1. Speech Community
The immediate universe for the ethnography of communication is traditionally the speech community and the way communication is patterned and
organized within that unit. Being member of a speech community has been defined as sharing the same language, sharing rules of speaking and interpretation
of speech performance, and sharing sociocultural understandings and presuppositions with regard to speech. There is homogeneous community in
societies which includes the range of language, language varieties and registers. It will pattern in the salient social and dimensions of communication.
Speech community is defined as a community sharing knowledge of rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech Chaika, 1996:49. It can be
understood that in a community people will share their knowledge of norms and rules in interacting one another. The knowledge that they share and copy will
determine their pattern of life and behaviors. According to Gumperz in Chaika, 1996: 309, a speech community is a
group of speakers who share a set of norms about the use of a language or languages. It means that people who live together in a group use the same
language that has the same set of norms and rules. Another definition of speech community is proposed by Fishman 1972,
that speech community is one; all of the members of speech community share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use. So, clusters of
people do not only use the same forms of language but also use the same norms of language in their member of speech community. They do not have gaps or overlap
in their clusters. Studies of speech communities reveal the social stratification, social
networks and relevant social groupings. People within one community do not necessary speak the same way. Moreover people may belong to several speech
communities with consequences for changing their speech behaviors but all of members of speech communities may not use the rules of language in the same
way. Different members of a speech community may have very different experiences. Some may have gone into the service where they met people of many
different dialects, thus they change their own perceptions. The different attitude of a group is discovered by examining the dialects that they have copied as well as
by asking people to evaluate their own and other’s speech. Based on the statement above, the speech community can be stated as a
group of people who share at least a single speech variety and they have the same norms and rules in communicating each other that is accepted among themselves.
2. Speech Situation
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