22
c. The Characteristics of Masochism
According to Kernberg as cited in Finke and Niekerk in the book entitled One Hundred Years of Masochism: Literary Texts, Social and Cultural Context
2000, there are three dominant types of behavior presented by the depressive- masochistic personality disorder. They are 1 traits reflecting excessively severe
superego functioning, 2 traits reflecting over dependency on support, love, and acceptance from others, 3 traits reflecting the difficulties in the expression on
aggression p. 17. The following are the explanation of each type of behavior. The first type of behavior is traits reflecting severe superego. The reflection
of superego feature of the depressive-masochistic personality tends to be excessively serious, responsible, and concerned about work performance and
responsibility. The patients have a somber quality and are over conscientious. They may lack a sense of humor. They are highly reliable and dependable and
tend to judge themselves harshly and to set extremely high standards for themselves. In contrast, they are usually considerate, tactful, and concerned
behavior. Occasionally, they may be harsh in their judgments of others, a harness that may cause “righteous indignation”. When the patients’ high expectations are
not lived up, they may become depressed. In more severe cases, the excessive demands tend to put themselves into induce suffering circumstances and
exploitation, that will guide them to create an external reality directed to be mistreated, demeaned, or humiliated as cited in Finke and Niekerk, p. 17.
The second type of behavior is traits reflecting over dependency on support, love, and acceptance from others. On psychoanalytic exploration, the reflected
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23 traits also reveal a tendency to excessive guilt feelings toward others because of
unconscious ambivalence toward loved and needed objects, and an excessive reaction of frustration when they do not meet their expectation. These patients
may go out of their way to obtain sympathy and love as the consequence of being disappointed by others. Their sense of being rejected and mistreated as a reaction
of relatively minor slights may lead them to unconscious behavior geared to making the object of their love feel guilty. The problems in intimate relations and
trigger depression connected to loss of love may be spiraled from vicious cycles of excessive demand, feeling of rejection, an unconscious tendency to make others
feel guilty, and consequent actual from others as cited in Finke and Niekerk, p. 17.
Traits reflecting the difficulties in the expression on aggression are the last type of behavior of the depressive masochist. The faulty metabolism of aggression
shows in the tendency of these patients to become depressed under condition that would produce anger or rage. In addition, the feeling guilty expressed to other
over anger may further complicate their interpersonal relations, adding to the vicious cycles described before, only to be followed by second wave of anger over
the way they are treated and their own submissiveness as cited in Finke and Niekerk, p. 17.
B. Theoretical Framework
The theories provided prevoiusly are really essential for the writer to support the analysis of the study. The writer presents some related literature dealing with
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