getting up . In syntax, he is a
dear to me friend for
he is a dear friend to me
. In lexicon,
key car
for car key
.
3. Comparative Taxonomy
The types of errors in comparative taxonomy are classified based on comparisons between the structure of second language and other types of
constructions.
14
There are three types of errors in this category: developmental
errors, interlingual errors, and ambiguous errors. a Developmental Errors
These errors are errors that made by children learning the target language as their first language. In this type of errors, the L
2
and L
1
are compared. Example: Dog
eat it
. The omission of the article and the past tense can be classified as developmental because it also found in the
speech of children learning English as their first language.
b Interlingual Errors
Interlingual can be interpreted as transfer. The learner‟s native language somehow automatically interferes with the learning of the L
2
or automatically transfers to the learner‟s developing L
2
system.
15
Interlingual errors are lies in structure to a semantically equivalent phrase or sentence in the learner‟s native language. Example: Dog
eat it
. The researcher would translate the grammatical form The dog ate it, then
compare both sentences to see if the learner‟s L
1
structure is discernible in the L
2
sentence.
c Ambiguous Errors
Ambiguous errors reflect the learner‟s native language structure, and at the same time, they are found in speech of children acquiring a first
language. Therefore ambiguous errors could be classified as well as developmental or interlingual errors.
14
Heidi Dulay, op. cit., p. 163.
15
Heidi Dulay, op. cit., p. 171.
4. Communicative Effect Taxonomy
Communicative effect focuses on the perspective of error effect on the listener and reader. Communicative effect distinguishes between errors
and mistake that cause miscommunication. Errors that affect the entirety organization of the sentence hinder successful communication, if only a
single element of the sentence do not hinder communication. There are two types of errors in this category: Global Errors and Local Errors.
a Global Errors
Global errors hinder communication. It prevents the message from being comprehend. Example: I like bus but my father said so not that we
must be late for school. b Local Errors
Local errors do not prevent the message from being understood because there is a single element of a sentence that the hearer can get the
meaning. Example: If I hear from her, I would
will let you know
. For this study, the writer will only use two categories, linguistic
category and surface category, because this study focuses on the writing skill. The writer used linguistic category because she used two language
components of linguistic category are syntax and morphology grammar, semantics and lexicon meaning and vocabulary which is these language
components emphasize on writing skill. Surface category used in this study because the writer also focuses on the aspect of errors. There are
four types of error in this category are omission, addition, misformation, and misoredering. From linguistic category syntax, morphology,
semantic, and lexicon the writer can classify the types of errors omission, addition, misformation, and misoredering which is in surface category.
Both linguistic category and surface category are interrelated. While comparative taxonomy do not used in this study because the
purpose of this study do not compare the structure of second language errors and other types of constructions. Communicative effect taxonomy
also does not used in this study because it focuses on the perspective of error effect on the listener and reader, while the purpose of this study
emphasize on writing skill.
D. Source of Errors
