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In the encyclopedia it is states that: Debat adalah kegiatan adu argumentasi antara dua pihak atau lebih, baik
secara perorangan maupun kelompok, dalam mendiskusikan dan memutuskan masalah dan perbedaan. Secara formal debate banyak
dilakukan dalam intitusi legislative seperti parlemen, terutama di Negara- negara yang menggunakan system opposisi. Dalam hal ini debate
dilakukan menuruti aturan-aturan yang jelas dan hasil dari debate dapat dihasilkan melalui votting atau melalui keputusan juri.
From the definition above it can be concluded that basically debate is a
clash of arguments between two teams, the Affirmative team and Negative team, to solve a problem. The winner of the debate contest is decided by the juries or
adjudicators based on the rules and regulation which have been agreed before. Each team tries hard to defense its arguments in order to win the debate. The
arguments should explain clearly, why a team supports or opposes the topic being debated.
b. The Procedure of Critical Debate Technique
It is necessary to remember that debating is not a discussion process in which there is no compromised result as in a discussion. The point of having a
debate is to speak out and listen to different kinds of opinions and at the end respecting those differences. Barkley 2005: 127 proposes the procedure of
conducting critical debate, they are: 1.
Propose the motion and ask students to indentify which side of the proposition they most support. They can indicate a preference by raising their hands or by
writing their names and choice on a sign up sheet or piece of paper. 2.
Explain to students that they will argue the side that is contrary to their own beliefs, stressing the benefits of arguing against their personal views for
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example, it helps them to clarify their own ideas and to deepen their understanding of the issue.
3. Divide student into four-to six member teams, with half the teams’ assigned to
one side of argument and the other half assigned to the opposing argument. Try to get as many as possible arguing for the side they disagree with,
realizing that especially with compex issue, students will likely not devide evenly.
4. Explain ground rules and give the students time to assign role and organize
how they will prepare for and conduct the debate. 5.
Give students time to prepare their arguments such as fifteen or thirty minutes .
6. Pair teams representing opposing sides.
7. Announce and allow time to present arguments such as five minutes each
side, ten minutes total. 8.
Give teams time to prepare rebuttals such as ten minutes. 9.
Announce and allow time to present rebuttals such as five minutes each side, ten minutes total.
10. Hold a whole-class discussion to summarize the important issue and to give
students the opportunity to discuss the experience of arguing opinions they do not hold. So competitive debating is debating using a format. What format
does
Indonesians
use? How does it work? The Indonesian school debating championship use the world schools format proposed by Michael Birshan in
ISDC Official Regulation 2006: .2. This format works as follows:
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1
st
2
nd
3
nd
4
th
5
th
6
th
7
th
8
th
minutes
POIs allowed POI not
allowed POI not
allowed
1. There are 2 teams debating, each consists of 3 three debaters who would
be 1
st.
2
nd,
and 3
rd
speakers of each of the team. 2.
One team will be the GovernmentAffirmative side – the side agreeing with the motion. The other team will be the oppositionnegative side-the
side disagreeing with the motion. 3.
Each speaker will deliver a substantial speech of 8 eight minutes in duration, with the affirmative going first. Afterwards, either the 1
st
or 2
nd
speaker on both sides will deliver the reply speech of 4 four minutes in duration, with the negative going first.
4. Thus, the complete order of speaking during a debate is as follow:
1
st
Aff à 1
st
Neg à 2
nd
Aff à 2
nd
Neg à 3
rd
Aff à 3
rd
Neg à Reply Neg à
Reply Aff AFFIRMATIVE TEAM
NEGATIVE TEAM
1
st
speaker 8 min
2
nd
speaker 8 min
3
nd
speaker 8 min
1
st
speaker 8 min
2
nd
speaker 8 min
3
nd
speaker 8 min
Reply speaker 1
st
2
nd
speaker – 4 min Reply speaker
1
st
2
nd
speaker – 4 min
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substantive speech, members of the opposing team are allowed to give an interruption, called Points of Information POI, to the speaker delivering
the speech. POIs may be delivered between the 1
st
and 7
th
minute of the 8- minute-speech
5. A time keeper will signal the time. There will be one knock at the end of
the 1
st
and 7
th
minutes, to signal the starting and ending times for POI. And two knocks at the 8th minute to signal that delivery time for speech
has ended. Any debater speaking before 7
th
minutes shall be considered under-time and hisher points could be reduced. Any debater speaking
after 8
th
minutes 30 second shall be considered overtime and hisher points could be reduce as well
6. For reply speech, there will be one knock at the 3
rd
minute, to signal that delivery time is almost over, and two knocks at the 4
th
minute. 7.
Every debate shall be judge by an odd number judges and only the judges shall decide who wins the debate there is no draw in result of a debate
8. In Indonesians 2006, every team is given 30 minutes preparation time after
the motion is released and before the debate begins. During this preparation time, teams are not allowed to get help from anybody be it
coaches, teachers, parents or friends or use laptop, PDAs, or any other communication devices.
c. Some Terms in Critical Debate.
