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Index

Bayer process, 180 ACS (American Chemical Society),

Abelson, Philip Hauge, 317

Apatite, 213

Becquerel, Antoine Henri, 16, 31, 304, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348,

Apollo I, 228

Aqua Regia, 139, 160, 161, 235

“Beer Drinker’s Syndrome,” 107 Actinide metal series, 29, 37,

Arfwedson, Johan August, 48

Bell Research Laboratories, 196, 305–37

Argentite, 141

199 Adams catalyst, 164

Argonne National Laboratory, Chi-

Benzene ring, 22, 44, 193. See also “Aﬃnitas” concept, 216

cago, IL, 272, 322, 324

Hydrocarbons Agate, 195, 196

Argyria, 143

Berg, Otto Carl, 156 Agricola, Georgius, 221

Argyrodite, 199

Beryl, 66, 68 Alchemy, age of, 4

Aristotle, 3, 6

Berylliosis, 69 ALCOA (Aluminum Company of

Armbruster, Peter, 347, 348, 349,

Berzelius, Jöns Jakob, 5, 123, America), 180, 182

152, 196, 214, 237, 238, 278, Alexander the Great, 4

Arsenolite, 217

280–81, 310 Alkali earth metals, 36, 65–83

Arsenopyrite, 217

Bessemer, Henry, 103 Alkali metals, 36, 39–64

Arsphenamine, 217

Bessemer process, 103 Alkanes, 20–21

Atomic: bomb, 14, 329; clock, 61,

Beta particles, 16, 17 Alkenes, 21

62; energy, 15; mass number, 26,

Beta radiation, 31 Alkynes, 21

31; models, 9, 10, 13–15; num-

“Big Bang” Theory, 2, 41, 263 Allanite, 282, 284, 289, 295

ber, 26, 27, 29, 31; proton num-

Bismuthinite, 221 Allison, Fred, 258

ber, 26; radius, 28; structure,

Black, Joseph, 71, 210 Alpha particles, 9–10, 16, 17, 68,

6–7, 9–23, 191; weight, 6, 28

Blomstrand, Christian Wilhelm, 167. See also Atomic Structure

Atom smasher, 17, 68

126 Alpha radiation, 31

Autunite, 314

Bohr, Niels, 13, 149–50, 346 Altaite, 240

Azurite, 112

Bohr model, 13. See also Atomic Alum, 179, 181

structure Amblygonite, 48

Babbitt metal, 202, 205

Boisbaudran, Paul-Emile Lecoq de, Ammonia, production of, 43

Baddeleyite, 123, 124, 149

182, 288, 291–92, 295 Amu (atomic mass unit), 31, 191

Balard, Antoine-Jerome, 253

“Bologna stones,” 80 Andrews, Thomas, 231

Ballard Power Systems of Canada,

45 Borax, 51, 176 Anglesite, 204

Bormite, 112 Anions, 18, 35–36

Bardeen, John, 199

Boron Group, 175–88 Antidepressants, 49, 50

Barite, 79, 246

Boyle, Robert, 4–5, 41 Antimatter, 17

Bastnasite, 275, 280, 282, 284,

Boyle’s Law, 5, 41 Antiparticle, 18

Brand, Hennig, 213–14 Antiproton, 17

Bauxite, 179, 180, 181, 182, 227

Bayer, Karl Joseph, 180

Brande, W. T., 48

418 | Index

Brandt, George, 106, 109 Brattain, Walter Hauser, 199 Breithauptite, 218 Brimstone, 234–35 Brochanite, 112 Bronze, 3, 216 Bronze Age, 3, 102, 103 “Bucky Balls,” 22–23 Bunsen, Robert W., 58, 59, 61 Bunsen Burner, 58

Calamine, 143, 144 Calaverite, 240 Calcite, 75, 246 Calx, 75 Canﬁeldite, 199 Carats, 166 Carbon black, 191, 220 Carbon chemistry. See Chemistry,

organic Carbon dating, 193 Carbon dioxide, 193, 194, 232 Carbon Group, 189–206 Carbon monoxide, 194 Carbon-12, 31, 191 Carcinogens, 68, 69, 78, 83, 97,

