On the part A of the test, most of the students were able to identify independent clause and dependent clause including the types of dependent
clause noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause but some of them were unable to identify it. Most of the errors lie in identifying the types of
dependent clause; they were unable to identify which one a noun clause, an adjective clause, or an adverb clause. Meanwhile, on the part B, according to
the types of error that have been explained on chapter II, there are four categories of errors those are linguistic category, surface category, comparative
taxonomy, and communicative effect taxonomy. However, as has been mentioned in Chapter II, the writer only used two categories: linguistic
category and surface category. The result of this research showed that most of the errors happen on surface category misformation errors and omission
errors.
2. Describing the Errors
In this step, the writer would describe the students‟ errors in detail. The
writer divided the test into two parts; part A and part B. On the part A of the test, the writer classified the errors into two categories: ability and disability,
the result showed that most of the students were able to identify independent clause and dependent clause including the types of dependent clause noun
clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause, but some of them were failed to identify it. In this part also there are two questions: question number one and
number two. All of this was summarized into the table below:
Table 4. 1 Question Number 1
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Types of Dependent Clause
Able Unable
Able Unable
Able Unable
Total 42
1 40
3 22
21
Percentage 98
2 93
7 51
49
In question number 1, there were 42 or 98 students who were able to identify independent clause, 40 or 93 students who were able to identify
dependent clause and 22 or 51 students who were able to identify types of dependent clause. While, there were only 1 or 2 student who were unable to
identify independent clause, 3 or 7 students who were unable to identify dependent clause and 21 or 49 students who were unable to identify types of
dependent clause. The most common disability happened in identified the types of dependent clause. Many students erroneous in identified which one noun
clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause.
Table 4. 2 Question Number 2
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Types of Dependent Clause
Able Unable
Able Unable
Able Unable
Total 43
37 6
19 24
Percentage 100 86
14 44
56
In question number 2, there were enhancement in identifying independent clause, all of students were able to identify independent clause, but in identify
dependent clause students who were able to identify were 37 or 86 students, 6 or 14 students were unable. Moreover, for identifying the types of dependent
clause there were 19 or 44 students who were able to identify it and 24 or 56 students who were unable to identify it. It can be concluded that students were
still erroneous in understanding the types of dependent clause and much of them could not identify which one noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause.
Next is part B. On the part B of the test, the writer classified students‟ errors
into the area of grammatical error based on linguistic category and surface category. All of these were outlined in the table below:
Table 4. 3 The Area of Grammatical Error
Errors Number
Students’ Number
Error Types Student Errors
Correction
Error number
1. Student
number 26
Omission of verb → The third person singular verb incorrect →
Failure to attach –s
Teacher usually give
the students homework to know …
Teacher usually gives
the students homework to know…
Some transformations:
Omission of verb. → The third person singular verb
incorrect → Failure to attach –s
Addition of noun → adding
–s
Misuse of preposition → „on‟ used for „in‟
…the teacher give
too much exercise
s on
it. …the teacher
gives too much
exercise in it.
Omission of to be → Simple future tense incorrect
..they will afraid
to come to the class.
..they will be afraid
to come to the class.
Omission of apostrophe „s Those kinds of feeling will
decrease students
motivation to come to the class.
Those kinds of feeling will decrease students‟
motivation to come to the class.
Error number
2. Student
number 45
Misuse of word Students for
enlive worlds spend
most of their learning time at school.
Students for entire
worlds spend most of their learning time at school.
Misuse of capital let ter → first
word in a sentence .
e lementary
school students for example…
. h
ome is the best place…
. f
orcing or urging them to do…
. E
lementary school students for
example… .
H ome
is the best place… .
F orcing
or urging them to do… Some transformations:
Misuse of preposition
Omission of infinitive to → parallel structure
Parents who are being responsible over
their children could take over teacher‟s role by educating their
children how to behave and spend
the time, they can lead them how to read,
write ,
draw , or even
watch the movie…
Parents who are being responsible with
their children could take over teacher‟s role by educating their
children how to behave and to
spend the time, they can lead them how to
read, to
write, to
draw, or even to
watch the mov ie…
Miuse of adjective → parallel
structure forcing or urging them to do the
homework will just get them worried
, fired
of learning, and stress
. Forcing or urging them to do the
homework will just get them anxious, tired
of learning, and stressful
. Error
number Student
number Some transformations:
Misuse of capital letter →
. t
here are positive and negative
side ….
. T
here are positive and negative
sides ….
3. 57
first word in a sentence. Misuse of word
→ singular used for plural
Omission of verb → Parallel structure → simple future tense
incorrect → omit will Students will study more about
that subject in their home and increase
their understanding. Students will study more about that
subject in their home and will
increase their understanding.
Some transformations: Misuse of preposition
→ with used for by
Omission of subject With
giving homework they will
more remember and
find the
solution when find
the difficulties. By
giving homework to students
would make them remember and
would make them find the solution
when they found
the difficulties. Some transformations:
Misuse of punctuation →
„dot‟ for „comma‟ before subordinator
„because‟ Omission of to be
Omission of preposition to Homework
will helpful
the student
. Because
, giving
homework will repeat the student in study and remember that
subject. Homework will
be helpful
to the
student ,
because giving homework will repeat the student in study and
remember that subject.
