be able to answer the teacher‟s questions. Misuse of possessive pronoun If they see the positive side of competition, they will improve their selves to be better. If they see the positive side of competition, they will improve themselves to be better. Error number 41. Student number 64 Some transformations:  Omission of noun → omit –s  Misuse of preposition Competition is one of the way to make students get motivation on doing something. Competition is one of the ways to make students get motivation in doing something. Misuse of verb They will get something if they did something. They will get something if they do something. Some transformations:  Word order → erroneous modal verb  Misuse of adjective → Comparative adjective incorrect Competition also can make students more healthy . Competition can also make students healthier . Error number 42. Student number 70 Some transformations:  Misuse of noun  Addition of article It was not mine or even ours, the vault . It was not mine or even our fault . Omission of noun → omit –s It has two side , bad and good. It has two sides , bad and good. Some transformations:  Addition of article  Omission of verb → omit –s When a child with a very competitive mindset, he or she will end up as a person who always want to be the best… When a child with very competitive mindset, he or she will end up as a person who always wants to be the best… Error number Student number Some transformations:  Misuse of determiner  Omission of relative pronoun Teachers are asked to be media to transfer those knowledge come Teachers are asked to be media to transfer that knowledge which come 43. 2  Misuse of preposition from books into students. from books to students. Omission of correlative conjunction but also Not only lecturing in the class, the teachers are asked to lead students to be active in the classroom activities. Not only lecturing in the class, but also the teachers are asked to lead students to be active in the classroom activities.  Omission of verb → omit –s  Omission of noun → omit –s  Omission of preposition → omit –s  Of course, those all depend on how teacher give instructions clearly.  Beside , homework is helpful to make students do more exercises.  Of course, those all depends on how teacher gives instructions clearly.  Besides , homework is helpful to make students do more exercises. Information: The red colour shows students errors, while the blue colour shows the writer correction. 91

3. Classifying Errors and Calculating the Percentage of Type of Errors