12 171, and mannerism that describes person’s character through his mannerism,
habits or idiosyncrasies p. 173.
3. Motivation
a. Definition of motivation
Motivation is originated from Latin term motivare meaning “to move”. The ancient people there believed that some objects – a little man of some kind – can
move because there is a spirit inside the object. That is why they called those objects to be self-mover. But when the spirit was moved, the object or body is also
inhabited McConnell, 1983, p. 258. In the book Human Motivation, Franken 2002 states that motivation theorists are concerned with the origins or causes of
action. There is an action for there is a need p. 27. According to Robert Beck 1978 in his book entitled Motivation Theories
and Principles , motivation is defined as the contemporary determinants of choice
direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior p. 24. In addition, Jung John 1978 in his book, Understanding Human Motivation, states whether
motivation is concerned with desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. He adds that human behavior is given of reasons with desires, wishes,
plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Motivation happens as purposive or goal-directed activities with huge effort although there are many obstacles occur
p. 4-5. On the other hand, Franken 2002 describes the basic premise of motivation
is that organisms approach goals, or engage in activities that are expected to have
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 desirable outcomes, and avoid activities that are expected to have unpleasant or
aversive outcomes p. 25.
b. Approach and Avoidance Causes
Higgins 2002 as cited in Franken’s Human Motivation has distinguished the causes of behavior into two types, approach causes and avoidance causes. In
approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. While in avoidance behavior, people do things to avoid something.
Avoidance causes tend to be very compelling, that is, not only are they aversive or noxious but they are also difficult – or impossible – to ignore. For example,
people who are afraid of snake will not come or stand near a snake in the zoo. p. 3-4.
Watson Clark as cited by Franken 2002 also add that “Not all people are equally anxious, some are more anxious from birth” p. 4. Consequently they
mostly deal with avoidant behaviors. Even thinking or certain activities is enough to make them anxious. In contrast, some people with approach behavior can see
the world as a source of opportunities and excitement because they are being extraverts and sensation seekers spending more time in approach behavior.
4. Masochism
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