Error number
4. Student
number 53
Some transformations: Omission of article the
Omission of noun → singular
noun incorrect → omit –s
Student and homework seem unseparable
whether in
elementary school, junior high school, senior high schools, even
The student
s and
the homework
seem inseparable
whether in
elementary school, junior high school, and senior high schools, even
Misuse of prefix „un‟ for „in‟ in college or university.
in college or university. Some transformations:
Omission of verb → The
third person singular verb incorrect → failure to attach
–s
Omission of article Homework also
give parents
opportunity to monitor.. Homework also
gives parents
the opportunity to monitor..
Some transformations: Addition of noun
→ adding – s in singular noun
Omission of subject Omission of auxiliary verb
Misuse of verb → verb used
for adjective On the other hand
s ,
some think that
homework exhaust
the students, because students have
already spent most of their times in school.
On the other hand, some students
think that
homework can
be
exhausting for
them, because they have already spent most of their
times in school.
Word order → erroneous subject We can say that it is
okay to give homework to
children as long as it
does not burden the students
. We can say that
giving homework is
okay or good for students
as long as it does not burden
them .
Error number
5. Student
number 79
Omission of adverb → omit one word -a-
Now days , the pattern of life…
Nowadays , the pattern of life…
Error Student
Some transformations: Sometimes all
kind of competition Sometimes all
kinds of competition
number 6.
number 85
Omission of noun → The
third person singular noun incorrect → failure to attach
–s Addition of to be
Misuse of word Misuse of preposition
Omission of article is
bad because people just think that competition
is just
look at result.
are bad because people just think that
competition just focuses on the
result .
Omission of noun → The third person singular noun incorrect
→ failure to attach –s But actually there are positive
aspect in competition if we learn
it. But actually there are positive
aspects in competition if we learn it.
Some transformations: Omission of to be
Omission of article Omission of infinitive to
Misuse of preposition It means that our best
that _ we
have _
will _ make other people
think better to
us. It means that our best
that is we have
a will
to make other people think
better about
us.
Error number
7. Student
number 62
Some transformations: Omission of verb
→ Simple past participle incorrect
Misuse of article Homework is helpful for students
to strengthen their understanding about the lesson
that already taught by
a teacher.
Homework is helpful for students to strengthen their understanding about
the lesson that has been already
taught by the
teacher. Misuse of preposition
→ at used for in
Usually after explaining
the material
and giving
some exercises
at the classroom,
teacher will give the students homework.
Teacher will give homework to the
students after explaining
the material and giving some exercises the
in the
classroom.
Some transformations: Omission of article
Dangling Most of
teachers will give the
students homework in order to make the students understand the
material better after doing
the homework.
Most of the teachers
will give the students homework in order to make
the students understand the material better after
doing the homework.
Some transformations:
Misuse of verb → Simple past participle incorrect
Omission of to be Misuse of preposition
Dangling The first reason why homework is
helpful is homework
can make the students understand the material
given at
the classroom better because
the students already did
some exercises. The first reason why homework is
helpful is homework
can make the students understand the material
be given
in the classroom better because
the students have already done
some exercises.
Some transformations: Dangling
Omission of infinitive to →
Parallel structure incorrect Moreover,
homework can make
students become more diligent because
they will study to check
and do their homework.
Moreover, homework
can make students become more diligent
because it
will make students able to check and
to do their homework.
Error number
8. Student
number 76
Omission of
punctuation „comma‟
As you know there are so many students wasting their time.
As you know
,
there are so many students wasting their time.
Some transformations: Omission of punctuation
„comma‟ Addition of preposition
Misuse of punctuation →
comma used for dot
In fact during in
the class there are some students who gossiping,
talking, daydreaming
, students do
not focus on the lesson. In fact
, during the class there are
some students who are gossiping, talking, and daydreaming
. Students
do not focus on the lesson.
Addition of relative pronoun There are some students who
spend their time for playing or browsing than
who studying.
There are some students who spend their time for playing or browsing
than studying.
Some transformations: Addition of article
Misuse of verb → Simple
past incorrect Omission of punctuation
„comma‟ When teacher gave a task there
are some students obeying the
teacher and some students not obeying the teacher.
When the
teacher gave a task ,
there were
some students obeying the teacher and some students do not.
Some transformations:
Misuse of article → a for the Omission of to be
Omission of punctuation „comma‟
Misuse of apostrophe When
a student in the class
students
’ didn‟t focus on the
lesson. When
the students
were in class
, they
didn‟t focus on the lesson.
Some transformations: Dangling
Omission of to be Students
need homework because it
helpful for students. Homework
is needed for students because
it is
helpful for them.
Error number
9. Student
number 39
Some transformations:
Addition of to be → Simple present tense incorrect
Omission of verb → Simple
Teacher is usually give some
homework to their
students. Teacher
usually gives
some homework to
hisher students.
present tense incorrect → failure to attach
–s Misuse
of possessive
pronoun Some transformations:
Misuse of verb → Simple
present tense incorrect Omission of article
Misuse of pronoun Misuse of verb
Teacher preparing
materials before teach
them and
they want
to know how far students‟ comprehending
. Teacher
prepares the materials
before teaching the students
and heshe
wants to know how far the students
comprehension is .
Some transformations: Dangling
Addition of to be Teacher
gives some feedback because
the students are
also need it.
