14 greater prominence than the beginning part. A narrow diphthongs is in which the
movement of the tongue is relatively small, for examples the diphthongs ei and ou. A wide diphthong is in which the movement of the tongue is relatively great,
for examples ai and au.
Figure 3.1 British English Diphthongs according to Java and Achmad 2014, p. 56
DIPHTHONGS
5.
Foreign Language
Generally, students learn how to produce a word by imitating and following what they have listened in their daily lives. Pre-service English teachers learn
English as a second language after their mother tongue. They must understand English as the second language for their target education. Secondforeign
language L2 learning is more complicated as compared to learning L1. Celce- Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin 1996, p. 115 claim that non-native speakers of
Centering Closing
Ending in ə
ə
ɪə eə
ʊə Ending in
I
eɪ aɪ
ɔɪ Ending inʊ
əʊ aʊ
15 English need to achieve a threshold level of pronunciation to be understood and to
minimize oral communication problems. It is also observed that the learning of receptive skills is easier than the
productive skills. The students cannot get the mastery over these skills like native speakers, in spite of learning it for many years. This problem is experienced
severely in learning English as a foreign language EFL as the learners have difficulty in getting natural exposure to the target language. Furthermore, EFL
learners cannot learn the native accent perfectly in spoken English Richard and Schmidt 2010, p. 457.
In learning English as Foreign Language, there is a term, namely Communicative Competence. In the context of foreign language education,
intercultural competence is linked to communicative competence in a foreign language. Communicative competence refers t
o a person’s ability to act in a foreign language in a linguistically, socio-linguistically and pragmatically
appropriate way Byram and Phips 2005, p. 55. Students cannot leave their mother tongue accent. They cannot learn English accent perfectly.
B. Theoretical Framework
The research particularly aims at analyzing the extent of pre-service English teachers’ can pronounce the English diphthongs correctly and the difficulties they
found in learning pronunciation. The researcher summaries and synthesizes all theories related to the research to answer the two formulated research questions.
16 This research presents the pre-
service English teachers’ ability in pronouncing the English diphthongs to answer the first research question; “To
what extent can the pre-service English teachers of English Language Education Study Program pronounce diphthongs?” Diphthongs pronunciation theory is used
as the basis theory as it provides the benefits of learning diphthongs pronunciation. As a result, the researcher presents the pre-service English teachers
pronunciation of diphthongs words. Then, show the benefits of having good pronunciation. Kenworthy 1987, p. 5 states that learner needs to develop
concern for pronunciation. They must recognize that poor unintelligible speech will make their attempts at conversing frustration and unpleasant both for
themselves and for their listeners. In learning pronunciation, pre-service English teachers found difficulties.
However, pronunciation is one of important elements to be learnt by pre-service English teachers. Celce-Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin 1996, p. 56 state that
pronunciation needs to be taught and deserves more attention in a language course. The researcher applies those theories to answer and support the second
resear ch questions; “What difficulty do they face in pronouncing the English
Diphthongs? Moreover, Celce-Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin 1996, p. 120 claim that
non-native speakers of English need to achieve a threshold level of pronunciation to be understood and to minimize oral communication problems. Pronunciation is
very important to be learnt. The students should master it well. Harmer 2007, p. 250 states that pronunciation is very important. Learning pronunciation not only
17 makes students aware of different sounds and some features, but can also improve
their speaking immeasurably. This theory is used as it provides sufficient information to support the result of this research related to learning pronunciation.
18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that is used to obtain the data. There are four parts in this chapter. Those are research method, research subject,
research instruments, and data gathering technique. The research method will discuss about the definition of the appropriate research type that is chosen by the
researcher to do this research in brief. The research subject will show the elaboration of the subject research as the sampling method. The last part, the
research instruments and the data gathering, will explain the instrument that the researcher used to gather and develop the data.
A. Research Method
The researcher of this research focused on pre- service English teachers’
ability in pronouncing the English diphthongs and the difficulty they found in learning pronunciation. The research method was employed in order to
answer the two research questions. Those were briefly formulated as follows. 1.
To what extent can the pre-service English teachers of English Language Education Study Program pronounce diphthongs?
2. What difficulty do they face in pronouncing the English Diphthongs?
In this research, the researcher applied survey research as the research method. According to Arikunto 2009 A survey is a method of collecting data
19 from people about who they are, how they think, and what they do behavior
Arikunto 2009. Groves 2009 states that survey methodology seeks to identify principles about the sign, collection, processing, and analysis of surveys in
connection to the cost and quality of survey estimates. This research applied survey study to get information deeper about pre-
service English teachers’ behavior in pronouncing the English diphthongs and the difficulty they found in learning pronunciation.
B. Research Setting
The researcher spent ten months in analyzing the extent of pre-service English teachers can pronounce diphthongs and their difficulty in learning
pronunciation. The process included compiling the pronunciation theories, doing the survey or the test to the participants, analyzing the diphthong sounds test,
summarize the interview, and writing up the report f this research. This research was conducted in Sanata Dharma University. It was to find the
participants, who had taken microteaching class. There were 40 students chosen. The test was done at Self Access Center and other places around campus.
C. Research Participants
In this research, the researcher used purposive sampling. According to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20 Latham, purposive sampling was selecting a sample on the basic of the
researcher’s knowledge of the population, its elements, and the nature of the research aims. The population was randomly selected based on a particular
characteristic Latham 2007, p. 512. The researcher chose students of English Language Education Study
Program in Sanata Dharma University. This research focused on students who had taken microteaching class. It was because they prepared to be a teacher soon. The
participants were 40 pre-service English teachers. According to Arikunto 2009, p. 11 states that a minimum sample size of 30 subjects. This is based on
calculations or testing requirements that are commonly used in statistics. Therefore, the researcher chose 40 students to get more data and accurate data. 40
students done a test and filled the questionnaire. 10 students done the interview.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
To gain the data, the researcher used three instruments, namely test, close- ended questions, and Interview. Those instruments were used to obtain the data in
order to get answers of the research questions. Those three instruments were commonly used in a survey to collect data from selected sample to which the
findings of the data analysis could be generalized Gall, Gall, and Borg; 2007. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
