Definition of Error Error Analysis

grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspective that attempt to understand and describe it. 15 According to David Crystal in the Cambbridge Encyclopedia of Language, “Grammar is a davice of some sort for froducing the sentences of the language under analysis.” 16 David Nunan defined in Second Language Teaching and Learning Grammar as “A description of the structure of a language and the way which linguistic unit such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in th e language.” 17 According to Nelson Francis, he interprets grammar in three common ways as follows: a. Grammar is “the set of formal pattern in which the words of language area arranged in order to convey larger meaning”. b. Grammar is “the branch of linguistic scince which is concerned with the description, analysis and formulization of formal language patters”. c. Grammar is “ linguistic etiquette”. Linguistic in its worst embalams, crorcthey, antiquated rules, many of them purely imaginary, even in their origin. 18 The knowladge of Grammar is very important to what will be said and interpreted correctly. It also enables someone to make statements about how to use hisher language. According to J. Donal Bowen in his book, Grammar is the 15 Craig Hancock, Meaning-Centered Grammar, London: Equinock Publishing ltd, 2005, p. 6. 16 David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 2nd, p. 88. 17 David Nunan, defined in Second Language Teaching and Learning, Boston: Heinle publisher, 1999, p. 97 18 S. Wododo, “The Role of Grammar in Studying English, Journal English Education, No.4, Vol. 1”, November 2002.p. 19. rules by which someone puts together meaningful words and parts of words of a language to communicate massages that are comprehensible. 19 From all adfinition above, it can be explained that grammar is the study of the systematic rules which describe the way words change their form and are combined into good sentences. It is as a tool that must be learnt by students to master English.

2. Tense

The word “tense” is derived ultimately form the Latin word Tempus. Its meaning is time. Tense commonly refers to the times of the situation, which relates to the situation of Utterance or at the moment of speaking. For example, the commonest tenses found in language are peresent, past tense, and future tense. A situation described in the present tense is related as simultaneous with the moment of speaking John is singing; the situation described in the past as related to the prior moment of speaking John was singing; while the situation described in the future as related subsequent to the moment of speaking John will sing. Since tense refers to the time of the situation which relates to the situation of the utterance or relates the content ofthe message to the speaker in items of the”here and now”, it can be described as “deictic”. 20 In Oxford Dictionary, tense is a form taken by a verb to indicate the time at which the action or state is viewed as occurring: the quality of a verb expressed. 21 One of the forms which a verb takes by inflection or by adding auxiliary words, is to indicate the time of the action or event signified; the modification which verbs undergo for the indication of time. The tenses choosed depend on how to consider the event. It is finished, or there is still a connection to the present. 19 J, Donal Bowen, “TESOL Technic and Procedures”, Cambridge: New Burry Publisher,1992, p. 161 20 www. Humnet. Ucla.Eduhumnetaspect.hausa-onlie-grammartensestenses html 21 Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, “Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar”, New York: Oxford Dictionary Press, 1994. P. 395.