Teacher gives
some feedback
because teacher
knows that the students also
need it. Addition of verb
Homework really did help
some students to acquire a skill.
Homework really
helps some
students to acquire a skill. Some transformations:
Misuse of punctuation → dot
for comma Omission of article
Conversely, when an activity feels like drudgery
. the quality of
learning tends to suffer. Conversely, when an activity feels
like a
drudgery ,
the quality of learning tends to suffer.
Error number
10. Student
number 60
Some transformations: Dangling
Misuse of relative pronoun Addition of word
Smoking is an act when
someone consumes cigarette by put it
between hisher lips then burn it
ups .
Smoking is an act
in which it is
consumed by someone with put the cigarette between hisher lips then
burns it .
Some transformations:
Word order → erroneous verb
Misuse of preposition Cigarette smoking may gives
them the pleasure that don‟t they
get by
other things. Cigarette smoking may gives them
the pleasure that they don‟t
get from
other things.
Error number
11. Student
number 8
Some transformations: Misuse of to be
Omission of preposition Nowadays, so many competitions
is conducted at some schools even
universities .
Nowadays, so many competitions are
conducted at some schools even at
universities .
Some transformations: Omission
of noun → The third person singular noun
incorrect → failure to attach –s
Misuse of verb There are so many
reason why the
students want
to do
the competitions.
There are so many reasons
why the students want to
participate the
competitions.
Some transformations: Addition of infinitive to
Misuse of word Their teacher
to do this because
they want to see their students is
developed .
Their teacher does
this because they want to see their
students‟ progress .
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Misuse of verb The competition is good for
students. It would be improve
students‟ knowledge by doing competition.
The competition is good for students. It
would improve
students‟ knowledge
by participating
competition.
Error number
12. Student
number 18
Some transformations: Dangling
Misuse of object → that for
smoking Actually, most of
the smokers knew that smoking is not good to
do, but they
cannot stop that
because it
becomes their habit. Actually, most of
the smokers knew
that smoking is not good to do, but they
cannot stop smoking
because they
are already addicted to smoke. Some transformations:
Addition of noun → adding –
s after article a
Misuse of article It is true that
a years ago, the
government had made it available for
a smokers.
It is true that a year
ago, the government had made it available for
the smokers.
Error number
13. Student
number 81
Some transformations: Omission
of correlative
conjunction but Word order
Not only the adult,
teenagers also start to smoke.
Not only the adult,
but also teenagers start to smoke.
Addition of noun → The second person plural noun incorrect →
adding –s
This things
happens in teenagers. This
thing happens in teenagers.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun
Misuse of verb → Simple
present tense incorrect Some
student felt as if they have
no time to rest. Some
students feel as if they have no
time to rest.
Some transformations: Dangling
Misuse of relative pronoun They
have to do their homework because
teacher sometime
provides punishment for whom
They have to do their homework
because they
will get punishment from their teacher if they do not do
Error number
14. Student
number 36
are absent doing the homework. the homework.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun
Addition of article However, not all
teacher give
students a
homework. However, not all
teachers give
students homework.
Some transformations:
Addition of verb → adding –ing
Misuse of infinitive to We can imagine that students
spend most of their time to
learning .
We can imagine that students spend most of their time
to learn .
Some transformations: Omission of verb
Addition of article The homework isn‟t contextual
and gain
a new information for
students. The homework isn‟t contextual and
doesn‟t give new information for
students. Some transformations:
Misuse of capital letter →
first word in a sentence
Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect →
omit –s
. t
he homework becomes harmful
because it make
students having no time to rest, wasting time, and
doesn‟t engage student to acquire new information.
. T
he homework becomes harmful
because it makes
students having no time to rest, wasting time, and
doesn‟t engage student to acquire new information.
Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence
. t
he homework itself is each
subject given at school.. .
T he
homework itself is each subject given at school..
Some transformations:
Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence
Omission of noun → omit –s
in plural noun Addition of article
. h
owever , some
teacher give
their students
a homework without
noticing the purpose.
. H
owever , some
teachers give their
students homework without noticing the purpose.
Error number
15. Student
number 69
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Omission of verb → Simple
present tense incorrect → omit
–s
Omission of article → parallel structure
Nowadays, smoking is
likely become
a habit and lifestyle. Nowadays, smoking likely
becomes a habit and
a lifestyle.
Some transformations:
Addition of verb → Simple present tense incorrect →
adding –s
Misuse of pronoun People often
thinks that smoking
makes himher looks
cool. People often
think that smoking
makes them look
cool.
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Omission of verb → Simple
present tense incorrect → omit
–s Moreover, smoking
is definitely
bring many
negatives things
instead of positives. Moreover, smoking definitely
brings many
negative things instead of
positives.
Addition of noun → adding –
s Omission
of punctuation
„comma‟ If we want to stay healthy we
have to avoid smoking. If we want to stay healthy
, we have
to avoid smoking.
Error number
16. Student
number 14
Omission of verb → Simple past tense incorrect → omit –ed
The students will get stress
or they will be sick.
The students will get stressed
or they will be sick.
Misuse of
adjective →
Comparative adjective incorrect → use of more in one syllable
The, students will be lazy and more
lazy .
The, students will be lazy and lazier
.
