F
r From the explanations above, it can be seen that regular verb and
irregular verb have different rules in changing verb. Regular verbs are simple past just end in
–ed and irregular verbs have different form in the four principal parts.
In the writer suggestions, there are several ways how to cope with regular and irregular verbs:
a For regular verbs, the past tense and past participles forms are
spelt by adding –d or –ed to the base form, eg study becomes
studied. b
For irregular verbs, the past tense and past participles must be memorized because irregular verbs have unpredictable past
tense and past participle forms. So, the easiest way is just memorize forms of irregular verbs.
B. Cooperative Learning
1. Definition of Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning is a technique where students study in a group and each group consists of five or six members. The students will active
and participate in the group. Catch
Caught Caught
Deal Dealt
Dealt Dig
Dug Dug
Eat Ate
Eaten Fall
Fell Fallen
Give Gave
Given Hang
Hung Hung
Keep Kept
Kept Let
Let Let
Make Made
Made
Cooperative Learning is part of a group of teachinglearning techniques where students interact with each other to acquire and practice
the elements of a subject matter and to meet common learning goals. With cooperative learning, students work together in groups that usual
size is two to four members
11
. Therefore, cooperative learning is a technique of teaching and learning process that the students study
together in a group.
2. Principles of Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning principles are tool which is used by teachers to encourage mutual helpfulness in the groups and the active participation of
all members
12
. The teacher must know the principles of cooperative learning
because it can help the teacher to understand benefit of using cooperative learning in the classroom. There are eight principals of cooperative
learning, such as
13
: a.
Positive interdependence Students are encouraged to think in terms of positive
interdependence, which means that the students are not thinking competitively and individualistically, but rather cooperatively and in
terms of the group. b.
Work together Students often say together in the same groups for a period of time,
so they can learn how to work better together. The teacher usually assigns students to the groups so that the groups are mixed or males
and females or different ethnic groups and or different proficiency levels. This allows students to learn from each other and also gives
11
Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 52.
12
Ibid.
13
Diane Larsen Freeman, Technique and Principles in Language Teaching, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 167-168.
them practice in how to get along with people different from themselves.
c. Social skills
Social skills such as acknowledging another‟s contribution, asking others to contribute, and keeping the conversation calm need to be
explicitly taught. d.
Language acquisition Language acquisition is facilitated by students interacting in the
target language. e.
Individually accountability Although students work together, each student is individually
accountable. f.
Responsibility Responsibility and accountability for each other‟s learning is shared.
g. Leadership is distributed
Each group member should be encouraged to feel responsible for participating and for learning.
h. Social purposes
Teachers not only teach language; they teach cooperation as well. Of course, since social skills involve the use of language, cooperative
learning teaches language for both academic and social purposes.
From the explanations above, there are several principles in cooperative learning: the students study in a group, every member has
responsibility to share information about the lesson, the students can talk each other, the students have more motivation, the students not only get
the material but also they know how to study together or social skill, etc. But according to Wendy Jolliffe, there are two principles of
cooperative learning. They are positive interdependence and individual accountability. But the two principles of cooperative learning have
covered by Diane Larsen. The writer thinks that positive interdependence
is very important because the students can help each other in learning the materials and the students are not thinking competitively. There are two
principles of cooperative learning
14
: a.
Positive interdependence – „We sink or swim together’ This requires each pupil in a small group to contribute to the learning
of the group. Pupils are required to work in a way so that each group member nee
ds the others to complete the task. It is a feeling of „one for all and all for one‟. The writer gets the meaning of positive
interdependence that the students study in the groups and each student must help the group to comprehend the material.
b. Individual accountability – „No Hitchhiking’
This means that each member of the group is accountable for completing his or her part of the work. It is important that no one can
„hitchhike‟ on the work of others. It requires each pupil in the group to develop a sense of personal responsibility to learn and to help the
rest of the group to learn also. The writer gets the meaning of individual accountability that each student in a group learns or
completes part of the task so every student has responsibility to help or explain the material to their group.
From the explanation above, the writer comments that principles of Diane Larsen are more complete than principles of Wendy Jolliffe.
There are several ways how to apply principles of cooperative learning in teaching learning:
a. The teacher divides students into several groups.
b. The teacher order to the students to discuss the material in group.
c. The teacher order to the students to interact each other.
d. The teacher order to the students to work together.
14
Wendy Jolliffe, Cooperative Learning in the Classroom: Putting it into practice, London: Cornwell Press, 2007, p. 3.
e. The teacher explains that every student has responsible for
participating and learning. f.
The teacher order to the students to help each other in learning the material.
C. Jigsaw Technique