110, 217, 220, 243, 274 Cardiac stress test, 187–88 Carnallite, 54, 249 Carnotite, 94 Cassiterite, 201 Cations, 18, 35 Cavendish, Henry, 42, 210 Celestite, 77, 235 Cerite, 282, 288, 289 CERN (Conseil Européen pour la

Recherche Nucléaire), 17 Cerussite, 204, 206 Cesium atom, 61 Chadwick, James, 16, 26, 68 Chain reaction. See Fission Chalcedony, 195 Chalcogen Group. See Oxygen

Group Chalcolite, 82, 112 Chalcopyrite, 112 Chalk, 74, 75 Chaoplexity, 232–33 Chemical Analysis through Observa-

tion of the Spectrum, 61 Chemical bonding, 18–20 Chemical reaction, 2–5, 15 Chemistry: age of modern, 4–5;

atomic, 6–7; biochemistry, 20; early uses of, 2–4; electrochemistry, 71; hydrocarbon, 20, 192– 94; iatrochemistry, 4; nuclear, 16–18; organic, 20–23, 193

Chloanthite, 106 Chloroﬂuorocarbons, 231–32, 247,

250. See also Ozone Chloroﬂuorohydrocarbons, 251.

See also Ozone Choppin, Gregory R., 329, 333 Chromite, 96, 102 Chrysocolla, 112 Cinnabar, 169, 235 Claudetite, 217 Clay, 179 Cleve, Per Teodor, 89, 263–64,

296, 300 Cobaltite, 106 Coke, 191, 193, 194 Colemanite, 176 Coloradoite, 240 Columbite, 125, 126, 151,

156 Columbium, 126 Combustion, 5 Compounds, 5–7, 18–20 “Compound 606.” See Arsphena-

mine Corson, Dale Raymond, 258 Corundum, 97, 154, 180 Coryell, Charles DuBois, 286 Coryell, Grace Mary, 286 Coster, Dirk, 149 Cotunnite, 205 Council on Environmental Qual-

ity, 233 Courtois, Bernard, 255 Covalent bond. See Chemical

bonding Covellite, 112 Cranston, John, 312 Crawford, Adair, 77 Cristobalite, 196 Crocoite, 96, 206 Cromer, Alan, 1 Cronstedt, Axel Frederich, 109 Crookes, William, 187, 263 Crooksite, 187 Cruikshank, William, 77 Cryolite, 180, 247 CT (Computerized Tomography

Scans), 80, 106 Cuprite, 112 Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 9, 16,

64, 82, 83, 241, 242–43, 308, 315, 323 Curie, Pierre, 16, 82, 83, 242, 308,

315, 323 Curie Institute, Paris, 63 Curie point, 105–6 Cyanogen, 18–19 Cyclotron, 16, 68

Daimler-Benz, 45 Dalton, John, 6 DaVinci, Leonardo, 226, 230 Davy, Humphry, 48, 51, 55, 71,

74, 77, 80, 176, 196, 250, 255 DDT (DichloroDiphenylTrichloro- ethane), 251 Dead Sea, 253 Debierne, Andre-Louis, 308 Delafontaine, Marc, 296 Del Rio, Andres Manuel, 94 Demarcay, Eugene-Anatole, 290 Democritus, 6, 13 Dephlogisticated air, 226 “Devil’s Copper,” 109 Diamond, 188, 191–93 Diaspore, 182 Dicrasite, 218 Didymium, 282, 284 Döbereiner, Wolfgang, 25 Dolomite, 71, 192 Dorn, Friedrich Ernst, 273 Downs cells, 51. See also Elec-

trolysis Duhamel du Monceau, Henri- Louis, 51 Duralumin, 181 Dysprosium Group. See Lanthanide

Series Ehrlich, Paul, 217

Einstein, Albert, 328 Eka-elements, 26, 64, 89, 131,

156, 182, 199, 258, 360 Ekeberg, Anders Gustav, 152 “Electric Eyes,” 59, 238. See also