Misuse of capital letter → first word in a sentence
. m
ost of students will be careless
of it. .
M ost
of students will be careless of it.
Omission of
punctuation „comma‟
Then they will have good comprehension about the material.
Then ,
they will
have good
comprehension about the material.
Error number
17. Student
number 6
Some transformations:
Misuse of pronoun → many for much
Misuse of verb → Simple
past tense incorrect In the school, students get
many knowledge about everything that
they has
not got yet. In the school, students get
much knowledge about everything that
they have
not got yet.
Misuse of verb So, there is a way to keep their
interest in study
. So, there is a way to keep their
interest in studying
.
Dangling Usually, in the class
teachers just
give them the brief explanation about the materials because
the limitation of time
. Usually, in the class teachers just
give them the brief explanation about the
materials because
of the
limitation of time. Omission
of punctuation
„comma‟ By using homework they can get
more information about the task. By using homework
, they can get
more information about the task.
Error number
18. Student
number 52
Some transformations: Misuse of word
Addition of verb → Simple
present tense incorrect → adding
–s
Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect →
omit –s
Omission of infinitive to Some people think
like cigarettes
helps them relax for a while, it
also help
relieve stress.
Some people think that
cigarettes help
them relax for a while, it also helps to relieve
stress.
Misuse of adjective → adjective used for noun
Moreover it will cause some diseases, such as heart attack,
kidney disease, damage your brain cells, until the most dangerous is
died .
Moreover it will cause some diseases, such as heart attack, kidney
disease, damage your brain cells, until the most dangerous is
death .
Some transformations:
Misuse of noun → noun used for adjective
The smoke is not only danger
for smokers,
it also for the people
who are not
smoke. The smoke is not only
dangerous for
smokers, it is also dangerous for
the people who
do not smoke.
Omission of to be Omission of word
Misuse of auxiliary verb Some transformations:
Addition of to be Misuse of relative pronoun
Most of rural communities are
depend on selling of tobacco to companies
who produce cigarette.
Most of rural communities depend on selling of tobacco to companies
that produce cigarette.
Error number
19. Stdent
number 19
Some transformations:
Omission of verb → omit – ing
Misuse of relative pronoun → which for who
Misuse
of noun
→ compentency
for competency They usually held competition
with purpose for search
people which own
good compentency
. They usually held competition with
purpose for searching
people who
own good competency
.
Misuse of capital letter Competency in this is competency
Not only academic but also kinds
of passion competency. Competency here is
not only
academic but also kinds of passion competency.
Omission of nou n → omit –s in
plural noun There
are some reason
why competition is good.
There are some reasons
why competition is good.
Omission of auxiliary verb →
Conditional sentence incorrect If competition
was held, it
makes people to search better way or to
If competition was
held, it would
make people to search better way or
→ „would‟ be winner.
to be winner. Some transformations:
Omission of verb → omit –
ed Misuse of pronoun
Addition of noun Misuse of relative pronoun
I think this is cause
by people around
life our which less support
whatever they do. I think this is
caused by people
around us who have
less support whatever they do.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → The third person singular noun
incorrect → omit –s
Addition of verb → Infinitive to incorrect → adding –ing
Misuse of adjective →
adjective used for noun Misuse of verb
One of alternative
to raising self
confident is
helding competition.
One of alternatives to raise self
confidence is
holding competition.
Misuse of noun Misuse of adverb
Misuse of noun → noun used
for verb Misuse of noun
Competition can be a chalange
people for to be soul of winner
Finnaly , they
effort to be better
in every competition. The
conclution , competition is
very good. Competition can be a
challenge people for to be soul of winner
Finally
, they try
to be better in every competition.
The conclusion
, competition is very good.
Addition of to be → Simple present tense incorrect
Competition is very good because competition can
be motivate
people to be better. Competition can
be raising self
Competition is very good because competition can
motivate people
to be better. Competition can
raise self
confidence. confidence.
Word order → erroneous adverb
and erroneous noun They
usually can face
challenge good
. They
can usually
face good
challenge .
Some transformations:
Misuse of to be → to be used for adverb
Misuse of capital letter Misuse of relative pronoun
→ which for who Omission of article
They is
very need to create
New Innovators which is
ready in world.
They really
need to create new
innovators who are ready in
the world.
Error number
20. Student
number 10
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → singular noun incorrect → omit –s
Addition of relative pronoun One of the most common
problem today
that are killing people.
One of the most common problems
today are killing people.
Some transformations:
Misuse of verb → verb –ing used for infinitive to
Misuse of verb → simple
present tense incorrect → Some people
began showing off or some people
wanted to enjoy it.
Some people begin to show off
or some people
want to enjoy it.
wanted used for want
Some transformations: Dangling
Omission of punctuation „comma‟
Misuse of to be → to be used
for auxiliary verb
Adition of verb → adding – ing
Omission of subject When
someone smokes a cigarette
they are
not only
hurting themselves, but also other around
them. When
people smoke a cigarette
,
they do
not only hurt
themselves, but also other
people around them.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s Misuse of word
Smoking does
many horrible thing
to the human body. Smoking
causes many horrible
things to the human body.
Error number
21. Student
number 42
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s
Addition of verb → Simple progressive tense incorrect
→ Adding –ing Misuse of word
There are many respond
from the students, some of them
feeling happy but the others
feel hate
. There are many
responds from the
students, some of them feel
happy but the others
feel sad .
