Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL
Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded that the structural shift in English-Indonesian translation occur in sentence structure level, clause
structure level, and phrase structure level. The rule of the structural shift is also well implemented. This research was continued in the future in order to complete the
weakness of this research. It was expected that in the future a research regarding structural shift affected by social factor can be conducted.
As the title of his study which is about structural shift, he gave very details explanation about theory of structural shift completed with some samples for each
type. The theory he applied was proposed by Catford. Besides he also added brief explanation about sentence, clause and phrase construction. That explanation can be a
good reference to support current study. A relevant study by Argianti 2008 entitled Translation Shift Found in Harry
Potter and the Half Blood Prince mainly focused on analyzing how specific terms in the text of harry potter translated into Indonesian and kinds of translation shift found
in sentences with specific terms in the text. Regarding to the analysis, it was found that there are three strategies in
translating specific terms in the text of harry potter. These are done based on the appropriate translation equivalent from SL to TL to create goods translation which
natural and readable not as translation literary work. The result of the analysis also showed that there were some shifts found in translation of Harry Potter and the Half
Blood Prince. There were two major types of shift; they are level shift and category shift. All types of shift can be found in the data. Level shift occurs when the
grammatical level of the sentence is translated into lexical level. Category shift can be divided into structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. Structure shift
occurred when the source language texts have their equivalent translation in different arrangement of element in target language. From the data, structure shifts occurred at
sentence, complex sentence, clauses and, words group level. Class shift occurred when the translation equivalent of a TL item is a member of different class from the
original item. From the data, it is found that that changes of class occurred from noun phrase into verb, noun phrase into adjective phrase, verb clause into noun phrase, and
verb clause into adverbial clause. Unit shift occurred when there is change of rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. From the data, it is found that changes of
unit occurred from the rank of word into the rank of word group, word group into word, word into clause and word group into sentence. Intra system shift occurred
internally, within a system where SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection
of non-corresponding term in the SL system. This shift occurred in the corresponding system of number, system of voice, and in the way one language system locates the
modifier. The topic of her study about translation shift of specific term is very
interesting. Since, the explanation of specific term itself was found in chapter iii instead of in chapter ii where any theory used to be explained in this chapter. The
strength point of her work, which also very useful for current study, is she gave quite
complete explanation and samples about theory of translation shift. The theory of translation proposed by Larson also can be a good additional reference for this study.
Paramita 2005 also wrote a study which was relevant to current study entitled English Passive Voice and Its Translation into Indonesian. Her study mainly
analyzed passive voice construction in English and its translation into Indonesian and also trying to analyzed the translation shift occurred in this translation. Although the
shift of translation applied to be main concern on her study, she only gave very brief explanation about translation shift theory proposed by Catford.
The translation theory applied in this study was proposed by Catford 1965. For English grammar theory, she applied the theory of passive voice proposed by
Quirk et all. They classified English passive voice into three; agentive, non agentive and quasi passive, and for the grammar theory of passive voice in Indonesian, the
theory proposed by Hasan Alwi was applied. The explanation of English passive voice can be a good reference for current study. However, the explanation of
Indonesian passive voice is not as much as the English passive voice. She only gave the brief one and it would be much helpful if she could add more explanation.
The data used in her study was taken from English novel entitled Sparkling Cyanide by Agatha Christie and its translation Kenangan Kematian translated by Ade
Dina. However, she did not mentioned about these two novels in the title of her study. An article entitled
Structural Shifts in Translation Children‟s Literature by Akbari 2012, www.macrothink.orgjournalindex.phpijlarticledownload1911pdf
downloaded on November 5
th
, 2015 was focused on the types of structural shifts in
literary translation from English into Persian and their significant role in compensation and explicitation of meaning. The main objective of this study was to
see whether and how translators incorporate structural shifts into their schedule, what kinds of structural Shift are made and what kinds of structural shift are more
frequently used in literary translation. The second objective of the research was to examine whether structural shifts help the literary translators to better transfer the
meaning. Akbari also applied the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford. Farrokh 2011 wrote an article entitled The Equivalence and Shift in the
Persian Translation of English Complex Sentences with wh-Subordinate Clauses, http:dx.doi.org10.5539ells downloaded on 11
th
of November 2015. The main purpose of this study is to find the types of equivalence and shifts in the Persian
translation of English complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The English fictions and their Persian
translations considered as source of the data. The researcher classifies the data into two main categories: the equivalence and shift. The equivalence is subcategorized
into formal and dynamic equivalence based on Nidas theory. In this study, four categories of shifts, based on Catfords classification, which involved structure shifts,
unit shifts, rank shifts and intra-system shifts have been found. Based on 160 data, the results of this study indicated that in the Persian translation of these sentences, the
shifts occur more than the equivalence, with the percentage of 86.25 and the equivalence with the percentage of 13.75.
An article entitled Translation Shifts and Translator Strategies in the Hungarian
Translation of Alice Munro‟s “Boys and Girls” by Bánhegyi 2012,www.digilib.phil.muni.cz...2_CentralEuropeanJournalCanadian_8-2012-
1_1downloaded on 11
th
of November 2015. The article was examined Alice Munro‟s
“Boys and Girls” and its Hungarian translation from a Translation Studies point of view. The aim of the essay was to highlight certain translator strategies on the basis
of the corpus. To this end, a three-stage approach is applied: in the first stage of analysis some types of translation shifts are identified, in the second stage the
function of these shifts is examined with respect to how culture-specific regalia are treated in the text, how the short story‟s specific vocabulary is translated and how
idiolect typifying characters and exposing social differences is rendered, while in the third stage, translation strategies are explored. He applied translation shift theories
proposed by Catford and Newmark and for describing changes effected by translators; the theory by Klaudy 2003 and 2005 was applied.