Definition of Illocutionary Act

19 or negative. It can conclude the directives is connected by speaker demand. Example : Wake up, the speaker expressed what the speaker wants is order to hearer wake up from bed. In using a directives, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words via the hearer. 24 c. Commisives. Commisives is illocutionary act which the point is to commit the speaker again in varying degrees to some future course of action. The direction of fit is world to words, and the sincerity condition is intention. The propositional content is always that the speaker does some future action. This class are promise, vow and threat. 25 Example : I‟ll be back. In this utterance, the speaker promised that he or she will be back to hearer. In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words via the speaker. 26 d. Expressives. The illocutionary point of this class is to express the phsycological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state of affairs specified in the propositional content. Notice that in expressives there is no direction of fit in expressive. In performing the expressive act, the speaker tries to get the world by match the words not conversely, rather the truth of the expressed proposition is presupposed. This class are thank, congratulate, apologize, condole, deplore, welcome. 27 Example : Congratulations to Greg Heffley for winning the perfect attendance-award. The speaker said what he or she feels. The speaker can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer 24 George Yule 1996, op. cit., p. 54. 25 J. R. Searle 1977, op. cit., p. 35. 26 George Yule 1996, op. cit. 27 J.R. Searle 1977, op.cit., p. 36. 20 does, but they are about the speaker‟s experience. In using an expressives, the speaker makes words fit the world of feeling. e. Declarations. Declarations is the defining characteristic of successful performance of one of its members brings about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality. Declarations bring about some alternative in the status or condition of the referred to object solely by virtue of the fact that the declaration has been successfully performed. This class are define, abbreviate, name, call, dub. 28 It is a speech form that connects the content of speech by its reality. In this case, the speaker must have a special role in the specific of context to deliver an appropriate declaration. Example : I now pronounce you husband and wife. In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words. 29

3. The Situation of Speech

Speech creates the speech situation. It means the actual speech can be identified through situation, like the speaker and hearer. Speaker is the person do speech activity, it means one who is doing certain pragmatic functions in communication both are personal and interpersonal communication. Meanwhile, the hearer is the person who becomes the object of performer and at the same time heshe is also being hearer in the communication event. Based on speech situation in communication, Sperber and Wilson in Rustono argued a speech act, in it the illocutionary act should consider five aspects of speech situation, they are : 30 28 Ibid., pp. 37-38. 29 George Yule 1996, op. cit., p. 53. 30 Geoffrey Leech, Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik, terj M.D.D Oka Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 1993, pp. 19-21.