Some transformations: Omission
of noun → omit –s Omission of subject
Most of the student
are happy when the study
at school. Most of the
students are happy
when they study
at school. Misuse of verb → Simple past
tense incorrect When they
go home, they felt
tired. When they
went home, they felt
tired.
Some transformations: Omission of article
Addition of noun → plural
noun incorrect → adding –s
Misuse of
verb →
nominalization → simple verb used instead of
–ing Second
advantages is student will
memorize their past lesson by do
the homework. The
second advantage
is student will memorize their past lesson
by doing the homework.
Misuse of
verb →
nominalization → simple verb used instead of
–ing They can repeat the lesson, then
by repeat it, they will memorize it.
They can repeat the lesson, then by
repeating it, they will memorize it.
Misuse of apostrophe The
homework will
show student‟s
who has
good responsibility or not.
The homework will show students
which students
have good
responsibility and which are not
. Misuse of ve
rb → Simple past tense incorrect
Students and teacher will got
advantages of the homework during the learning process.
Students and teacher will get
advantages of the homework during the learning process.
Error number
22. Student
number 56
Omission of to be in an interrogative sentence
Why up to seventeen?
Why is up to seventeen?
Addition of to be in simple present tense
So that, teens are still
need guidance from their parents.
So that, teens still need
guidance from their parents.
Some transformations: If
parent let teens make their own
decisions before they maturation
, If
parents let teens make their own
decisions before they are mature
,
Dangling
Omission of noun → omit –s in plural noun
Misuse of noun → noun used
for adjective it
is same with parent let teens take wrong decisions.
parents will let teens take wrong
decisions.
Some transformations:
Omission of subject → omit –s on the subject
Addition of verb → adding –
s Parent gives
guidance just to give understanding about the effect of
their decisions. Parents give
guidance just to give understanding about the effect of
their decisions.
Error number
23. Student
number 22
Some transformations: Misuse of preposition
Omission of apostrophe Misuse of verb
Addition of article As
the writer experiencing
, having a homework
from the teacher… Like
the writer
’s experience
, having homework
from the teacher…
Some transformations: Omission of to be
Misuse of to be Omission of auxiliary verb
Misuse of article → a used
for the It is only about the trick of the
teacher to make the homework that given to students
are effective
and not make a
difficulty for the students.
It is only about the trick of the teacher to make the homework that
is given to students
to be effective and
do not make the difficulty for the
students.
Error number
Student number
50 Misuse of verb → verb used for
noun They cannot accept and try to
defeat in other way like fight
. They cannot accept and try to defeat
in other way like fighting
. Omission of verb → omit –s
First, it motivate
competitors to work hard.
First, it motivates
competitors to work hard.
24. As the competition
run ,
someone‟s best is like being activated.
As the
competition runs
, someone‟s best is like being
activated.
Some transformations: Dangling
Misuse of verb When
someone has competitors,
it means that
he have
someone to defeat or he can be defeated by his
competitor. When
someone has competitors,
heshe has
competitor to defeat or heshe can be defeated by his
competitor. Misuse of verb → simple past
tense incorrect It
happened because competition
is not only about finding the winner but also giving a reward
and recognition for public.
It happens
because competition is not only about finding the winner but
also giving a reward and recognition for public.
Some transformations: Misuse of capital letter
Omission of noun → omit –s
In conclusion, E
ven though there are many negative impacts of
competition, it does not mean it must be stopped because
T
here are many more
benefit that we can
get from C
ompetition. In conclusion,
e ven though there are
many negative
impacts of
competition, it does not mean it must be stopped because
t
here are many more
benefits that we can get from
c ompetition.
Error number
25. Student
number 59
Misuse of capital letter Then,
T alking about their passion,
sometimes it is different from what the parents want they should
to be. Then,
t alking about their passion,
sometimes it is different from what the parents want they should to be.
Some transformations: O
mission of verb → omit –s Word order
→ erroneous adverb
This case make
them easily
to get debate.
This case easily makes
them to get debate.
Misuse of possessive pronoun They often get decision by
their own self
. Their interest in exploring
their self
, especially
in education.
They often get decision by their own
selves .
Their interest in exploring themselves
, especially
in education.
Some transformations:
Omission of verb → omit –s Addition of to be
Here, the writer is propose
some arguments that the parents should
let their children to make a decision..
Here, the writer proposes
some arguments that the parents should let
their children to make a decision..
Some transformations:
Addition of infinitive to → parallel structure incorrect
Misuse of
possessive pronoun
The parents have to give them chance to make a decision by their
own way, not to let
them go without
our protect but
to make them can draw their life.
The parents have to give them chance to make a decision by their
own way, not let
them go without parents
’ protection
but make
them can live a life of their own.
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Misuse of article Misuse of punctuation
Misuse of verb Not all parents
has a same
background with their children ,
even their children got
the wisher one.
Not all parents have the
same background with their children
; even
their children get
the wisher one.
Some transformations: Misuse of to be
Omission of object Because children‟s life
are not
parents‟ , they loved to line their
life. Because children‟s life
is not like
parents‟ life , they loved to line their
life.
