rules by which someone puts together meaningful words and parts of words of a language to communicate massages that are comprehensible.
19
From all adfinition above, it can be explained that grammar is the study of the systematic rules which describe the way words change their form and are
combined into good sentences. It is as a tool that must be learnt by students to master English.
2. Tense
The word “tense” is derived ultimately form the Latin word Tempus. Its meaning is time. Tense commonly refers to the times of the situation, which
relates to the situation of Utterance or at the moment of speaking. For example, the commonest tenses found in language are peresent, past tense, and future tense.
A situation described in the present tense is related as simultaneous with the moment of speaking John is singing; the situation described in the past as related
to the prior moment of speaking John was singing; while the situation described in the future as related subsequent to the moment of speaking John will sing.
Since tense refers to the time of the situation which relates to the situation of the utterance or relates the content ofthe message to the speaker in items of the”here
and now”, it can be described as “deictic”.
20
In Oxford Dictionary, tense is a form taken by a verb to indicate the time at which the action or state is viewed as occurring: the quality of a verb
expressed.
21
One of the forms which a verb takes by inflection or by adding auxiliary words, is to indicate the time of the action or event signified; the
modification which verbs undergo for the indication of time. The tenses choosed depend on how to consider the event. It is finished, or there is still a connection to
the present.
19
J, Donal Bowen, “TESOL Technic and Procedures”, Cambridge: New Burry Publisher,1992, p. 161
20
www. Humnet. Ucla.Eduhumnetaspect.hausa-onlie-grammartensestenses html
21
Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, “Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar”, New
York: Oxford Dictionary Press, 1994. P. 395.
In grammar, tense is a category that locates a situation in time, to indicate
when the situation takes place. Tense is the grammaticalisation of time reference, often using three basic categories of before now, i.e. the past; now, i.e. the
present; and after now, i.e. the future. The unmarked reference for tense is the temporal distance from the time of utterance, the here and now, this being
absolute-tense. Relative-tense indicates temporal distance from a point of time established in the discourse that is not the present, i.e. reference to a point in the
past or future, such as the future-in-future, or the future of the future at some time in the future after the reference point, which is in the future and future-in-past or
future of the past at some time after a point in the past, with the reference point being a point in the past.
22
The term tense is therefore at times used in language descriptions to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood, as many languages
include more than one such reference in portmanteau TAM tense –aspect–mood
affixes or verb forms. Conversely, languages that grammaticalise aspect can have tense as a secondary use of an aspect. Verbs can also be marked for both mood
and tense together, such as the present subjunctive So be it and the past subjunctive Were it so, or all three, such as the past perfect subjunctive Had it
been so. In talking about tense, it is not only focused on the time of the situation
that is being described but also tense is usually defined as relating to the time of the action, event, or state
23
and some grammarians also use the term gerund more loosely to refer to any verb form when it is functioning as a noun.
24
3. Kind of Verbal
A verbal is a noun or adjective formed from a verb. Writers sometimes
make mistakes by using a verbal in place of a verb, and in very formal writing, by confusing different types of verbals. This section covers three different verbals:
22
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiGrammatical_tense
23
Lurie Baure, “English Word Formation”, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press,
1983, p. 157
24
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiGrammatical_tense
