Address Pragmatics LITERARY REVIEW

C. Address

Address is often part of greeting which is used to maintain social relationship between people in society. It also means to care the others. The use of address depends on the relationship between the addresser and the addressee. According to Fasold 1990:1-3 states that there are two main kinds of address forms. They are names addressing by calling first name and second-person pronouns addressing by calling the title and last name. While in a certain situation, the speaker addresses the hearer by title T, by first name FN, by last name LN, by nickname, by some combination of these or even by nothing at all. The asymmetric use of names and address terms is often a clear indicator of a power differential. Title T, last name LN and First Name FN indicate inequality in power. Title name TN indicates inequality and unfamiliarity while First Name FN indicates equality and familiarity. The addressing by Title alone such as Mr, Mrs, Doctor, Your Majesty show the less intimate between the speaker and the hearer and the addressing by First Name shows the intimacy between the speaker and the hearer. Meanwhile Brown and Gilman state that there are two major dimensions of choosing address namely power and solidarity. Power is realized in the form of social status while solidarity is in the term of social distance. From the explanation above, address is one crucial aspect to help in analyzing apologizing act in the film entitled “Pretty Woman”.

D. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterancehttp:www.sil.orglinguisticsGlossaryOfLinguisticTermsWhatIsPragm atics.htm. It is related to the language that is used in a social context, including its effect on the interlocutors. The effect of the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance are context of utterance, generally observed principles of communication, and the goals of the speaker. Pragmatics is the branch of semiotics that deals with the relationship between signs, especially words and other elements of language, and their users. Some of the elements of language that are studied in pragmatics include deixies, presupposition, implicature, performative etc. Pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation. It distinguishes two intents or meanings in each utterance or communicative act of verbal communication. One is the informative intent or the sentence meaning, and the other the communicative intent or speaker meaning. The ability to comprehend and produce a communicative act is referred to as pragmatic competence which often includes ones knowledge about the social distance, social status between the speakers involved, the cultural knowledge such as politeness, and the linguistic knowledge explicit and implicit. Pragmatics is the study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated. Another perspective is that pragmatics deals with the ways we reach our goal in communication. Suppose a person wanted to ask someone else to stop smoking. This could be achieved by using several utterances. A person could simply says, Stop smoking, please by using direct and clear semantic meaning; alternatively, a person could say, Wow, this room uses an air purifier which implies a similar meaning indirectly and therefore it requires pragmatic inference to derive the intended meaning http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiPragmatics. Meanwhile Yule 1996: 3-4 states that pragmatic is the study of contextual meaning. This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in the particular context and how the context influences what is said. It also considers about who they are talking to, where, when and under what circumstances. Based on the definition above, we can summarize that pragmatics is the study of language or utterance meaning influenced by the context. It emphasizes on the relation of language meaning in the context.

E. Context