Photoelectric cells Electrochemistry, 71 Electrolysis, 42 Electromagnetic spectrum, 11 Electron aﬃnity, 18, 28 “Electron Cloud,” 14 Electronegativity, 18, 85–86 Electrons, 2–4, 14–20, 27, 33 Elements, 2, 5–7; actinide series,

29, 37, 305–37; alkali-earth metals, 36, 65–83; alkali metals, 36, 39–64; boron group, 175–88; carbon group, 189–206; cataloguing of, 27–30; eka, 26,

64, 89, 131, 156, 182, 199, 258, 360; guide to, 35–37; halogen group, 245–59; heavy metals, 37; lanthanide series, 29, 30,

37, 275–304; light metals, 37; metallics, 173–74, 175–88; metalloids, 37, 189–222; nitrogen 2 group, 207–22; noble

Index |

metals, 37; non-metal oxidizers, 245–59; origin of, 1–2; other metals, 37; oxidizers and nonmetals, 223–43; oxygen group, 223–43; periodic table, explanation of, 27–30; platinum metals, 37; rare-earth, 30, 37, 119–21; superactinides, 357–65; super heavy elements (SHE), 357–65; transactinides, 339–56; transition, 85–117, 119–46, 147–71; transition metals, 29,

37, 173–74, 175–88, 189–222; transuranic, 30, 305, 316–37 Elhuyar, Don Fausto de, 154 Elhuyar, Don Juan Jose de, 154 Elixir Vitae, 4 Elpidite, 123 Emeralds, 66, 68 Empyreal air, 226 Enargite, 112 Energy level, 11–13. See also

Atomic structure Eniwetok Atoll, 328–29 EPA (Environmental Protection

Agency), 231 Epicurus, 6 Epsom salt, 71, 72 Erythrite, 106 Erythronium, 94 Esmark, Hans Morten Thrane, 310 Esmark, Jens, 310 Ethanol, 43 Eucairite, 237, 238 Eudialyte, 123 Euxenite, 151, 293, 301 Evans, Thomas Wilberger, 142 “Exclusion principle,” 11, 12

Fabry, Charles, 231 Fajans, Kasimir, 312 Faraday, Michael, 21 Feldspar, 179 Fermi, Enrico, 131, 330 Fermi National Laboratory, 17 Fertilizers, 52, 55, 75, 100, 214 Fire, 2–3 Fire air, 226 Fischer-Tropsch method, 42 Fission, 15 “Fixed Air” concept, 210 Fluorapatite, 247 Fluoride, 248 Fluorite, 180, 246 “Fool’s gold,” 104, 235 Fossil fuels. See Hydrocarbons Fractional crystallization, 126 Fractionation, 149

Frasch, Herman, 235 Frasch process, 235 Free electrons, 33 Free radicals. See Radicals Freon, 44 Fuels, 44–45, 53 Fuller, Buckminster, 22 Fullerenes, 22–23, 191 Fusion, 15 “Fuzzy Ball” Atom, 14

Gadolin, Johann, 120, 278, 290, 291 Gadolinite, 120, 288, 293, 296, 298, 301, 302 Gahn, John Gottlieb, 99 Galena, 203, 204, 235, 246 Gallite, 182 Galvanic protection, 114–15 Gamma radiation, 31 Gases: inert, 29; noble, 261–74 Gasoline. See Petroleum Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 18, 176 Geiger counter, 61, 62 Geijer, Bengt Reinhold, 120 Geneva System of 1892, 5 Geoffroy, Claud J., 221 Germanite, 182, 199 Gersdorffite, 216 Ghiorso, Albert, 322–51 passim Giesel, Friedrich Otto, 308 Glauber, Johann Rudolf, 115, 221 Glauber salt, 51, 52, 115 Glendenin, Lawrence E., 286 Global warming, 194, 227, 231 Gohring, O. H., 312 Goiter, 256 Gold standard, 167 Gore, George, 247 Granite, 89 Gran Sasso, Italy, 183 Graphite, 48, 128, 129, 191, 192 “Greenhouse” effect, 233–34 Greenockite, 144 Gregor, William, 91 GSI (German National Labora-

tory), 351 Gypsum, 74, 227

Haber, Fritz, 210 Haber-Bosch process, 43, 56,

210–11 Hahn, Otto, 312, 343 Halides. See Halogen Group Halite, 249 Hall, Charles Martin, 180 Hall-Heroult process, 180 Halogenation, 44

