Causes of writing apprehension

digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id writing apprehension and teacher behavior and attitude in a rural Pennsylvania high school. The questions were as follows. First, is the Willower Pupil Control Ideology PCI a reproducible instrument that predicts teacher behaviors in the classroom on a continuum from custodial to humanistic? Second, is there a relationship between teacher behaviors as measured by the PCI and student writing apprehension as measured by changes in the DalyMiller Writing Apprehension Survey WAS? Third, did students report other factors which had an effect on their willingness to write? The results of the study support the idea that Willower’s PCI was a generally useful psychometric which predicts the likelihood of humanistic or custodial and direct or indirect behaviors by teachers. Student writing apprehension increased over the sampled population n=405, with no differential effects found among the 25 classes studied, a result that is consistent with overall custodial behavior and direct teacher-student interactions. According to observed and student-reported data Systematic writing instruction, teacher modeling of writing and affective supported in the classroom were not common or significant elements in the curriculum of the high school in this study. 23 Sayyah Al-Ahmad in his dissertation entitled “the impact of collaborative learning on L1 and L2 college students’ apprehension about and attitudes towards writing”. It was intended to investigate the impact of collaborative learning on L1 and L2 college students apprehension about 23 Peter Pappalardo, Doctoral dissertation: “Teacher Behavior And Attitude And Student Writing Apprehension”. Indiana: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2010 digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id attitudes towards writing. The subject of this research was 349 L1 students and L2 writing teachers, 77 L2 students, and 3 L2 writing teachers. The instruments that used were the Daly-Miller Writing Apprehension Test twice, once a pre-test and another as posttest and writing course activity questionnaire. The purpose of both instruments was to find whether students level of writing apprehension decreased from pretest to the posttest and investigate the relationship between collaborative learning and teachers attitudes, a reduction on in students writing apprehension and change in their attitudes towards writing. the result found that students writing apprehension had decreased significantly from the pretest to the posttest. Additionally, their attitudes towards writing had positively changed from pre to the posttest. 24 Another study from Sawalha, Abdulla Musa Salem, and Chow, and Thomas Voon Foo entitled The effect of writing apprehension in English on the writing process of Jordanian EFL students at Yarmouk University”. This research aims to investigate the effects of writing apprehension on the writing process of Jordanian EFL students at Yarmouk University in Jordan. The sampling of this study was sixty-third year students studying B.A English Language and Literature at Yarmouk University in Jordan for the academic year 2010 2011. The instruments used in this study were Adapted Daly and Miller Writing Apprehension Test WAT by Gungle and Taylor to measure writing apprehension and the writing strategy questionnaire which was 24 Sayyah Al-Ahmad, Doctoral Dissertation: “The Impact Of Collaborative Learning On L1 And L2 College Students’ Apprehension About And Attitudes Towards Writing”. Indiana: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2003 digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id adapted from the questionnaire used by Petric and Czárl. The results of this study showed that majority of the Jordanian EFL students at Yarmouk University in Jordan experienced a high level of writing apprehension. Furthermore, There were significant differences among high, mid, low in the frequency use across the three writing stages .These statistics suggested writing apprehension level of students had affected the frequency of strategy use and type of strategy use. English Language and Literature students at Yarmouk University in Jordan of different writing apprehension levels had preference over different and frequency of strategy use. 25 Dilek Yavuz Erkan and Ayten İflazoğlu Saban in their journal entitled “Writing Performance Relative to Writing Apprehension, Self-Efficacy in Writing, and Attitudes towards Writing: A Correlation Study in Turkish Tertiary-Level EFL. The purpose of this study is to identify whether writing performance in students of English as a foreign language EFL is related to writing apprehension, self-efficacy in writing, andor attitudes towards writing. The subjects were tertiary-level EFL188 students at Çukurova University School for Foreign Languages YADIM in Turkey. Three instruments were used to collect data: a writing apprehension test WAT, a self-efficacy in writing scale SWS, and a questionnaire on attitudes towards writing WAQ. The results of the study suggest that, in these tertiary-level 25 Al_Sawalha, Abdulla Musa Salem and Chow Thomas Voon Foo.”The Effects of Writing Apprehension in English on the Writing Process of Jordanian EFL Students at Yarmouk University”.International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education.Volume 1, Issue 1, February 2012.p.6-14 digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id EFL students, writing apprehension and writing performance are negatively correlated, writing apprehension and writing self-efficacy are negatively correlated, and writing apprehension and attitude towards writing are positively correlated. 26 From first until five previous studies above, this research has the same aspect about writing apprehension. An instrument that used is writing apprehension test to measure the level of writing apprehension. Although it has the same aspect, this research more focuses on Level and the causes of writing Apprehension. It does not correlate level with another aspect. It also has different subject whereas it conducted the research in English Education Department of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. 26 Dilek Yavuz Erkan and Ayten İflazoğlu Saban.”Writing Performance Relative to Writing Apprehension, Self-Efficacy in Writing, and Attitudes towards Writing: A Correlational Study in Turkish Tertiary-Level EFL”. Asian EFL Journal. p 164-192.