people do not only use the same forms of language but also use the same norms of language in their member of speech community. They do not have gaps or overlap
in their clusters. Studies of speech communities reveal the social stratification, social
networks and relevant social groupings. People within one community do not necessary speak the same way. Moreover people may belong to several speech
communities with consequences for changing their speech behaviors but all of members of speech communities may not use the rules of language in the same
way. Different members of a speech community may have very different experiences. Some may have gone into the service where they met people of many
different dialects, thus they change their own perceptions. The different attitude of a group is discovered by examining the dialects that they have copied as well as
by asking people to evaluate their own and other’s speech. Based on the statement above, the speech community can be stated as a
group of people who share at least a single speech variety and they have the same norms and rules in communicating each other that is accepted among themselves.
2. Speech Situation
The occasion is crucial in determining who will speak and even if anyone will. There are times when it is all right to speak and times when it is not. These
are frequently bound with place Chaika, 1996:170. It means that in speaking with the others, people must determine the context of situation whether it is
formal-informal or polite-impolite. When we talk to the others, we must determine the situation like the place, the participants and the time.
While Hymes depicts speech situation as situation associated with or marked by absence of speech. He identifies that the speech situation is not always
communicative. It depends on the context of situation of conversation takes place. The context situation can be described as ceremonies, lovemaking, hunt etc.
From the statement above, we can say that the speech situation deals with the context of the speech whether it is formal or informal.
3. Speech event
According to Gordon and Lakoff 1975 in Chaika 1996: 156, speech event is the situation calling forth particular ways of speaking.
Meanwhile Hymes 1986: 52 depicts that speech event will be restricted to activities or aspects of activities that are directly governed by rules and norms
for the use of language. The examples are lectures, introductions, advertising and two or more party conversation. A speech event takes place within a speech
situation and speech event can be built from one or more speech acts.
4. Speech acts
Speech acts are the minimal terms on the scale and refer to the acts we perform when we speak like giving reports, giving advice, agreeing, complaining,
and apologizing. According to Hymes 1986:52, speech acts are the minimal term of the
set. It represents a level distinct from the sentence, and not identifiable with any
single portion of other levels of grammar, nor with segments of any particular size defined in the terms of other level of grammar.
From the definition above, speech acts are the action that are performed by saying something through sentences and utterances
This research is concentrated on the study of speech act especially on the study of apologizing act. Further explanation of speech acts will be explained in
sub chapter F.
5. Ethnography of Speaking