Harvey, Bernard, 329, 333 Hatchett, Charles, 126 Ha¨vy, Abbe René Just, 68 Heavy Ion Research Laboratory. See

Institute for Heavy Ion Research Heavy metals, 37 Heisenberg, Werner Karl, 11 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 11 Hematite, 102 Heroult, Paul-Louis-Toussaint, 180 Hessite, 240 Hevesy, Georg Karl von, 149 HILAC (Heavy Ion Linear Accel-

erator), 344 Hillebrand, William F., 281 The Hindenburg, 46 Hisinger, Wilhelm, 238, 281 Hittorf, Johann Wilhelm, 214 Hjelm, Peter Jacob, 128 Hoﬀman, Darleane C., 340–41,

351 Hofman, Sigurd, 352 Hohenheim, Theophrastus Bom-

bastus von. See Paracelsus Hussein, Saddam, 188 Hutchinsonite, 187 Hydrides, 46 Hydrocarbons, 20–23, 44, 191–94 Hydrocracking, 44–45 Hydrogasiﬁcation, 42 Hydrogenation, 43–44 Hydrozincite, 115 Hypothyroidism, 256

Iatrochemistry, 4 Ilmenite, 91 Impetigo, 100 Implants, medical, 152, 170, 183,

197–98, 256 Indeterminacy, 11 Indigo, 185 Inert gases, 29 Institute for Heavy Ion Research,

Darmstadt, Germany, 347, 349, 351, 352, 354

International Committee of Weights and Measure, 61 Ion accelerator, 336 Ionic bond. See Chemical

bonding Ionization energy, 18, 28 Ions, 18, 34, 35–36. See also

Chemical bonding Iridosmine, 158 Iron Age, 3, 102–3 Island of (nuclear) stability, 357–

58, 364 Isomers, 21

420 | Index

IUPAC (International Union of

Meyer, Julius Lothar, 25–26 Pure and Applied Chemists), 5,

Light metals, 37

Mica, 179 28, 207, 341, 343, 346, 347,

Limestone, 74, 75, 192, 227

Milk of Magnesia, 72 348, 349

Limonite, 102

Linear accelerator, 336

Milky Way, 210

Millikan, Robert Andrews, 9, 10 James, Charles, 304

Linnaeite, 106

Minum, 204 James, Ralph A., 322, 324

Lithopone, 80

Misch metal, 150, 277, 279 Janssen, Pierre-Jules-César, 263

Lockyer, Joseph Norman, 263

Mitscherlich, Eilhardt, 21 Jezebel, Queen, 219

“Lodestone,” 102

Moissan, Ferdinand-Frederic Henri, JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear

Lorandite, 187

247 Research), Dubna, Russia, 307,

Lowig, Carl, 253

Molecular structure. See Chemical 341, 342, 344, 346, 347, 355,

bonding 359, 360, 361

Mackenzie, K. R., 258

Molina, Mario, 231 Jupiter, 41

Magnesia alba. See Epsom salt

Magnetite, 91, 102

Molybdenite, 128, 156, 192

Moly-steel, 129 Kekule, Fredrich, 21–22

Magnus, Albertus, 216

Monazite, 89, 120, 275, 276, Kelp, 255

Malachite, 112, 113

280–314 passim Kennedy, Joseph W., 317, 320

Manganite, 99

Monel metal, 109, 113 Kernite, 176

Marble, 74, 75, 192

Monetary standard, 167 Kirchhoﬀ, Gustav, 58, 59, 61

Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund, 115

Morgan, Leon O., 322, 324 Klaproth, Martin Heinrich, 91,

Marignac, Jean-Charles-Gallissard

Mosander, Carl Gustaf, 278, 293, 123, 240, 281, 314

de, 126, 152, 288, 291, 302

296, 300, 301, 302 Klaus, Karl Karlovich, 135

Marinsky, Jacob A., 286

Mosely, Henry Gwynn, 26, 27 Kobolds, 106

“Marsh” test, 217

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 219 Krennerite, 240

Mass, deﬁnition of, 5–6

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imag- Kroll process, 124, 149

