the past tense. Many times the past tense is accompanied by a specific time reference, such as six months ago, las December, in 1960, etc.
19
For example:
The tree fell to the ground.
The kids dressed up as ghosts last Halloween.
We run inside and took off out wet boots. Then we stood by the fire to get warm.
2 Past Progressive Tense
The past progressive tense uses to talk about activities in progress at a specific past time in the past. The past progressive focuses on the activity at a
specific time in the middle of the activity.
20
For example:
Zaenal was watching TV at seven o’oclock last night.
3 Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense expresses an action completed in the past prior to some other past event or time.
21
For example:
She had already left before I could offer her a ride.
She had left before we got there.
4 Past Perfect Progressive Tense
The past perfect progressive is used for the duration of a single action before another action in the past. It was stopped or interrupted by the second action.
For example:
He had been doing a good job for us untill he went over to “the other side.” He stopped doing a good job for us
19
Susan M. Reinhart, Testing Your English Grammar, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1985 p. 18.
20
Barbara Robinson, Focus, New York: St. Martin Press, 1995 p. 119-120.
21
Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen Freeman, The Grammar Book, Heinle Heinle Publishers, 1999 p. 116.
It can also indicate the repetition of an action before another time in the past. For example:
He took their offer because we hadn’t been paying him so well. each week.
22
c. Future Tense
1 Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense is used when the event is conceptualized as a whole. One difference in its core meaning is that events in the future time cannot be
factually knowable in the same way as those in the past or present can. Simple future applies an action to take place at some definite future time, example : Andy
will take the bar exam next month. It also applies a future habitual action or state: After October, Josh will take the train to Chicago everyday.
23
2 Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a time in the future.
For example:
Right now I am sitting in library. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in library.
24
3 Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect is used to indicate an event that will occur in the future before another future time or event.
For example:
I will have left the office before the boss arrives.
We will have cleaned the house by the time the guests arrive.
22
Pamela Hartmann, et al, Tense Situations, California: IPS Publishers, Inc., 1984, p.81.
23
Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen Freeman, The Grammar Book, Heinle Heinle Publishers, 1999 p. 114-115.
24
Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989, p.51
The second example means that we plan to finish the house cleaning before a certain time the arrival of the guests.
Notice that by the time, by, before, and when are commonly used in sentences containing the future and the past.
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4 Future Perfect Progressive Tense
The future perfect progressive emphasizes the long duration of an action or a habitual action before another time in the future. The length of time is usually
given in the sentence. It often use for or since with the future perfect progressive. For example:
By the time you receive this, we will have been living here for three years.
The future perfect progressive may begin at any time before the other future action; it may even begin in the past.
For example:
I will have been dreaming about hot fudge sundaes for three years.
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C. ERROR ANALYSIS
1. Definition of Error Analysis
Human learning is fundamentally a process that involves the making mistakes. Mistakes, misjudgments, miscalculations, and erroneous assumptions
form an important aspect of learning virtually any skill or acquiring information. James noted from Corder’s opininon that: “A learner’s error... are significant in
[that] they provide to the researcher evidence of how language is learned or acquired, what strategies or procedures the learner is employing in the discovery
of the language.”
27
Besides, the definition of Error analysis is the process of
25
Susan M. Reinhart, Testing Your English Grammar, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1985 p. 20
26
Pamela Hartmann, et al, Tense Situations, California: IPS Publishers, Inc., 1984, p.139
27
H. Duoglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000, p.217