Error number
26. Student
number 34
Some transformations: Misuse of preposition
Omission of verb Addition of verb
Misuse of noun Almost
off all the teachers give
homework in order to the
students will
learn again in their homework
. Almost
of all the teachers give
homework in order to make
the students learn again in their
houses .
Omission of verb → Simple present tense incorrect → omit –
s Homework
insist the students
to study independently. The teacher
give homework…
Homework insists
the students to study independently.
The teacher gives
homework…
Error number
27. Student
number 41
Misuse of article They argue that they have been
tired studying in
the school. They argue that they have been tired
studying at
the school. Some transformations:
Misuse of relative pronoun → which for who
Omission of relative pronoun Misuse of auxiliary
verb → do
for is Omission of infinite to
By giving homework, teacher can see student
which is responsible
even the teacher do
not control the student.
By giving homework, teacher can see student
who is responsible even
when the teacher
is not there
to control the student.
Error number
28. Student
number 4
Omission of punctuation „comma‟
Omission of punctuation „dot‟
For example menthol in cigarette is harmful
_ Many smokers think
menthol cigarette is less harmful but there is no evidence.
For example
,
menthol in cigarette is harmful
. Many
smokers think
menthol cigarette is less harmful but there is no evidence.
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Misuse of pronoun They are only
waste their money for
some thing
which is
unimportant. They only
waste their money for something
which is unimportant.
Error number
29. Student
number 1
Omission of noun→ omit –s in plural noun
Competition is one of good way
to use in language classroom. Competition is one of good
ways to
use in language classroom. Some transformation:
Addition of verb → adding –
s
Misuse of adjective We may often find that students
seems so hard
and not interested in learning foreign language.
We may often find that students seem unable
and not interested in learning foreign language.
Misuse of verb in the past form Since the teacher
make learning as
competition, each student will
think that they have to win the
competition. Since the teacher
made learning as
competition, each
student has
thought that they have to win the
competition. Some transformations:
With competition, the teacher also
With competition, the teacher also
Addition of to be Addition
of verb → adding – ing
be able to compare student‟s
ability to assess them and to evaluate
their studying .
able to compare student‟s ability to
assess them and to evaluate their
study .
Misuse of verb → noun used for verb
This competition is not only able to make student more interested
in learning the language, but also to make teacher
knowing their
ability in
speaking and
pronunciation. This competition is not only able to
make student more interested in learning the language, but also to
make teacher
knows their ability in
speaking and pronunciation.
Error number
30. Student
number 74
Some transformations: Addition of preposition
Addition of noun → adding –
s Some
of peoples
cigarette smoking which can be health in
body. Some
people cigarette smoking
which can be health in body.
Some transformations: Misuse of object
Omission of subject Addition of to be
Addition of verb → adding –
ing For used to smoke, must be seeing
place .
For smokers, they must see the place to smoke
.
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Don‟t smoking
in area much
people. Don‟t
smoke in area
with many people.
Misuse of pronoun → much
used for many Some transformations:
Addition of to be Misuse word
Omission of verb → omit –s
Smoking can be infected for
someone who
see and
inhale cigarette smoker.
Smoking can affect someone
who sees
and inhales
cigarette smokers.
Some transformations: Misuse of to be
Misuse of noun → singular
used for plural Misuse of verb
There is
some child
had have used to smoking
in public area. There
are some
children who are already smoking
in public area.
Some transformations: Misuse of adverb
Word order Why
way of government prevent for
does smoking?
How does the government prevent
people from smoking? Some transformations:
Misuse of verb Misuse of preposition
The most important is not try
to smoke and not offer someone
for active smoker.
The most important is not trying
to smoke and not offer someone
to be active smoker.
Error number
31. Student
number 29
Omission of verb → omit –s Almost every school in
Indonesia use
the conventional teaching activity.
That kind of activity require
two steps of teaching.
…but also after class get the end in order to make student
Almost every school in Indonesia uses
the conventional teaching activity.
That kind of activity requires
two steps of teaching.
…but also after class get the end
in order to make student makes
make their exercise at home.
their exercise at home. Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s
Misuse of verb
Omission of verb → omit –s Omission of to be
The exercise is one of method
to measure the ability of student and
making sure the student
master the material that have already
given by the teacher. The exercise is one of
methods to
measure the ability of student and to
make sure the student
masters the
material that have already been
given by the teacher.
Some transformations: Misuse of to be
Omission of article ..they
is not in class.
..they are
not in the
class.
Some transformations: Addition of verb
→ Infinitive to
incorrect → adding –ing Misuse of verb
Misuse of
possessive pronoun
It will make the student lack of creativity because of their time
to having
a pleasure time to study by
self also
decreased .
It will make the student lack of creativity because of their time
to have
a pleasure time to study themselves
also decrease
.
Some transformations: Misuse of auxiliary verb
Misuse of adjective →
adjective used for noun
Misuse of to be Student
do not have a
willing to
study because they feel doing homework
was enough.
Student does
not have a willingness
to study because they feel doing homework
is enough.
Some transformations: Misuse of preposition
Omission of article It is enough to give the exercise
at class
and not
to important to give
the student homework. It is enough to give the exercise
in the class
and it is not important
to give the student homework.
Omission of subject Omission of to be
Addition of infinitive to
Error number
32. Student
number 44
Misuse of relative pronoun → where
used for which Competition is a situation
where some people feel that they want to
be better than others. Competition is a situation
in which some people feel that they want to be
better than others.