Matter, 14

ing), 106 Kupfernickel, 108, 109

McMillan, Edwin Mattison, 317

Muller von Reichenstein, Franz Kurchatov, Ivan, 342

Meitner, Lise, 312, 349

Menachanite, 91

Joseph, 91, 240

Munzenberg, Gottfried, 347, 348, Langewiesche, William, 188

Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich,

349 Langlet, Niles, 264

Muon, 18 Lanthanide metal series, 29, 30, 37,

Muriatic acid, 250 Larsh, Almon E., 336

Metallic bond. See Chemical bond-

Murphy, E. J., 258 Lasers, 121

ing

Murrah Federal Building, Okla- Latimer, Robert M., 336

Metallics, 173–74, 175–88

homa City, Oklahoma, 211 “Laughing gas,” 211

Metalloids, 29, 37, 189–222

Metallurgical Laboratory at the

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 5, 42,

Nagyagite, 240 192, 226–27, 235

University of Chicago. See Ar-

Nanotechnology, 22–23 Law of Deﬁnite Proportions, 5

gonne National Laboratory

Napoleon Bonaparte, 180 Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 335

Metallurgy, 103, 112

Natural gas, 42 Lawrence Berkeley National Labo-

Metals, 3, 28, 36–37; actinides, 37,

Neutrino, 18, 183 ratory (LBNL), Berkeley, Cali-

305–37; alkali, 36, 39–64; alkali

Neutrons, 16, 17, 26, 27, 28, 33. fornia, 334, 336, 339, 340, 341,

earth, 36, 65–83; heavy, 37;

See also Atomic structure 342, 346, 359, 360, 361, 364

lanthanides, 37, 275–304; light,

Newlands, John Alexander Reina, Lawrence Livermore National

37; metallics, 173–74, 175–85;

26 Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore,

metalloids, 37, 189–222; noble,

New System of Chemical Philoso- California, 40, 307, 351, 355,

29, 37; other, 37; platinum, 37,

phy, 6 361

134; rare-earth, 37, 275–305;

Niccolite, 109, 216 Lead poisoning, 204–6

superactinides, 357–66; super

Nilson, Lars Frederick, 89 Leadville, Colorado, 204

heavy elements (SHE), 357–65;

Ninov, Victor, 364 LeBeau, P., 68

transactinides, 339–56; transi-

Niobic acid, 126 Lemery, Nicolas, 219

tion, 29, 37, 85–117, 119–46,

Nitrogen cycle, 210 Lepidolite, 48, 58, 61

Nitrogen ﬁxation, 210 Leptons, 17–18, 183

transuranic, 305, 316–37

Nitrogen Group, 207–222 Leucippus of Miletus, 6, 13

Meteorologica, 4–5

“Nitrogen Narcosis,” 264 Lewisite, 217

The Methods of Chemical Nomen-

Nitroglycerine, 211 Libavius, Andreas, 235

clature, 5

Metric system, 160, 164

Nobel, Alfred B., 333

Index |

Nobel Institute of Physics, 334

Rare gases. See Noble gases Nobel Prizes, 407–12

Phosgene, 251

Rayleigh, Lord. See John William Noble gases, 261–74

Phosphates, 213

Photoelectric cells, 59

Strutt

Noble metals, 29, 37

Photons, 11, 13

Realgar, 216

Noddack, Ida (nee Tacke), 132,

Reich, Ferdinand, 185 156

Photosynthesis, 72, 225, 227

Relative weights, concept of, 7 Noddack, Walter Karl, 132, 156

Pierce, John Robinson, 199

Rhodichrosite, 99 Non-polar covalent bond. See

Richter, Hieronymous Theodor, Chemical bonding

Pigeon process, 71

Pine Grove Furnace, Pennsylvania,

Norton, T. H., 281

Rock salt, 249

Nuclear power plants, 314, 315

Röentgen, Wilhelm Konrad, 16 Nuclear reaction, 15, 16–18, 192

Pitchblende, 82, 242, 308, 314

Roscoe, Henry Enﬁeld, 94 Nucleus. See Atomic structure

Pittsburgh Reduction Company.

See ALCOA

Roscoelite, 94

Rose, Heinrich, 126 Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig, 11

Rowland, F. Sherwood, 231 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 331

Planck’s Constant, 11

Rutherford, Daniel, 210, 226 Octet rule, 25

Plaster of Paris, 74

Rutherford, Ernest, 9, 13, 16, 26, Oersted, Hans-Christian, 179

Platinum metals, 37, 134

31, 167, 342, 343 OFPA (Organic Foods Production

Pnictogen group. See Nitrogen

Rutherford model, 11, 13. See also Act), 23

Group

Atomic structure Old Nick’s Copper, 109

Polar covalent bond. See Chemical

bonding

Rutile, 91, 92

Orbital theory, 11–15

Pollucite, 61

Organic chemistry. See Chemistry

SAGE (Soviet American Gallium Orpiment, 216

Polyhalite, 54

Experiment), 183 Osann, Gottfried Wilhelm, 134–35

Polymers, 44

Saint-Claire-Deville, Henri, 180 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 211

Positron, 18

Sal mirabile. See Glauber salt Oxidation, 225

Potash, 253

Saltpeter, 51, 55, 75, 211 Oxygen Group, 223–43

Powellite, 128

Salts, 51–53, 253–54 Ozone, 229–34; greenhouse ef-

Priestley, Joseph, 99, 129, 169,

Samarskite, 288 fect, 233–34; layer, 231–33,

SASSY-2 (Small Angle Separator 247; level, 231; UV radiation,

“Proof” (alcohol), 43

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 80, 99,

Scherbenkobalt, 216 Paris green, 217

Paris Commission, 134

Pyrochlore, 125, 126

Schonbein, Christian Friederich, Particle physics. See Atomic struc-

Pyrolusite, 99, 250

Seaborg, Glenn T., 320–65 passim Patronite, 94

ture

Quantum energy, 11, 14–15

Quantum mechanics, 13

Seaweed, 255

Pauli, Wolfgang, 11

Sefstrom, Nils Gabriel, 94 Pauling, Linus, 22, 242

Quantum theory, 13

Segre, Emilio Gino, 132, 258 Pegmatite, 89

Quarks, 17

Semiconductors, 29, 37, 121, Peligo, Eugene-Melchoir, 314

Quartz, 195, 196, 246

Pelopic acid, 126

SHE (Super Heavy Elements). See Pentlandite, 109

Radiation, 31–34; discovery of,

Superactinides Perey, Marguerite, 63, 64

16, 31; experimentation, 16–17;

Shells, 11, 14–15 Periodic Table of the Chemical Ele-

hazards, 33; sources, 107; trans-

SHIP (Separator for Heavy Ion ments, 25, 209

mutation, 31–32; treatments, 62,

Research Products), Darmstadt, Perrier, Carlo, 132

83, 129; types, 31; Ultraviolet,

Germany, 347, 351, 352 PET (Positron Emission Tomogra-

Shockley, William Bradford, 199 phy), 106, 211, 247–48

Petrochemicals. See Hydrocarbons

Sikkeland, Torbjorn, 334, 336 Petroleum, 44–45

Radioisotope, 32

Radon, hazards, 32, 83, 274

Silicosis, 197

Philosopher’s stone, 4, 169

The Skeptical Chymist, 4 Phlogisticated air, 226

Ramsay, William, 263–64, 266,

Smaltite, 106, 216 Phlogiston theory, 5, 41–42

Rare-earth metals, 30, 37, 275–304

Smithsonite, 115

422 | Index

Vermillion, 169 Soddy, Frederick, 312

Sniadecki, Jedrzej, 134

Thompson, Stanley G., 325, 327,

Vitiated air, 226 Solvay process, 52, 56

Thomson, Joseph John, 9, 13, 26

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