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Addition of verb → adding –
ed in present form
Omission of noun → omit –s A situation of competition
can be happened
when there is someone who
feel that they can do better
than their competitors. A situation of competition
can happen
when there is someone who feels
that they can do better than their competitors.
Some transformations: Misuse of subordinating
conjunction → when used for if
Addition of noun → adding –
s Competition can be good
when the purpose of the competition is a
good things
. Competition can be good
if the
purpose of the competition is a good thing
.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s Misuse of verb
There are some competition that
has not clear purpose.
There are some competitions does
not have clear purpose.
Misuse of to be The essential of the competitions
are to develop competitor‟s
abilities not to knock-down the The essential of the competitions
is to develop competitor‟s abilities not
to knock-down the other competitors.
other competitors. Some transformations:
Addition of verb → adding –
ed
Misuse of verb → past form used for present form
The competitors should realized
that the competition should make their abilities
improved .
The competitors should realize
that the competition should make their
abilities improve
.
Some transformations: Omission of subject
Using double
clause connectors
subordinating conjunction and coordinating
conjunction Misuse of punctuation
When the competitors
do not only focus on winning the competition,
but the process of competition,
the competition can be a media which
can improve
someone‟s capability.
When the competitors
do not only focus on winning the competition,
they are focus on process of
competition
;
the competition can be a
media which
can improve
someone‟s capability.
Error number
33. Student
number 46
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Misuse of preposition Homework is an assignment
which is do in
home. Homework is an assignment which is
done at home.
Some transformations:
Omission of verb → omit –s Misuse of ve
rb → verb used for noun
Addition of punctuation Misuse of article
Word order → erroneous
noun There are two reasons why the
teacher or lecturer give
homework assignment to herhis students
:
such as time
constrain in school,
to train students be a
responsible. There are two reasons why the
teacher or lecturer gives
homework assignment to herhis students such
as constraints of time
in school and also to train students
to be responsible.
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s Omission of to be
There are some subject
that must
learnt by students.
There are some subjects
that must
be learnt
by students.
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Misuse of noun → noun used
for verb So that teacher only
have time for
explaining the
material, discussion
, etc. So that teacher only
has time for
explaining the material, discussing
, etc.
Omission of verb → omit –s in present form
Teacher choose
to give herhis student homework
Teacher give
homework to students in order to train their
ability and responsibility Teacher
know how herhis
students do
or not
the homework
Teacher chooses
to give herhis student homework
Teacher gives
homework to students in order to train their
ability and responsibility Teacher
knows how hisher
students do or not the homework
Error number
34. Student
number 49
Some transformations: Omission of to be
Addition of verb → adding –
s It becauses
they can only
understand the materials by doing some assignments beside the
explanation from teacher. It is because
they can only understand the materials by doing
some assignments
beside the
explanation from teacher. Misuse of capital letter
Here, T
here other benefits of
homework for students; Here,
t here
other benefits of homework for students;
Omission of
punctuation By doing the homework _
By doing the homework ,
students
„comma‟ students will think more how to
solve some exercises given by the teacher.
will think more how to solve some exercises given by the teacher.
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Omission of preposition →
parallel structure Misuse
of possessive
pronoun The teachers should give some
homework for
the students
because they has
several benefits for their parents and
their selves .
The teachers should give some homework for the students because
they have
several benefits for their parents and
for themselves .
Error number
35. Student
number 35
Some transformations: Omission of subject
Misuse of auxiliary verb As a student, there are many
things that _ have
to do. As a student, there are many things
that heshe has
to do. Omission
of correlative
conjunction but Not only
studying in the school, they also
have to do the same thing every where and every time
they are. Not only
studying in the school, but
also doing the same thing every
where and every time they are.
Omission of to be All of them are not easy
to _ implemented
by the students. All of them are not easy to
be implemented by the students.
Some transformations: Misuse of pronoun
Misuse of noun
Misuse of verb → simple That is why
much of teacher make
a sollution
by give them
a homework.
That is why many teachers
make a solution by giving
them homework.
verb used instead of –ing
Addition of article Addition of noun
→ adding –s How about an elementary school
students ?
How about an elementary school student
? Some transformations:
Omission of to be Omission of article
Homework itself can called
as _
harmful thing. Homework itself can
be called as
a harmful thing.
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Misuse of verb → verb used
for noun Students, actually in elementary
school are loved
to play. Students, actually in elementary
school love
to play.
Some transformations:
Addition of noun → adding – s
Misuse of adjective Omission of subject
Misuse of pronoun So
they will
feels boring
if _ too much
to do the same things. So
they will
feel bored if
they do too
many same things.
Some transformations: Misuse of verb
Omission of to be Misuse of to be
They already studying
in the school, so in their mind set,
its time to play when they
are out of
the school. They
have already studied in the
school, so in their mind set, it was
time to play when they were
out of the school.
Some transformations:
Misuse capital letter → first
t hey will be lazy if they have to
do homework or studying
at
T hey will be lazy if they have to do
word in a sentence Misuse of verb
home. homework or
to study at home.
Some transformations: Addition of to be
Addition of ver b → adding –
s Misuse of subject
Misuse of adjective All of them
are makes
them boring
. All of them
make students bored .
Some transformations:
Addition of verb → adding – s
Omission of apostrophe Misuse of subordinating
conjunction Addition of article
Actually to makes
students to study hard it can happen with
teacher creativity when teaching
, not just through
a homework.
Actually to make
students to study hard can happen with
creative teacher‟s creativity in hisher
teaching , not just through homework.
Some transformations: Misuse of auxiliary verb
Addition of noun → adding
–s Misuse of adjective
omission of noun → omit –s
Misuse of verb So students
are did not
feels boring
with all of the material
when they are studying
. So students
do not
feel bored with all
of the materials
when they study
.
Error number
Student number
Omission of adverb → omit
–s
Omission of noun → omit –s
Nowaday , dissemination of
cigarette‟s distribution has been raised around the world.
Nowadays
, dissemination
of cigarette‟s distribution has been
raised around the world.
36. 5
Omission of verb → omit –s
Production of cigarette is one of the largest
production in
Indonesia…
But in fact, cigarette‟s smoke start
to destroy their organ. Production of cigarette is one of
the largest
productions in
Indonesia… But in fact, cigare
tte‟s smoke starts
to destroy their organ.
Error number
37. Student
number 47
Some transformations: Omission of punctuation
„comma‟ Omission of apostrophe
Nowadays most of the parents seem to force their teens to decide
things based on their parents desire.
Nowadays ,
most of the parents seem to force their teens to decide things
based on their parents
’
desire.
Some transformations: Omission of punctuation
„comma‟
Omission of subject → it Misuse of subject
When they choose a school, sometimes without asking parents
force teens to school in the school they think is the most favourite
school even though
they don‟t
want to. When
they choose
a school,
sometimes without asking ,
parents force teens to school in the school
they think it
is the most favourite school even though
their teens don‟t
want to. Some transformations:
Misuse of capital letter →
first word in a sentence Omission of punctuation
„comma‟ Misuse of preposition
Misuse of verb
a s children start their life as
teenagers _
they see things with a different point
as their children
lives .
A s children start their life as
teenagers ,
they see things with a different point
from their children
life .
Error number
Student number
Omission of to be Some students
may unhappy with
tasks that should be done when Some students
may be unhappy with
tasks that should be done when they
38. 58
they go home. go home.
Error number
39. Student
number 80
Some transformations: Misuse of noun
Omission of noun → omit –s
Omission of infinitive to →
parallel structure incorrect Whereas, homework
existance can help them to increase their
knowledge and _ improve
their abilities and skills.
Whereas, homework existences
can help
them to
increase their
knowledge and to
improve their abilities and skills.
Addition of verb The students do study
when they are at home.
The students study when they are at
home. Omission of infinitive to →
parallel structure incorrect They also are able to memorize
and _ remind what they have
learned. They also are able to memorize and
to remind what they have learned.
Error number
40. Student
number 33
Some transformations: Misuse of word
Misuse of adjective Life is like a competition. We
compete to each other to still
live .
Life is like a competition. We compete with each other to
keep alive.
Misuse of preposition The students that are
interested to get the gift and reward try to do
their best to be able to answer the teacher‟s questions.
The students that are interested in
getting the gift and reward try to do their best to be able to answer the
teacher‟s questions.
Misuse of possessive pronoun If they see the positive side of
competition, they will improve their selves
to be better. If they see the positive side of
competition, they will improve themselves
to be better.
Error number
41. Student
number 64
Some transformations:
Omission of noun → omit –s Misuse of preposition
Competition is one of the way
to make students get motivation
on doing something.
Competition is one of the ways
to make students get motivation
in doing something.
Misuse of verb They will get something if they
did something.
They will get something if they do
something. Some transformations:
Word order → erroneous
modal verb
Misuse of adjective → Comparative
adjective incorrect
Competition also
can make
students more healthy
. Competition
can also make students
healthier .
Error number
42. Student
number 70
Some transformations: Misuse of noun
Addition of article It was not mine or even ours,
the vault
. It was not mine or even our
fault .
Omission of noun → omit –s It has two
side , bad and good.
It has two sides
, bad and good. Some transformations:
Addition of article
Omission of verb → omit –s When a child with
a very
competitive mindset, he or she will end up as a person who
always want
to be the best… When a child with
very competitive
mindset, he or she will end up as a person who always
wants to be the
best…
Error number
Student number
Some transformations: Misuse of determiner
Omission of relative pronoun Teachers are asked to be media to
transfer those
knowledge come
Teachers are asked to be media to transfer
that knowledge
which come
43. 2
Misuse of preposition from
books into
students. from
books to
students. Omission
of correlative
conjunction but also Not only
lecturing in the class, the teachers are asked to lead students
to be active in the classroom activities.
Not only lecturing in the class,
but also
the teachers are asked to lead students to be active in the classroom
activities.
Omission of verb → omit –s
Omission of noun → omit –s
Omission of preposition → omit
–s Of course, those all
depend on
how teacher give
instructions clearly.
Beside
, homework is helpful to make
students do
more exercises.
Of course, those all depends
on how teacher
gives instructions
clearly.
Besides , homework is helpful to
make students do more exercises.
Information: The red colour shows students errors, while the blue colour shows the writer correction.
91
3. Classifying Errors and Calculating the Percentage of Type of Errors